Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-410-414
S. N. Grigor’ev, M. Sh. Migranov, M. A. Volosova, A. S. Gusev
Modern machine-building production equipped with high-performance mechatronic systems and numerically-controlled and adaptive control machines for blade cutting of heat-resistant chromium-nickel and titanium alloys requires increasing the operating properties of cutting tools working at high temperature-force loads in the contact zone, respectively with a significant stress-strain state of the cutting wedge. It is possible to solve the problem of increasing wear resistance and serviceability by developing and introducing new tooling material, as well as by applying wear-resistant coatings. The paper presents the results on development of technology for obtaining high-entropy target cathodes by spark plasma sintering with subsequent application of wear-resistant coatings on metal-cutting tools by both magnetron and ion-plasma methods. Samples of sintered high-entropy target cathodes of different compositions (more than fourteen) and at different modes of their sintering (depending on temperature in five modes) with their subsequent optimization and two standard sizes (20 and 80 mm) were obtained for further application of wear-resistant coatings on the magnetron unit. The authors carried out structural and phase analysis and studied physicomechanical properties of the obtained high-entropy target cathodes: density, hardness, electrical conductivity, emissivity. The possibility of obtaining high-entropy target cathodes by spark plasma sintering was confirmed experimentally, and the effect of sintering temperature on structure and properties of the sintered samples of high-entropy target cathodes was established. Dependence of physicomechanical and electrophysical parameters of target cathodes on technological modes of spark plasma sintering is shown.
{"title":"Sintered powder high-entropy target cathodes for wear-resistant coatings","authors":"S. N. Grigor’ev, M. Sh. Migranov, M. A. Volosova, A. S. Gusev","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-410-414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-410-414","url":null,"abstract":"Modern machine-building production equipped with high-performance mechatronic systems and numerically-controlled and adaptive control machines for blade cutting of heat-resistant chromium-nickel and titanium alloys requires increasing the operating properties of cutting tools working at high temperature-force loads in the contact zone, respectively with a significant stress-strain state of the cutting wedge. It is possible to solve the problem of increasing wear resistance and serviceability by developing and introducing new tooling material, as well as by applying wear-resistant coatings. The paper presents the results on development of technology for obtaining high-entropy target cathodes by spark plasma sintering with subsequent application of wear-resistant coatings on metal-cutting tools by both magnetron and ion-plasma methods. Samples of sintered high-entropy target cathodes of different compositions (more than fourteen) and at different modes of their sintering (depending on temperature in five modes) with their subsequent optimization and two standard sizes (20 and 80 mm) were obtained for further application of wear-resistant coatings on the magnetron unit. The authors carried out structural and phase analysis and studied physicomechanical properties of the obtained high-entropy target cathodes: density, hardness, electrical conductivity, emissivity. The possibility of obtaining high-entropy target cathodes by spark plasma sintering was confirmed experimentally, and the effect of sintering temperature on structure and properties of the sintered samples of high-entropy target cathodes was established. Dependence of physicomechanical and electrophysical parameters of target cathodes on technological modes of spark plasma sintering is shown.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-415-420
S. V. Albul, O. A. Kobelev, I. A. Levitskii
One of the main disadvantages when supplying natural gas to the air tuyere of a blast furnace is low intensity of its combustion inside the tuyere blast channel. Ring groove on the surface of blast channel improves the mixing of natural gas with blast and increases completeness of gas combustion in it, but reduces the tuyere durability. One of the ways to simultaneously solve these problems is to install a heat-insulating ceramic insert in the tuyere blast channel. The insert significantly reduces heat losses through the tuyere surface, improves natural gas combustion in the blast channel due to its contact with hot walls of the insert instead of cold copper walls in its absence. This increases the temperature of the hot blast at the tuyere outlet. In addition, the insert affects the tuyere durability by reducing the heat flow acting on the tuyere. In this work, we studied influence of the ring groove and its parts in the insert on efficiency of its work. In the Ansys 21.1 software, the processes occurring in the blast channel of a blast furnace tuyere with a ceramic insert installed in it, having a groove of a quadrangular section in the form of a ring or its part in the circumferential direction, were simulated. It was established that improvement of natural gas combustion in the tuyere blast channel is achieved using a ring groove or part of it from the side of gas supply.
{"title":"Effect of ring groove in a heat-insulating insert on efficiency of its work in blast channel of blast furnace tuyere","authors":"S. V. Albul, O. A. Kobelev, I. A. Levitskii","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-415-420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-415-420","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main disadvantages when supplying natural gas to the air tuyere of a blast furnace is low intensity of its combustion inside the tuyere blast channel. Ring groove on the surface of blast channel improves the mixing of natural gas with blast and increases completeness of gas combustion in it, but reduces the tuyere durability. One of the ways to simultaneously solve these problems is to install a heat-insulating ceramic insert in the tuyere blast channel. The insert significantly reduces heat losses through the tuyere surface, improves natural gas combustion in the blast channel due to its contact with hot walls of the insert instead of cold copper walls in its absence. This increases the temperature of the hot blast at the tuyere outlet. In addition, the insert affects the tuyere durability by reducing the heat flow acting on the tuyere. In this work, we studied influence of the ring groove and its parts in the insert on efficiency of its work. In the Ansys 21.1 software, the processes occurring in the blast channel of a blast furnace tuyere with a ceramic insert installed in it, having a groove of a quadrangular section in the form of a ring or its part in the circumferential direction, were simulated. It was established that improvement of natural gas combustion in the tuyere blast channel is achieved using a ring groove or part of it from the side of gas supply.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-403-409
A. A. Usol’tsev, N. A. Kozyrev, L. P. Bashchenko, R. E. Kryukov, A. V. Zhukov
The paper considers research of quality of the electric arc coating obtained using flux-cored wire of the Fe – C – Si – Mn – Cr – W – V system with additives of carbon-fluorine-containing material and titanium. The formation of an electric arc coating was carried out using an automatic arc welding machine ASAW-1250 with a new chromium-containing flux-cored wire on plates made of St3 steel. To exclude mixing of the deposited metal with the substrate steel, multilayer surfacing was conducted. The surfacing mode was calculated and refined experimentally. The authors studied the composition and properties of the surface of the electric arc coating after surfacing. As a substitute for amorphous carbon they used a carbon-fluorine-containing material (dust of gas purification of aluminum production). Surfacing was carried out under a flux made from slag produced by silicomanganese with a high content of sulfur. A regression analysis of influence of the deposited layer’s chemical composition on its hardness and wear rate was carried out and mathematical models of the investigated performance characteristics of the electric arc coating were obtained. With an increase in the content of chromium, tungsten, carbon and silicon, hardness of the deposited metal and its resistance to abrasive wear increase. The results of the conducted research make it possible to develop measures ensuring the required level of performance characteristics of the electric arc coating and can be used to make a forecast of hardness of the deposited layer and its wear resistance when the chemical composition of the metal changes, to predict the operational resistance of rolling rolls deposited with wires of the PP-Np-35V9Kh3SF type. Mathematical models of hardness of the deposited layer and its wear resistance help to clarify the mechanism of hardening and formation of protective properties of the surface layers of rolling rolls by means of electric arc coatings deposited with flux-cored wires.
本文对含碳氟材料和钛的Fe - C - Si - Mn - Cr - W - V系药芯焊丝电弧涂层的质量进行了研究。用新型含铬药芯焊丝在St3钢板上用ASAW-1250自动弧焊机形成电弧镀层。为了防止沉积金属与基体钢混合，进行了多层堆焊。通过实验对堆焊方式进行了计算和细化。研究了堆焊后电弧涂层表面的成分和性能。作为无定形碳的替代品，他们使用了一种含碳氟的材料(铝生产的气体净化粉尘)。堆焊采用含硫高的硅锰渣为熔剂进行。对镀层化学成分对镀层硬度和磨损率的影响进行了回归分析，建立了电弧镀层性能特征的数学模型。随着铬、钨、碳、硅含量的增加，沉积金属的硬度和耐磨性增加。所进行的研究结果使制定确保电弧镀层性能特征所需水平的措施成为可能，并可用于预测金属化学成分变化时沉积层的硬度及其耐磨性，预测PP-Np-35V9Kh3SF型焊丝沉积轧辊的操作阻力。建立了沉积层硬度及其耐磨性的数学模型，有助于阐明药芯焊丝电弧镀层在轧辊表面硬化和防护性能形成的机理。
{"title":"Development of flux-cored wire of Fe – C – Si – Mn – Cr – W – V system with additives of carbon-fluorine-containing material and titanium","authors":"A. A. Usol’tsev, N. A. Kozyrev, L. P. Bashchenko, R. E. Kryukov, A. V. Zhukov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-403-409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-403-409","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers research of quality of the electric arc coating obtained using flux-cored wire of the Fe – C – Si – Mn – Cr – W – V system with additives of carbon-fluorine-containing material and titanium. The formation of an electric arc coating was carried out using an automatic arc welding machine ASAW-1250 with a new chromium-containing flux-cored wire on plates made of St3 steel. To exclude mixing of the deposited metal with the substrate steel, multilayer surfacing was conducted. The surfacing mode was calculated and refined experimentally. The authors studied the composition and properties of the surface of the electric arc coating after surfacing. As a substitute for amorphous carbon they used a carbon-fluorine-containing material (dust of gas purification of aluminum production). Surfacing was carried out under a flux made from slag produced by silicomanganese with a high content of sulfur. A regression analysis of influence of the deposited layer’s chemical composition on its hardness and wear rate was carried out and mathematical models of the investigated performance characteristics of the electric arc coating were obtained. With an increase in the content of chromium, tungsten, carbon and silicon, hardness of the deposited metal and its resistance to abrasive wear increase. The results of the conducted research make it possible to develop measures ensuring the required level of performance characteristics of the electric arc coating and can be used to make a forecast of hardness of the deposited layer and its wear resistance when the chemical composition of the metal changes, to predict the operational resistance of rolling rolls deposited with wires of the PP-Np-35V9Kh3SF type. Mathematical models of hardness of the deposited layer and its wear resistance help to clarify the mechanism of hardening and formation of protective properties of the surface layers of rolling rolls by means of electric arc coatings deposited with flux-cored wires.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-15DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-394-402
A. S. Kharchenko, M. I. Sibagatullina, E. O. Kharchenko, I. V. Makarova, S. K. Sibagatullina, V. A. Beginyuk
At the blast furnace of PJSC “Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant” (MMK), the specific consumption of coke was reduced by impact on thermal reverse zone (TRZ) by increasing the consumption of natural gas above 120 m 3 /t of cast iron under conditions of increased reactivity and reduced hot strength of coke. In the first pair of periods, an increase in CRI from 38.4 to 39.3 % with a decrease in CSR from 36.3 to 34.6 % was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of natural gas consumption and total oxygen entering the furnace from 0.43 to 0.45 by increasing the specific gas consumption from 123.2 to 133.5 m 3 /t of cast iron. The set of actions increased the TRZ length towards the blast-furnace mouth by 1.9 % with its unchanged location along the lower part. Reducing the heat consumption in the TRZ increased the temperature difference between gas and materials there by an average of 36 °С. In the second pair of periods, the consumption of natural gas was 143.9 m 3 /t of cast iron with a decrease in the oxygen content in the blast from 27.6 to 27.0. They were accompanied by the following changes in the processes under consideration: an increase in the length of the TRZ towards the blast-furnace mouth by 2.6 % and the distance from the tuyere hearth by 3.4 %, an increase in the degree of carbon reduction from 32.0 to 33.3 %, an insignificant (on average 0.3 °С) increase in the temperature difference of gas and materials in the TRZ. In the first pair of periods, reduction in the coke specific consumption was 4.7 kg/t of cast iron with an increase in furnace productivity by 27 t/day. Conditions and course of the processes of the second pair ensured a decrease in the coke specific consumption by 1.6 kg/t of cast iron and led to a decrease in cast iron production by 41 t/day.
{"title":"Reduction of specific coke consumption in blast furnace by impact on thermal reverse zone","authors":"A. S. Kharchenko, M. I. Sibagatullina, E. O. Kharchenko, I. V. Makarova, S. K. Sibagatullina, V. A. Beginyuk","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-394-402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-394-402","url":null,"abstract":"At the blast furnace of PJSC “Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant” (MMK), the specific consumption of coke was reduced by impact on thermal reverse zone (TRZ) by increasing the consumption of natural gas above 120 m 3 /t of cast iron under conditions of increased reactivity and reduced hot strength of coke. In the first pair of periods, an increase in CRI from 38.4 to 39.3 % with a decrease in CSR from 36.3 to 34.6 % was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of natural gas consumption and total oxygen entering the furnace from 0.43 to 0.45 by increasing the specific gas consumption from 123.2 to 133.5 m 3 /t of cast iron. The set of actions increased the TRZ length towards the blast-furnace mouth by 1.9 % with its unchanged location along the lower part. Reducing the heat consumption in the TRZ increased the temperature difference between gas and materials there by an average of 36 °С. In the second pair of periods, the consumption of natural gas was 143.9 m 3 /t of cast iron with a decrease in the oxygen content in the blast from 27.6 to 27.0. They were accompanied by the following changes in the processes under consideration: an increase in the length of the TRZ towards the blast-furnace mouth by 2.6 % and the distance from the tuyere hearth by 3.4 %, an increase in the degree of carbon reduction from 32.0 to 33.3 %, an insignificant (on average 0.3 °С) increase in the temperature difference of gas and materials in the TRZ. In the first pair of periods, reduction in the coke specific consumption was 4.7 kg/t of cast iron with an increase in furnace productivity by 27 t/day. Conditions and course of the processes of the second pair ensured a decrease in the coke specific consumption by 1.6 kg/t of cast iron and led to a decrease in cast iron production by 41 t/day.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-957-962
А. С. Вусихис, Леопольд Игоревич Леонтьев, Д. З. Кудинов, Евгений Николаевич Селиванов
Common method of oxidized nickel ores processing includes ore feeding in countercurrent with high-temperature waste gases, melting in bubbling zone of a two-zone furnace, supplying carbonaceous fuel and oxygen-containing blasting to produce melt that is reduced by solid reducing agent in plasma zone when heated with nitrogen. The main disadvantages of this method are low nickel content in alloy and presence of silicon, carbon, chromium and other impurities. To improve quality of ferronickel, it is proposed to use converted natural gas in plasma zone, which, when processed by plasma, is not only a heat carrier, but also a reducing agent. The method is based on assumption that at melt bubbling, composition of gas in bubbles that reached bath surface is close to equilibrium. Gas-reducing agent is obtained by oxygen conversion of natural gas with ratio α equal to 0.25; 0.35 and 0.50 respectively (T = 1823 K). Based on calculations, dependencies of content of nickel and iron oxides in silicate melt, degree of their reduction, ratio of slag and metal and nickel content in the alloy on total gas flow determined as the product of the gas amount in a single batch and the number of calculation cycles, as well as the amount of nickel and iron, reduced by a single portion of gas are revealed. Regardless of proportion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in source gases, increase in their consumption monotonously reduces content of nickel oxide in the melt, while content of iron oxide initially increases, and then decreases. When melt is blown with natural gas conversion products with α = 0.25, reduction process takes place due to hydrogen, effect of CO is insignificant. Flow rate of 54 m 3 /t of gas allows to achieve 98.5 % degree of nickel reduction, content of nickel oxide in melt is 0.028 %, ratio of slag and metal is 46 units. At equal gas consumption, with increase in proportions of CO 2 and H 2 O in the initial mixture, by increasing α, values of metals reduction from melt deteriorate: valu es of C NiO and C FeO and ratio of slag and metal increase, and degree of nickel and iron reduction decreases. Comparison of results with previously obtained data on metals reduction from similar melts by carbon monoxide and hydrogen has shown that hydrogen has greater efficiency, somewhat worse results are demonstrated when converted gas with α = 0.25 is applied. Nickel reduction by converted gas (α = 0.35) to reduction rate of 88 %, which corresponds to its consumption of 60 m 3 /t, is more effective than by pure CO. However, final values of degree of reduction using converted gas reach 90 %, while for CO they approach 100 %.
{"title":"ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ НИКЕЛЯ И ЖЕЛЕЗА ИЗ МНОГОКОМПОНЕНТНОГО СИЛИКАТНОГО РАСПЛАВА В ПРОЦЕССЕ БАРБОТАЖА. СООБЩЕНИЕ 3. ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬ – КОНВЕРТИРОВАННЫЙ ГАЗ","authors":"А. С. Вусихис, Леопольд Игоревич Леонтьев, Д. З. Кудинов, Евгений Николаевич Селиванов","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-957-962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-957-962","url":null,"abstract":"Common method of oxidized nickel ores processing includes ore feeding in countercurrent with high-temperature waste gases, melting in bubbling zone of a two-zone furnace, supplying carbonaceous fuel and oxygen-containing blasting to produce melt that is reduced by solid reducing agent in plasma zone when heated with nitrogen. The main disadvantages of this method are low nickel content in alloy and presence of silicon, carbon, chromium and other impurities. To improve quality of ferronickel, it is proposed to use converted natural gas in plasma zone, which, when processed by plasma, is not only a heat carrier, but also a reducing agent. The method is based on assumption that at melt bubbling, composition of gas in bubbles that reached bath surface is close to equilibrium. Gas-reducing agent is obtained by oxygen conversion of natural gas with ratio α equal to 0.25; 0.35 and 0.50 respectively (T = 1823 K). Based on calculations, dependencies of content of nickel and iron oxides in silicate melt, degree of their reduction, ratio of slag and metal and nickel content in the alloy on total gas flow determined as the product of the gas amount in a single batch and the number of calculation cycles, as well as the amount of nickel and iron, reduced by a single portion of gas are revealed. Regardless of proportion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in source gases, increase in their consumption monotonously reduces content of nickel oxide in the melt, while content of iron oxide initially increases, and then decreases. When melt is blown with natural gas conversion products with α = 0.25, reduction process takes place due to hydrogen, effect of CO is insignificant. Flow rate of 54 m 3 /t of gas allows to achieve 98.5 % degree of nickel reduction, content of nickel oxide in melt is 0.028 %, ratio of slag and metal is 46 units. At equal gas consumption, with increase in proportions of CO 2 and H 2 O in the initial mixture, by increasing α, values of metals reduction from melt deteriorate: valu es of C NiO and C FeO and ratio of slag and metal increase, and degree of nickel and iron reduction decreases. Comparison of results with previously obtained data on metals reduction from similar melts by carbon monoxide and hydrogen has shown that hydrogen has greater efficiency, somewhat worse results are demonstrated when converted gas with α = 0.25 is applied. Nickel reduction by converted gas (α = 0.35) to reduction rate of 88 %, which corresponds to its consumption of 60 m 3 /t, is more effective than by pure CO. However, final values of degree of reduction using converted gas reach 90 %, while for CO they approach 100 %.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84237753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-987-992
И. П. Беланов, Н. Б. Наумова, И. С. Семина, О. А. Савенков
The article describes results of the microplot field trial to investigate potential use of metallurgical slags for fracture of capillary rim during reclamation of toxic waste dumping areas, such as enrichment plants tailings, solid waste dumps, etc., with minimal possible introduction of fertile soil layer. Such approach allows energy-effective utilization of metallurgical wastes. Four slags, produced at EVRAZ West Siberian plant by different technologies were used: white nonferrous, blast-furnace, converter and electric furnace slags. These slags were used as an inert material, underlying thin fertile soil layer in experimental microplots, where perennial plants (legume-grass mixture) were sawn. For each slag there was check variant (no fertilizer added), and variants with potassium humic agents, and their combination as mineral fertilizers. Aboveground phytomass at the end of the grow ing season varied from 17 to128 g/m2. Converter and blast furnace slags, which had the least phytotoxicity, appeared to be better inert materials. Mineral fertilizer, introduced itself and combined with humic agents, has increased aboveground phytomass 2 – 4 times as compared with check variant. Used separately, humic agent did not affect plant production, whereas used together with mineral fertilizer, it increased phytomass 1.6 – 1.8 times. Thus combined introduction of mineral fertilizer and humic agents is recommended to stimulate germination abilit y and phytomass production. Converter and blast furnace slags can be used as inert materials for reclamation with minimal fertile soil layer application, whereas white non-ferrous and electric furnace slags are not recommended for such application due to their high phytotoxicity, negatively affecting growth and development of perennial plants, used for reclamation.
{"title":"ШЛАКИ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА – ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ","authors":"И. П. Беланов, Н. Б. Наумова, И. С. Семина, О. А. Савенков","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-987-992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-987-992","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes results of the microplot field trial to investigate potential use of metallurgical slags for fracture of capillary rim during reclamation of toxic waste dumping areas, such as enrichment plants tailings, solid waste dumps, etc., with minimal possible introduction of fertile soil layer. Such approach allows energy-effective utilization of metallurgical wastes. Four slags, produced at EVRAZ West Siberian plant by different technologies were used: white nonferrous, blast-furnace, converter and electric furnace slags. These slags were used as an inert material, underlying thin fertile soil layer in experimental microplots, where perennial plants (legume-grass mixture) were sawn. For each slag there was check variant (no fertilizer added), and variants with potassium humic agents, and their combination as mineral fertilizers. Aboveground phytomass at the end of the grow ing season varied from 17 to128 g/m2. Converter and blast furnace slags, which had the least phytotoxicity, appeared to be better inert materials. Mineral fertilizer, introduced itself and combined with humic agents, has increased aboveground phytomass 2 – 4 times as compared with check variant. Used separately, humic agent did not affect plant production, whereas used together with mineral fertilizer, it increased phytomass 1.6 – 1.8 times. Thus combined introduction of mineral fertilizer and humic agents is recommended to stimulate germination abilit y and phytomass production. Converter and blast furnace slags can be used as inert materials for reclamation with minimal fertile soil layer application, whereas white non-ferrous and electric furnace slags are not recommended for such application due to their high phytotoxicity, negatively affecting growth and development of perennial plants, used for reclamation.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76708371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-993-994
O. V. Zayakin, V. A. Salina, V. I. Zhuchkov
Results of thermodynamic modeling of the elements reduction from the chromium containing ore-lime melt with the use of silicon from ferrosiliconickel as a reducing agent are presented as a function of temperature. It has been established that an increase in temperature from 1300 to 2200 °C helps to reduce the reduction degree of chromium from 98,9 to 69,8 %.
{"title":"ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ НА ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ИЗ ХРОМСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО РУДНО-ИЗВЕСТКОВОГО РАСПЛАВА","authors":"O. V. Zayakin, V. A. Salina, V. I. Zhuchkov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-993-994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-993-994","url":null,"abstract":"Results of thermodynamic modeling of the elements reduction from the chromium containing ore-lime melt with the use of silicon from ferrosiliconickel as a reducing agent are presented as a function of temperature. It has been established that an increase in temperature from 1300 to 2200 °C helps to reduce the reduction degree of chromium from 98,9 to 69,8 %.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76280264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-980-986
D. F. Sakharov, А. V. Vitushkin
The literature devoted to cone crushers design and research of its crushing process is generally based on empirical observations, therefore it is commonly considered that material is crushed under the influence of squeezing forces exclusively. Above mentioned liter ature, in turn, theoretical base forms for crushing units design. Based on common understanding, variety of designs of cone crushing machines existing today is characterized by integrity of principles of their work. Majority of theoretical works devoted to cone crushers are focused on such characteristics as efficiency, extent of crushing, increase in percent of useful fraction in ultimate product, or on operational parameters of separate structural elements such as lining armor resistance, increase in endurance of supporting and power nodes, etc. To increase those characteristics crushing cameras with irregular shape of lining armor are designed, design of an active crushing member combines elements of active members of other crushing machines (roll, cheek crushers). However effectiveness of kinematics of active member movement is considered only from the point of view of squeezing forces generation in crushed material and minimization of its slide against it. The uppermost ener gy brought to any crushing machines is spent on loa ding destroying crushed material. Authors of this article consider that under particular circumstances such work conditions can be provided in cone crushers under which energy efficiency of materials crushing process will increase considerably. One of such conditions is creation of multi-axial stress in crushed material. Some reference designs of cone crushers are considered in the article as well as range of their app lication. Mechanism of multi-axial stress generation in crushed material promoting decrease in energy consumption of crashing process is described. Recommendations on development of operating conditions of crushing machine creating multi-axial stress in crushed material are provided.
{"title":"СИЛОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЦЕССА ДРОБЛЕНИЯ В КОНУСНОЙ ДРОБИЛЬНОЙ МАШИНЕ","authors":"D. F. Sakharov, А. V. Vitushkin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-980-986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-980-986","url":null,"abstract":"The literature devoted to cone crushers design and research of its crushing process is generally based on empirical observations, therefore it is commonly considered that material is crushed under the influence of squeezing forces exclusively. Above mentioned liter ature, in turn, theoretical base forms for crushing units design. Based on common understanding, variety of designs of cone crushing machines existing today is characterized by integrity of principles of their work. Majority of theoretical works devoted to cone crushers are focused on such characteristics as efficiency, extent of crushing, increase in percent of useful fraction in ultimate product, or on operational parameters of separate structural elements such as lining armor resistance, increase in endurance of supporting and power nodes, etc. To increase those characteristics crushing cameras with irregular shape of lining armor are designed, design of an active crushing member combines elements of active members of other crushing machines (roll, cheek crushers). However effectiveness of kinematics of active member movement is considered only from the point of view of squeezing forces generation in crushed material and minimization of its slide against it. The uppermost ener gy brought to any crushing machines is spent on loa ding destroying crushed material. Authors of this article consider that under particular circumstances such work conditions can be provided in cone crushers under which energy efficiency of materials crushing process will increase considerably. One of such conditions is creation of multi-axial stress in crushed material. Some reference designs of cone crushers are considered in the article as well as range of their app lication. Mechanism of multi-axial stress generation in crushed material promoting decrease in energy consumption of crashing process is described. Recommendations on development of operating conditions of crushing machine creating multi-axial stress in crushed material are provided.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84490662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-995-996
G. Orlov, Е. N. Shestakova
The article presents high-carbon hypereutectoid steel for production of hot rolling forged rolls. The steel contains 1.2 – 1.4 % of carbon, carbide forming alloying elements Cr, Mo, V and Nb improving wear resistance of the rolls, and Ni increasing hardening capacity. It has been found that steel of proposed composition provides ductility sufficient for hot deformation (forging) by moderate single compressions. Temperature range of ingot deformation has been detected: finite temperature deformation should not be below 900 °C, forging temperature – 1150 °C. According to its properties steel can be recommended for manufacturing solid-forged rolls and bandages for composite rolls of hot rolling from ingots of up to 10 tons weight.
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF DEFORMABILITY OF HIGH-CARBON STEEL UNDER FORGING","authors":"G. Orlov, Е. N. Shestakova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-995-996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-995-996","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents high-carbon hypereutectoid steel for production of hot rolling forged rolls. The steel contains 1.2 – 1.4 % of carbon, carbide forming alloying elements Cr, Mo, V and Nb improving wear resistance of the rolls, and Ni increasing hardening capacity. It has been found that steel of proposed composition provides ductility sufficient for hot deformation (forging) by moderate single compressions. Temperature range of ingot deformation has been detected: finite temperature deformation should not be below 900 °C, forging temperature – 1150 °C. According to its properties steel can be recommended for manufacturing solid-forged rolls and bandages for composite rolls of hot rolling from ingots of up to 10 tons weight.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82704715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-16DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-963-973
Павел Вячеславович Бахматов, Василий Илларионович Муравьев, Алексей Валерьевич Фролов, В. С. Пицык
Regularities of the effect of maximum value of stress-strain state, obtained under conditions of cold forced fit of blanks of the shaft-hole system during formation of solid-phase diffusion bond (SDB) and subsequent modes of temperature action in autonomous vacuum, are investigated on evolution of structural changes and properties of contact area (CA) of solid joints of OT4-1 alloy. It is shown that under cold plastic deformation of OT4-1 alloy, formation of SDB in microstructure of CA leads to generation of deformation relief (traces of sliding along the grain boundaries), decrease in contact surfaces, and to volume interaction, both in the plane of contact (curvature of grains) and in volume of contact zone (outbreaks of dislocations). The main parameters (specific parameter of structure organization, grains density, average density of grain boundaries, development of grain boundaries) exceed those of the initial state of base metal in 10, 4, 1.8, 1.5 times respectively. Temperature influences under conditions of autonomous vacuum in the interval of phase transformations α → β lead to staging of structural changes, both in the main metal and in SDB contact area. At the initial moment, globular component appears in microstructure, which again goes back to acicular structure of the initial state (with some increase in microhardness) with increase in holding time, and also with increase in temperature. For the first time, phenomenon of appearance of the globular structure formation stage during heating of plastically deformed metal is established not only under temperature and time conditions of phase transformation, but also under elevated temperatures; and the higher heating temperature is, the shorter is lifetime of the stage. Moreover with less degree of plastic deformation, stage of structure globularization is observed at temperatures close to T pt and shorter exposures. For base metal (degree of deformation is insignificant), globular structure disappears almost completely after heating for 10 min at 950 °C. For stress-strain state of cold-deformed SDB, globular structure disappears when heated: for 1 hour at 950 °C; for 40 min at 975 °C; for 20 min at 1000 °С. At these temperatures, process of discontinuities “healing” is almost completed, i.e. bond line disappears, and solid metal is formed along the microstructure of the CA, not differing from the basic metal with insignificant increase in microstructure. Quantitative assessment of structural changes in basic parameters of interface of structural state makes it possible to reveal mechanism, kinetics and structural dependence on degree of plastic deformation and heat treatment regimes, that ensure discontinuities “healing”, disappearance of interfaces and p
{"title":"ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ ТВЕРДОФАЗНОГО СОЕДИНЕНИЯ СПЛАВА ОТ4-1, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ХОЛОДНОЙ ТУГОЙ ПОСАДКОЙ И ПОСЛЕДУЮЩЕЙ ТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКОЙ","authors":"Павел Вячеславович Бахматов, Василий Илларионович Муравьев, Алексей Валерьевич Фролов, В. С. Пицык","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-963-973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-963-973","url":null,"abstract":"Regularities of the effect of maximum value of stress-strain state, obtained under conditions of cold forced fit of blanks of the shaft-hole system during formation of solid-phase diffusion bond (SDB) and subsequent modes of temperature action in autonomous vacuum, are investigated on evolution of structural changes and properties of contact area (CA) of solid joints of OT4-1 alloy. It is shown that under cold plastic deformation of OT4-1 alloy, formation of SDB in microstructure of CA leads to generation of deformation relief (traces of sliding along the grain boundaries), decrease in contact surfaces, and to volume interaction, both in the plane of contact (curvature of grains) and in volume of contact zone (outbreaks of dislocations). The main parameters (specific parameter of structure organization, grains density, average density of grain boundaries, development of grain boundaries) exceed those of the initial state of base metal in 10, 4, 1.8, 1.5 times respectively. Temperature influences under conditions of autonomous vacuum in the interval of phase transformations α → β lead to staging of structural changes, both in the main metal and in SDB contact area. At the initial moment, globular component appears in microstructure, which again goes back to acicular structure of the initial state (with some increase in microhardness) with increase in holding time, and also with increase in temperature. For the first time, phenomenon of appearance of the globular structure formation stage during heating of plastically deformed metal is established not only under temperature and time conditions of phase transformation, but also under elevated temperatures; and the higher heating temperature is, the shorter is lifetime of the stage. Moreover with less degree of plastic deformation, stage of structure globularization is observed at temperatures close to T pt and shorter exposures. For base metal (degree of deformation is insignificant), globular structure disappears almost completely after heating for 10 min at 950 °C. For stress-strain state of cold-deformed SDB, globular structure disappears when heated: for 1 hour at 950 °C; for 40 min at 975 °C; for 20 min at 1000 °С. At these temperatures, process of discontinuities “healing” is almost completed, i.e. bond line disappears, and solid metal is formed along the microstructure of the CA, not differing from the basic metal with insignificant increase in microstructure. Quantitative assessment of structural changes in basic parameters of interface of structural state makes it possible to reveal mechanism, kinetics and structural dependence on degree of plastic deformation and heat treatment regimes, that ensure discontinuities “healing”, disappearance of interfaces and p","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84681242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：