Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-813-817
A. Zimin, I. Burkova, V. V. Mit’kov, V. V. Zimin
One of the important factors (may be, the main one) determining duration of initial (trial) operation of Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) is quality of users training to collaboration in integrated (at the level of elementary transactions) control system. It is obvious that duration of initial operation and corresponding losses from the incidents arising at EPR operation can be significantly reduced not only due to high-quality design and EPR testing, but, considerably, due to increase in level of competences of users reached by their training. Mathematical definition of training program development for EPR users of large metallurgical company is given in the article. The main criterion there is general increment of users’ competences as a result of implementation of training program. Procedure of task solution is based on method of network programming which relies on structural and similar network representation of criterion and restrictions. General scheme and an example of solution of the studied task are provided in which separate estimated tasks are solved by method of dichotomizing programming. Received approximate solutions of an objective can be improved by means of finding global optimum of initial task by method of branches and borders in which values of criterion function of found approximate decision are applied as borders. In practice it is expedient to consider a task, opposite to described in the article in which costs of training are the criterion. Owing to structural similarity of functions of an increment of competences and costs of training the return task can be decided according to the same scheme that it is offered for a direct task. The considered task can be generalized by taking into account the preferences of users regarding the significance of individual programs relative to others by introducing appropriate “scales”. General scheme of task solution won’t change.
{"title":"Development of training programs for users of enterprise resource planning system","authors":"A. Zimin, I. Burkova, V. V. Mit’kov, V. V. Zimin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-813-817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-813-817","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important factors (may be, the main one) determining duration of initial (trial) operation of Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) is quality of users training to collaboration in integrated (at the level of elementary transactions) control system. It is obvious that duration of initial operation and corresponding losses from the incidents arising at EPR operation can be significantly reduced not only due to high-quality design and EPR testing, but, considerably, due to increase in level of competences of users reached by their training. Mathematical definition of training program development for EPR users of large metallurgical company is given in the article. The main criterion there is general increment of users’ competences as a result of implementation of training program. Procedure of task solution is based on method of network programming which relies on structural and similar network representation of criterion and restrictions. General scheme and an example of solution of the studied task are provided in which separate estimated tasks are solved by method of dichotomizing programming. Received approximate solutions of an objective can be improved by means of finding global optimum of initial task by method of branches and borders in which values of criterion function of found approximate decision are applied as borders. In practice it is expedient to consider a task, opposite to described in the article in which costs of training are the criterion. Owing to structural similarity of functions of an increment of competences and costs of training the return task can be decided according to the same scheme that it is offered for a direct task. The considered task can be generalized by taking into account the preferences of users regarding the significance of individual programs relative to others by introducing appropriate “scales”. General scheme of task solution won’t change.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73204592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-807-812
A. V. Shorokhova, A. Novichikhin, E. N. Yur’eva
Conceptual bases were developed for socially oriented information technology based on integration of diversification and technological processes for creation of additional production and infrastructure facilities by means of stage-by-stage structural synthesis of processing and restoration of broken lands. The structure of conceptual bases is offered consisting of empirical prerequisites, principles, model of increase in level of ecological safety, indicators of assessment of requirements, results of realization and criteria of reliability. The principles are directed to prevention of ecological damage, full cycle of rational environmental management, coordination of interests of public authorities, investors, owners and society, integration of technologies of waste processing, land reclamation and creation of objects of social infrastructure. The conceptual model of increase in level of ecological safety reflects interaction of the main and auxiliary production of technogenic resources utilization and restoration of the broken territories with subsequent creation of infrastructure facilities. Results of realization of socially oriented information technology have the following characteristics: concreteness, interpretiability, checkability, reliability, completeness and consistency. In compliance with the offered tools, scenarios of increase in level of ecological safety of the city of Novokuznetsk have been developed for conditions of functioning of metallurgical plants producing materials from waste of metallurgical industry, materials for construction needs, construction bricks, additives to concrete and fertilizers for agriculture. Project scenarios till 2037 are described: economic effect; area of restored lands; volume of environmental pollution as a result of production activity; population of mining and metallurgical area with standard indicators; prevented pollution volume per capita. Construction of plant is planned from 2019 to 2020, with commissioning in 2021; stage-by-stage creation of social infrastructure objects is planned since 2033. As a result of modeling it was revealed as follows: annual growth of expected indicators of scenarios due to synthesis of stage-by-stage operations of waste processing, and restoration of broken lands, decrease in volume of environment pollution caused by commissioning of waste-free and low-waste productions.
{"title":"Socially oriented information technology of increasing the level of ecological safety of mining and metallurgical area","authors":"A. V. Shorokhova, A. Novichikhin, E. N. Yur’eva","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-807-812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-807-812","url":null,"abstract":"Conceptual bases were developed for socially oriented information technology based on integration of diversification and technological processes for creation of additional production and infrastructure facilities by means of stage-by-stage structural synthesis of processing and restoration of broken lands. The structure of conceptual bases is offered consisting of empirical prerequisites, principles, model of increase in level of ecological safety, indicators of assessment of requirements, results of realization and criteria of reliability. The principles are directed to prevention of ecological damage, full cycle of rational environmental management, coordination of interests of public authorities, investors, owners and society, integration of technologies of waste processing, land reclamation and creation of objects of social infrastructure. The conceptual model of increase in level of ecological safety reflects interaction of the main and auxiliary production of technogenic resources utilization and restoration of the broken territories with subsequent creation of infrastructure facilities. Results of realization of socially oriented information technology have the following characteristics: concreteness, interpretiability, checkability, reliability, completeness and consistency. In compliance with the offered tools, scenarios of increase in level of ecological safety of the city of Novokuznetsk have been developed for conditions of functioning of metallurgical plants producing materials from waste of metallurgical industry, materials for construction needs, construction bricks, additives to concrete and fertilizers for agriculture. Project scenarios till 2037 are described: economic effect; area of restored lands; volume of environmental pollution as a result of production activity; population of mining and metallurgical area with standard indicators; prevented pollution volume per capita. Construction of plant is planned from 2019 to 2020, with commissioning in 2021; stage-by-stage creation of social infrastructure objects is planned since 2033. As a result of modeling it was revealed as follows: annual growth of expected indicators of scenarios due to synthesis of stage-by-stage operations of waste processing, and restoration of broken lands, decrease in volume of environment pollution caused by commissioning of waste-free and low-waste productions.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85860355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-800-806
Yu. L. Krutskii, K. Dyukova, R. I. Kuz’min, O. Netskina, A. E. Iorkh
The paper presents experimental data on synthesis of finely dispersed powder of chromium diboride. Chromium diboride was prepared by reduction of chromium oxide Cr2O3 with nanofibrous carbon (NFC) and boron carbide in the induction furnace under argon atmosphere. NFC is a product of catalytic decomposition of light hydro carbons. The main characteristic of a NFC is high specific surface area (~150,000 m2/kg), which is significantly higher than that of soot (~50,000 m2/kg). The content of impurities in NFC is about 1 wt %. Boron carbide used as a reagent is characterized by high dispersity (at the level of ~2 μm) and insignificant content of impurities – no more than 1.5 wt %. Based on analysis of state diagram of the Cr – B system, composition of the charge and upper temperature limit of diboride formation reaction were determined for obtaining chromium diboride in powder state. According to the results of thermodynamic analysis, the temperature of beginning of reaction for chromium oxide Cr2O3 reduction by carbon and boron carbide was determined at various CO pressures. Composition and characteristics of chromium diboride were studied using X-ray phase analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (AES-ISP), scanning electron microscopy using local energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, followed by determination of specific surface area by BET method, sedi mentation analysis, synchronous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC). The material obtained at optimal parameters is represented by a single phase – chromium diboride CrB2 . The content of impurities in chromium diboride does not exceed 2.5 wt %. The powder particles were predominantly aggregated. The average size of the particles and aggregates is equal to 7.95 μm within a wide range of size distribution. The specific surface area of a single-phase sample is 3600 m2/kg. Oxidation of chromium diboride begins at a temperature of 430 °C and when the temperature reaches 1000 °C, the degree of oxidation is approximately 25 %. Optimum synthesis parameters are the ratio of reagents according to stoichiometry to obtain chromium diboride at a temperature of 1700 °C and holding time of 20 min. It is shown that for this process nanofibrous carbon is an effective reducing agent and that chromium oxide Cr2O3 is almost completely reduced to diboride CrB2 .
{"title":"Synthesis of finely dispersed chromium diboride from nanofibrous carbon","authors":"Yu. L. Krutskii, K. Dyukova, R. I. Kuz’min, O. Netskina, A. E. Iorkh","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-800-806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-800-806","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents experimental data on synthesis of finely dispersed powder of chromium diboride. Chromium diboride was prepared by reduction of chromium oxide Cr2O3 with nanofibrous carbon (NFC) and boron carbide in the induction furnace under argon atmosphere. NFC is a product of catalytic decomposition of light hydro carbons. The main characteristic of a NFC is high specific surface area (~150,000 m2/kg), which is significantly higher than that of soot (~50,000 m2/kg). The content of impurities in NFC is about 1 wt %. Boron carbide used as a reagent is characterized by high dispersity (at the level of ~2 μm) and insignificant content of impurities – no more than 1.5 wt %. Based on analysis of state diagram of the Cr – B system, composition of the charge and upper temperature limit of diboride formation reaction were determined for obtaining chromium diboride in powder state. According to the results of thermodynamic analysis, the temperature of beginning of reaction for chromium oxide Cr2O3 reduction by carbon and boron carbide was determined at various CO pressures. Composition and characteristics of chromium diboride were studied using X-ray phase analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (AES-ISP), scanning electron microscopy using local energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, followed by determination of specific surface area by BET method, sedi mentation analysis, synchronous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC). The material obtained at optimal parameters is represented by a single phase – chromium diboride CrB2 . The content of impurities in chromium diboride does not exceed 2.5 wt %. The powder particles were predominantly aggregated. The average size of the particles and aggregates is equal to 7.95 μm within a wide range of size distribution. The specific surface area of a single-phase sample is 3600 m2/kg. Oxidation of chromium diboride begins at a temperature of 430 °C and when the temperature reaches 1000 °C, the degree of oxidation is approximately 25 %. Optimum synthesis parameters are the ratio of reagents according to stoichiometry to obtain chromium diboride at a temperature of 1700 °C and holding time of 20 min. It is shown that for this process nanofibrous carbon is an effective reducing agent and that chromium oxide Cr2O3 is almost completely reduced to diboride CrB2 .","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79902071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-787-793
K. Aksenova, E. N. Nikitina, Y. Ivanov, D. Kosinov
Martensite and bainite are the most complex structures being formed in steel in heat treatment including the quantitative interpretation. On frequent occasions, the application field of these steels includes the operation at high static and dynamic compression stresses. The thorough and comprehensive analysis of the materials’ structure after different types of treatment enables to use them competently for the manufacturing of the parts and structures providing them with the necessary complex of physical and mechanical properties. The factor determining the mechanical properties of the materials are the structure of solid solution, presence of nano-dimentional particles of the second phases, dislocation substructure, types and location of various boundaries and internal stress fields. For successful control of the formation of structural phase states and mechanical properties of the material it is necessary to know the quantitative laws and the cold hardening mechanisms of steels of different structural classes at active plastic deformation. By methods of transmission electron diffraction microscopy the analysis of cold hardening of 38CrNi3MoV steel with martensite and 30Cr2Ni-2MoV steel with bainite structures at active plastic compression deformation to 26 % and 36 %, respectively, was done in the research. The contributions caused by intraphase boundaries, dislocation substructure, carbide phases, atoms of alloying elements and long-range stress fields are considered. It is established that the substructural hardening (caused by the internal long-range stress fields) and solid solution strengthening (caused by carbon atoms) give largest contribution to cold hardening of 38CrNi3MoV hardened steel. For normalization of 30Cr2Ni2MoV steel hardening also takes place at the expense of the internal stress field’s action, at the penetration of carbon atoms to the ferrite crystal lattice as well as at the structural fragmentation with the deformation degree higher than 26 %. The dislocation substructure and the particles of carbide phase make comparatively small contribution to the hardening of these steels. It is shown that the cause of bainite steel softening at large (more than 15 %) degrees of deformation is connected with the activation of deformation microtwinning process.
{"title":"Hardening mechanisms of steels with bainite and martensite structures","authors":"K. Aksenova, E. N. Nikitina, Y. Ivanov, D. Kosinov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-787-793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-787-793","url":null,"abstract":"Martensite and bainite are the most complex structures being formed in steel in heat treatment including the quantitative interpretation. On frequent occasions, the application field of these steels includes the operation at high static and dynamic compression stresses. The thorough and comprehensive analysis of the materials’ structure after different types of treatment enables to use them competently for the manufacturing of the parts and structures providing them with the necessary complex of physical and mechanical properties. The factor determining the mechanical properties of the materials are the structure of solid solution, presence of nano-dimentional particles of the second phases, dislocation substructure, types and location of various boundaries and internal stress fields. For successful control of the formation of structural phase states and mechanical properties of the material it is necessary to know the quantitative laws and the cold hardening mechanisms of steels of different structural classes at active plastic deformation. By methods of transmission electron diffraction microscopy the analysis of cold hardening of 38CrNi3MoV steel with martensite and 30Cr2Ni-2MoV steel with bainite structures at active plastic compression deformation to 26 % and 36 %, respectively, was done in the research. The contributions caused by intraphase boundaries, dislocation substructure, carbide phases, atoms of alloying elements and long-range stress fields are considered. It is established that the substructural hardening (caused by the internal long-range stress fields) and solid solution strengthening (caused by carbon atoms) give largest contribution to cold hardening of 38CrNi3MoV hardened steel. For normalization of 30Cr2Ni2MoV steel hardening also takes place at the expense of the internal stress field’s action, at the penetration of carbon atoms to the ferrite crystal lattice as well as at the structural fragmentation with the deformation degree higher than 26 %. The dislocation substructure and the particles of carbide phase make comparatively small contribution to the hardening of these steels. It is shown that the cause of bainite steel softening at large (more than 15 %) degrees of deformation is connected with the activation of deformation microtwinning process.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79211367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-818-823
T. V. Kiseleva, V. Mikhailov, I. Stepanov
Coke production is a high-tech process, which at the same time has all kinds of negative environmental impacts (emissions of pollutants into the air, wastewater discharge, placement of production and consumption waste). To improve environmental safety, it is necessary to study local ecological-economic system and its main elements in order to improve management efficiency. The article analyzes known approaches to definition and features of functioning of ecological-economic systems of industrial enterprises and their modifications. As a result of the analysis, system of correlated environmental and economic indicators is presented, reflecting specifics of ecological and economic system of coking enterprise with a monodirectional production program. The most important are the considered dependencies “current expenses for environment protection/risk level”, “current expenses for environment protection/payment for negative impact on environment”, “current expenses for environment protection/ economic damage compensation factor” and “capacity utilization/risk level”. Enterprise has identified implementation of non-stationary environmental policy, differentiated by time intervals: from 2004 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2016. Based on synthesis of theoretical studies of domestic and international researchers and analysis of graphical dependencies of actual data, directions for management efficiency improvement of local ecological-economic system of a coking plant were formed. From this point of view, it is of great importance to increase effectiveness of current expenditures provision for environment protection through development of mechanism for redistributing total amount between individual unified items of expenditures, as well as developing an algorithm for managing waste generated in the enterprise in terms of their further use to produce marketable products and minimizing potential charges for waste disposal. The work is of practical importance for large industrial enterprises with diversified negative environmental impact in order to prepare for adoption of effective environmental safety management decisions.
{"title":"Management of ecological-economic system of coking plant","authors":"T. V. Kiseleva, V. Mikhailov, I. Stepanov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-818-823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-818-823","url":null,"abstract":"Coke production is a high-tech process, which at the same time has all kinds of negative environmental impacts (emissions of pollutants into the air, wastewater discharge, placement of production and consumption waste). To improve environmental safety, it is necessary to study local ecological-economic system and its main elements in order to improve management efficiency. The article analyzes known approaches to definition and features of functioning of ecological-economic systems of industrial enterprises and their modifications. As a result of the analysis, system of correlated environmental and economic indicators is presented, reflecting specifics of ecological and economic system of coking enterprise with a monodirectional production program. The most important are the considered dependencies “current expenses for environment protection/risk level”, “current expenses for environment protection/payment for negative impact on environment”, “current expenses for environment protection/ economic damage compensation factor” and “capacity utilization/risk level”. Enterprise has identified implementation of non-stationary environmental policy, differentiated by time intervals: from 2004 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2016. Based on synthesis of theoretical studies of domestic and international researchers and analysis of graphical dependencies of actual data, directions for management efficiency improvement of local ecological-economic system of a coking plant were formed. From this point of view, it is of great importance to increase effectiveness of current expenditures provision for environment protection through development of mechanism for redistributing total amount between individual unified items of expenditures, as well as developing an algorithm for managing waste generated in the enterprise in terms of their further use to produce marketable products and minimizing potential charges for waste disposal. The work is of practical importance for large industrial enterprises with diversified negative environmental impact in order to prepare for adoption of effective environmental safety management decisions.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74507548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-780-786
M. Aleutdinova, V. Fadin, K. A. Aleutdinov
The possibility of creating a composite of steel-graphite by sintering using the simplest technology has been studied at temperature lower than 1000 °C in the electric furnace without vacuum. The main research aim was to estimate ability of such composite to show high wear resistance at sliding against copper counterbody under the influence of electric current with a contact density higher than 100 A/cm 2 . Powder steel has been obtained by recycling of grinding wastes of bearing production. Composites had low mechanical properties and high specific electric resistance. The high through porosity was shown by optical metallography. Tribotechnical loading of composites has been carried out according to the contact scheme “pin-on-ring” with a sliding velocity of 5 m/s and with a contact pressure of 0.09 MPa. It has been noted that dry friction of these composites has caused transfer layer emergence on the sliding surface of copper counterbody. As a result there was reduction of sliding electric contact conductivity and increase in the general copper sliding surface roughness. Impregnation by industrial oil of composites porous framework led to significant increase in specific surface contact electric conductivity and to linear wear intensity decrease comparing with the same characteristics of dry contact. Catastrophic wear under these conditions began at the contact current density of 150 – 200 A/cm 2 . It has been shown that the placing of lead plate and composite in the specimen holder and implementation of their joint sliding under the influence of electric current caused additional contact electric conductivity increase and wear intensity decrease to values of 3 – 11 μm/km at the contact current density about 250 A/cm 2 . Catastrophic wear in the presence of a lead plate and industrial oil in contact zone began at the contact current density of 250 – 300 A/cm 2 . Contact characteristics dependence on graphite concentration was not evidently observed. It has been established that every friction mode did not lead to copper sliding surface deterioration. It was concluded that the use of the restored bearing steel has the perspective for creation of current collection materials demonstrating high wear resistance under the influence of electric current of high contact density.
在温度低于1000℃的无真空电炉中，用最简单的技术烧结制造钢-石墨复合材料的可能性进行了研究。主要研究目的是评估该复合材料在接触密度大于100 a / cm2的电流作用下，与铜对位体滑动时的高耐磨性。通过回收轴承生产的磨削废料获得粉末钢。复合材料力学性能低，比电阻高。光学金相分析表明，其孔隙率较高。采用滑动速度为5 m/s、接触压力为0.09 MPa的“销环”接触方式对复合材料进行摩擦加载。注意到这些复合材料的干摩擦会在铜counterbody的滑动表面产生传递层。结果，滑动电接触电导率降低，一般铜滑动表面粗糙度增加。与干接触相比，工业油浸渍复合材料多孔骨架的比表面接触电导率显著提高，线性磨损强度显著降低。当接触电流密度为150 ~ 200 A/ cm2时，试样发生了灾难性磨损。结果表明，在接触电流密度为250 A/ cm2时，在试样夹中放置铅板和复合材料并使其在电流的作用下进行关节滑动，使接触电导率增加，磨损强度降低到3 ~ 11 μm/km在接触电流密度为250 ~ 300 a / cm2时，铅板与工业油的接触特性与石墨浓度的关系不明显。结果表明，每种摩擦模式都不会导致铜滑动表面劣化。研究结果表明，在高接触密度电流作用下，利用修复后的轴承钢制备具有高耐磨性的集流材料具有广阔的前景。
{"title":"Wear of sintered composites based on bearing steel at boundary friction with current collection against copper","authors":"M. Aleutdinova, V. Fadin, K. A. Aleutdinov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-780-786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-780-786","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of creating a composite of steel-graphite by sintering using the simplest technology has been studied at temperature lower than 1000 °C in the electric furnace without vacuum. The main research aim was to estimate ability of such composite to show high wear resistance at sliding against copper counterbody under the influence of electric current with a contact density higher than 100 A/cm 2 . Powder steel has been obtained by recycling of grinding wastes of bearing production. Composites had low mechanical properties and high specific electric resistance. The high through porosity was shown by optical metallography. Tribotechnical loading of composites has been carried out according to the contact scheme “pin-on-ring” with a sliding velocity of 5 m/s and with a contact pressure of 0.09 MPa. It has been noted that dry friction of these composites has caused transfer layer emergence on the sliding surface of copper counterbody. As a result there was reduction of sliding electric contact conductivity and increase in the general copper sliding surface roughness. Impregnation by industrial oil of composites porous framework led to significant increase in specific surface contact electric conductivity and to linear wear intensity decrease comparing with the same characteristics of dry contact. Catastrophic wear under these conditions began at the contact current density of 150 – 200 A/cm 2 . It has been shown that the placing of lead plate and composite in the specimen holder and implementation of their joint sliding under the influence of electric current caused additional contact electric conductivity increase and wear intensity decrease to values of 3 – 11 μm/km at the contact current density about 250 A/cm 2 . Catastrophic wear in the presence of a lead plate and industrial oil in contact zone began at the contact current density of 250 – 300 A/cm 2 . Contact characteristics dependence on graphite concentration was not evidently observed. It has been established that every friction mode did not lead to copper sliding surface deterioration. It was concluded that the use of the restored bearing steel has the perspective for creation of current collection materials demonstrating high wear resistance under the influence of electric current of high contact density.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88179329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-596-600
N. Kozyrev, L. P. Bashchenko, O. Kozyreva, A. Mikhno
The study results of introduction of barium-strontium carbonatite of various fractional composition into flux based on silicomanganese production slag are presented. The principal possibility of using their mixtures for depositing and welding of low-alloy steels is shown, while the use of barium-strontium carbonatite makes it possible to reduce contamination of weld metal with nonmetallic inclusions. In series of experiments in laboratory conditions, various compositions of welding fluxes were made and investigated. As components, barium-strontium modifier BSC produced by “NPK Metallotechnoprom” LC under TU 1717-001-75073896-2005 was used, wt. %: 13.0 – 19.0 % BaO; 3,5 – 7,5 % SrO; 17.5 – 25.5 % CaO; 19.8 – 29.8 % SiO2 ; 0.7 – 1.1 % MgO; 2.5 – 3.5 % K2O; 1.0 – 2.0 % Na2O; 1.5 – 6.5 % Fe2O3 ; 0 to 0.4 % MnO; 1.9 – 3.9 % of Al2O3 ; 0.7 – 1.1 % TiO2 ; 16.0 – 20.0 % CO2 as well as silicomanganese slag produced by JSC “EVRAZ – West-Siberian Metallurgical Combine”, wt. %: 6.91 – 9.62 % Al2O3 ; 22.85 – 31.70 % CaO; 46.46 – 48.16 % SiO2 ; 0.27 – 0.81 % FeO; 6.48 – 7.92 % MgO; 8.01 – 8.43 % MnO; 0.28 – 0.76 % F; 0.26 – 0.36 % Na2O; up to 0,62 % K2O; 0.15 – 0.17 % S; 0.01 % P. Basis of the flux is silicomanganese production slag, into which a flux additive was introduced. Flux additive was produced in two ways. The first one: by mixing barium-strontium modifier with liquid glass in a ratio of 75 and 35 %, respectively. The second variant is as follows: dust of strontium-barium modifier of fraction less than 0.2 mm was used as a flux additive. The technology of flux-additive manufacturing is described. Welding of rollers was carried out using ASAW-1250 welding tractor. Regimes of surfacing were worked out. The chemical compositions of fluxes, slag crusts, flux and weld metal were determined. Metallographic studies of metal were performed. The results of analysis for presence of nonmetallic inclusions in weld zone were carried out in accordance with GOST 1778 – 70. Studies indicate a decrease in contamination of weld metal by silicates that are not deformed and absence of brittle silicates.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF BARIUM-STRONTIUM CARBONATITE FOR PRODUCTION OF WELDING FLUXES BASED ON SILICOMANGANAZE PRODUCTION SLAG","authors":"N. Kozyrev, L. P. Bashchenko, O. Kozyreva, A. Mikhno","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-596-600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-596-600","url":null,"abstract":"The study results of introduction of barium-strontium carbonatite of various fractional composition into flux based on silicomanganese production slag are presented. The principal possibility of using their mixtures for depositing and welding of low-alloy steels is shown, while the use of barium-strontium carbonatite makes it possible to reduce contamination of weld metal with nonmetallic inclusions. In series of experiments in laboratory conditions, various compositions of welding fluxes were made and investigated. As components, barium-strontium modifier BSC produced by “NPK Metallotechnoprom” LC under TU 1717-001-75073896-2005 was used, wt. %: 13.0 – 19.0 % BaO; 3,5 – 7,5 % SrO; 17.5 – 25.5 % CaO; 19.8 – 29.8 % SiO2 ; 0.7 – 1.1 % MgO; 2.5 – 3.5 % K2O; 1.0 – 2.0 % Na2O; 1.5 – 6.5 % Fe2O3 ; 0 to 0.4 % MnO; 1.9 – 3.9 % of Al2O3 ; 0.7 – 1.1 % TiO2 ; 16.0 – 20.0 % CO2 as well as silicomanganese slag produced by JSC “EVRAZ – West-Siberian Metallurgical Combine”, wt. %: 6.91 – 9.62 % Al2O3 ; 22.85 – 31.70 % CaO; 46.46 – 48.16 % SiO2 ; 0.27 – 0.81 % FeO; 6.48 – 7.92 % MgO; 8.01 – 8.43 % MnO; 0.28 – 0.76 % F; 0.26 – 0.36 % Na2O; up to 0,62 % K2O; 0.15 – 0.17 % S; 0.01 % P. Basis of the flux is silicomanganese production slag, into which a flux additive was introduced. Flux additive was produced in two ways. The first one: by mixing barium-strontium modifier with liquid glass in a ratio of 75 and 35 %, respectively. The second variant is as follows: dust of strontium-barium modifier of fraction less than 0.2 mm was used as a flux additive. The technology of flux-additive manufacturing is described. Welding of rollers was carried out using ASAW-1250 welding tractor. Regimes of surfacing were worked out. The chemical compositions of fluxes, slag crusts, flux and weld metal were determined. Metallographic studies of metal were performed. The results of analysis for presence of nonmetallic inclusions in weld zone were carried out in accordance with GOST 1778 – 70. Studies indicate a decrease in contamination of weld metal by silicates that are not deformed and absence of brittle silicates. ","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73394857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-649-656
S. K. Sibagatullin, A. S. Kharchenko, L. D. Devyatchenko
The article presents the results of modeling in a dynamic format of one of the most important parameters of any research object – the efficiency of its work. As the object of investigation, a blast furnace with a volume of 2014 m3 was chosen. The main parameters of the efficiency of this object are traditionally used daily productivity and specific consumption of coke; these two parameters were generalized in this paper. In this case, various algebraic signs of the influence of these parameters were taken into account in the generalized efficiency index. Taking into account the variation of each of these parameters at 3 levels, the number of levels of the generalized efficiency index was determined as 32 = 9, therefore it was rational to take a 9-point scale with the measuring scale of profitability from the efficient operation of the blast furnace. The two-dimensional array of primary data of the volume N = 177 was transformed into a 9×9 transitional matrix for processing of random transitions of the efficiency index from one state to another by the Markov chain method with discrete states and time. The set of parameters of the random process is calculated: for the long-term forecast – the stationary vector of state probabilities, the average time of recurrence (reversal) for each efficiency state, the evaluation of the blast furnace efficiency in points; for a short-term forecast – the first time of transition from each state to any other state, the step number for a “burst” of probability for each reliable state at the initial moment of time, and the components of the efficiency index are obtained. It was established that the average level of the analyzed efficiency of the blast furnace (daily output 3702 tons and specific coke consumption 470 kg/ton) is achieved mainly due to short-term transitions of low-efficiency states to high-efficiency states and vice versa. The transfer of the system to more efficient and prolonged conditions is possible, and as practice has shown on the same blast furnace after repair works to eliminate the distortion of the furnace profile, the daily productivity has increased to 5048 tons with a specific coke consumption of 445 kg/t, but the structure of the transition matrix and the calculated indicators of the Markov chain have fundamentally changed in the direction of increasing the probabilities of stay and transitions of the system in more efficient states. The use of the Markov chain method with discrete states and time makes it possible to estimate the probable value of the change in the parameters of the operation of a blast furnace in a given time interval with constant levels of parameters characterizing the conditions of its operation.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF MARKOV CHAINS TO THE ANALYSIS OF BLAST FURNACE OPERATION EFFICIENCY","authors":"S. K. Sibagatullin, A. S. Kharchenko, L. D. Devyatchenko","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-649-656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-649-656","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of modeling in a dynamic format of one of the most important parameters of any research object – the efficiency of its work. As the object of investigation, a blast furnace with a volume of 2014 m3 was chosen. The main parameters of the efficiency of this object are traditionally used daily productivity and specific consumption of coke; these two parameters were generalized in this paper. In this case, various algebraic signs of the influence of these parameters were taken into account in the generalized efficiency index. Taking into account the variation of each of these parameters at 3 levels, the number of levels of the generalized efficiency index was determined as 32 = 9, therefore it was rational to take a 9-point scale with the measuring scale of profitability from the efficient operation of the blast furnace. The two-dimensional array of primary data of the volume N = 177 was transformed into a 9×9 transitional matrix for processing of random transitions of the efficiency index from one state to another by the Markov chain method with discrete states and time. The set of parameters of the random process is calculated: for the long-term forecast – the stationary vector of state probabilities, the average time of recurrence (reversal) for each efficiency state, the evaluation of the blast furnace efficiency in points; for a short-term forecast – the first time of transition from each state to any other state, the step number for a “burst” of probability for each reliable state at the initial moment of time, and the components of the efficiency index are obtained. It was established that the average level of the analyzed efficiency of the blast furnace (daily output 3702 tons and specific coke consumption 470 kg/ton) is achieved mainly due to short-term transitions of low-efficiency states to high-efficiency states and vice versa. The transfer of the system to more efficient and prolonged conditions is possible, and as practice has shown on the same blast furnace after repair works to eliminate the distortion of the furnace profile, the daily productivity has increased to 5048 tons with a specific coke consumption of 445 kg/t, but the structure of the transition matrix and the calculated indicators of the Markov chain have fundamentally changed in the direction of increasing the probabilities of stay and transitions of the system in more efficient states. The use of the Markov chain method with discrete states and time makes it possible to estimate the probable value of the change in the parameters of the operation of a blast furnace in a given time interval with constant levels of parameters characterizing the conditions of its operation.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88995924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-601-605
A. Babenko, V. Zhuchkov, A. G. Upolovnikova, V. Ryabov
The results of composition-viscosity plotting for slag of the CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 system containing 15 % of Al2O3 and 8 % of MgO using simplex lattice method are given in this paper. It allows obtaining mathematical models describing property dependence on composition as a continuous function. The study was subjected to a fixed area in a form of local simplex represented by two CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 concentration triangles. The experiment was planned in pseudo-component coordinates. To describe dependence of slag viscosity on its composition, a mathematical model of polynomial of the third degree was chosen. In experiment planning matrix, slag compositions are given in pseudo-components and original components coordinates. Slags corresponding to studied local simplex vertex composition were melted in graphite crucibles from pre-heated oxides of ChDA brand. Composition of slag, corresponding to the points of local simplex plan, was obtained by counter-mixing of simplex vertex slag. In experiments, molybdenum crucibles were used to measure slags viscosity. Measurements were carried out using an electric vibrational viscometer in an argon flow with continuous cooling of melt from homogeneous-liquid to solid state. The results of generalization of mathematical modeling and graphical representation presented in form of compositionpropertydiagrams made it possible to quantify effect of slag basicity and B2O3 content on viscosity of resulting oxide system. The slag of CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 oxide system, containing 15 % of Al2O3 and 8 % of MgO, is characterized by sufficiently low viscosity in temperature range of 1450 – 1500 °C. Viscosity of such slags increases significantly with temperatures decrease to 1400 °C. It has been established that slags with basicity of 2 to 5, containing 1 to 4 % of B2O3 , are characterized by high liquid mobility at constant concentrations of Al2O3 (15 %) and MgO (8 %), their viscosity in temperature range of 1450 – 1500 °C does not exceed 4 – 7 poise. Such slags have, as a rule, high refining properties and can be recommended for the formation on a ladle furnace installation.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF SIMPLEX LATTICE METHOD FOR COMPOSITION-VISCOSITY PLOTTING OF СаО – SiO2 – В2О3 SLAGS WITH 15 % Al2O3 AND 8 % MgO","authors":"A. Babenko, V. Zhuchkov, A. G. Upolovnikova, V. Ryabov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-601-605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-601-605","url":null,"abstract":"The results of composition-viscosity plotting for slag of the CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 system containing 15 % of Al2O3 and 8 % of MgO using simplex lattice method are given in this paper. It allows obtaining mathematical models describing property dependence on composition as a continuous function. The study was subjected to a fixed area in a form of local simplex represented by two CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 concentration triangles. The experiment was planned in pseudo-component coordinates. To describe dependence of slag viscosity on its composition, a mathematical model of polynomial of the third degree was chosen. In experiment planning matrix, slag compositions are given in pseudo-components and original components coordinates. Slags corresponding to studied local simplex vertex composition were melted in graphite crucibles from pre-heated oxides of ChDA brand. Composition of slag, corresponding to the points of local simplex plan, was obtained by counter-mixing of simplex vertex slag. In experiments, molybdenum crucibles were used to measure slags viscosity. Measurements were carried out using an electric vibrational viscometer in an argon flow with continuous cooling of melt from homogeneous-liquid to solid state. The results of generalization of mathematical modeling and graphical representation presented in form of compositionpropertydiagrams made it possible to quantify effect of slag basicity and B2O3 content on viscosity of resulting oxide system. The slag of CaO – SiO2 – B2O3 oxide system, containing 15 % of Al2O3 and 8 % of MgO, is characterized by sufficiently low viscosity in temperature range of 1450 – 1500 °C. Viscosity of such slags increases significantly with temperatures decrease to 1400 °C. It has been established that slags with basicity of 2 to 5, containing 1 to 4 % of B2O3 , are characterized by high liquid mobility at constant concentrations of Al2O3 (15 %) and MgO (8 %), their viscosity in temperature range of 1450 – 1500 °C does not exceed 4 – 7 poise. Such slags have, as a rule, high refining properties and can be recommended for the formation on a ladle furnace installation.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85296101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-24DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-625-630
M. Stepanov, Yu. M. Dombrovskii, L. V. Davidyan
Traditional processes of thermochemical treatment of steel have a longer duration, so there are proposed the new methods of intensification of diffusion saturation with high-energy impacts on the material surface. In the process of micro-arc alloying the steel product is immersed in a container filled with powder of coal, and is heated by passing electric current. In a powder environment, microdischarges are formed, which are concentrated around the product and create an area of gas discharge with the formation of a carbonaceous gas environment, which enables carburizing of steel. The application of coating containing diffusant allows forming coating of a carbide type due to simultaneous carbon diffusion into alloying elements. The influence of micro-arc surface alloying of steel with vanadium on mechanical properties of diffusion coatings is studied, and the primary mechanism of steel hardening at microarc alloying is revealed. Cylindrical samples of 20 steel were used; the source diffusant was a powder of ferrovanadium. Current density on the sample surface was 0.3 A/cm2, total duration of the process was 3 min. The mechanical properties of coatings were evaluated by means of indentation using pyramidal indenter, at loads of 2.5 mN, 20 mN and 100mN. The diffusion layer with thickness of 170 – 180 μm consists of a base with hardness of 8 – 9 GPa, containing mild etching inclusions of up to 5 μm with microhardness of 21 – 25 GPa. The base of the layer represents an α-solid solution of vanadium in iron, and inclusions are carbides of VC0.863 type. By atomic force microscopy it was established, that the surface relief is defined by single, relatively large carbide particles with a size of up to 3 μm, and by plural nano-sized carbide particles, which act as the strengthening phase, providing high microhardness of the coating. By method of indentation of the hardened layer cross section using different loads hardening effect of the carbide particles is proven. Estimation of possible mechanisms of hardening have shown that the greatest contribution to diffusion layer hardening is made by dispersion component significantly increasing the yield stress of α-solid solution of iron in comparison with the initial state, which is 38 times greater than the contribution of solid-solution hardening.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFUSION LAYER IN THE PROCESS OF MICROARC STEEL VANADATION","authors":"M. Stepanov, Yu. M. Dombrovskii, L. V. Davidyan","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-625-630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-8-625-630","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional processes of thermochemical treatment of steel have a longer duration, so there are proposed the new methods of intensification of diffusion saturation with high-energy impacts on the material surface. In the process of micro-arc alloying the steel product is immersed in a container filled with powder of coal, and is heated by passing electric current. In a powder environment, microdischarges are formed, which are concentrated around the product and create an area of gas discharge with the formation of a carbonaceous gas environment, which enables carburizing of steel. The application of coating containing diffusant allows forming coating of a carbide type due to simultaneous carbon diffusion into alloying elements. The influence of micro-arc surface alloying of steel with vanadium on mechanical properties of diffusion coatings is studied, and the primary mechanism of steel hardening at microarc alloying is revealed. Cylindrical samples of 20 steel were used; the source diffusant was a powder of ferrovanadium. Current density on the sample surface was 0.3 A/cm2, total duration of the process was 3 min. The mechanical properties of coatings were evaluated by means of indentation using pyramidal indenter, at loads of 2.5 mN, 20 mN and 100mN. The diffusion layer with thickness of 170 – 180 μm consists of a base with hardness of 8 – 9 GPa, containing mild etching inclusions of up to 5 μm with microhardness of 21 – 25 GPa. The base of the layer represents an α-solid solution of vanadium in iron, and inclusions are carbides of VC0.863 type. By atomic force microscopy it was established, that the surface relief is defined by single, relatively large carbide particles with a size of up to 3 μm, and by plural nano-sized carbide particles, which act as the strengthening phase, providing high microhardness of the coating. By method of indentation of the hardened layer cross section using different loads hardening effect of the carbide particles is proven. Estimation of possible mechanisms of hardening have shown that the greatest contribution to diffusion layer hardening is made by dispersion component significantly increasing the yield stress of α-solid solution of iron in comparison with the initial state, which is 38 times greater than the contribution of solid-solution hardening.","PeriodicalId":35527,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenij. Chernaya Metallurgiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77282044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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