Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0015
B. Unfried
ABSTRACT:This article aims to present a chapter of a global history of cooperation between the European center of the Soviet World System and African “countries on a socialist path to development.” This contribution is focused on exchanges and interactions between the German Democratic Republic and revolutionary Ethiopia on various levels: Trade, examining the practice of the instrument barter trade “to the mutual advantage” genuinely used in the commercial side of these relations; and Aid, examining practices of the transfer of (material and personal) resources essentially free of charge, often called “solidarity.” After distinguishing layers of cooperation from determinedly negotiated foreign trade agreements in the mutual interest to unilateral “solidarity” transfers in a spirit of “friendship” and carving out main actors in these fields, this contribution identifies spheres of contact, interaction, and cooperation between GDR advisors, experts, and solidarity workers and their Ethiopian counterparts. Flows in the sphere of trade, solidarity, and in personal relations between GDR personnel in Ethiopia and their Ethiopian counterparts are discussed in the perspective of reciprocity. This question of flows and contacts is not primarily examined in the mirror of expectations, intentions, and declarations, but grounded on practices retrieved by the analysis of (primarily German) archive material and on interviews. These sources show those encounters from their practical side, which cannot be resumed by a story of success or failure. The article concludes with an assessment of GDR-Ethiopian cooperation as part of a multilateral entanglement in which Cuba and the Soviet Union were other critical actors.
{"title":"Friendship and Education, Coffee and Weapons: Exchanges between Socialist Ethiopia and the German Democratic Republic","authors":"B. Unfried","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article aims to present a chapter of a global history of cooperation between the European center of the Soviet World System and African “countries on a socialist path to development.” This contribution is focused on exchanges and interactions between the German Democratic Republic and revolutionary Ethiopia on various levels: Trade, examining the practice of the instrument barter trade “to the mutual advantage” genuinely used in the commercial side of these relations; and Aid, examining practices of the transfer of (material and personal) resources essentially free of charge, often called “solidarity.” After distinguishing layers of cooperation from determinedly negotiated foreign trade agreements in the mutual interest to unilateral “solidarity” transfers in a spirit of “friendship” and carving out main actors in these fields, this contribution identifies spheres of contact, interaction, and cooperation between GDR advisors, experts, and solidarity workers and their Ethiopian counterparts. Flows in the sphere of trade, solidarity, and in personal relations between GDR personnel in Ethiopia and their Ethiopian counterparts are discussed in the perspective of reciprocity. This question of flows and contacts is not primarily examined in the mirror of expectations, intentions, and declarations, but grounded on practices retrieved by the analysis of (primarily German) archive material and on interviews. These sources show those encounters from their practical side, which cannot be resumed by a story of success or failure. The article concludes with an assessment of GDR-Ethiopian cooperation as part of a multilateral entanglement in which Cuba and the Soviet Union were other critical actors.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0141
E. Gebremariam, L. Herrera
ABSTRACT:This article argues that the Ethiopian revolution was a generational achievement. Hence, its legacy and lasting social effects can be best examined through a sociological lens that highlights the intergenerational relations between the “revolutionary generation” of 1974 and today’s “restrained generation.” One of the significant legacies of the Ethiopian revolution is that it continues to instill fear in young people who are inclined to engage in politics. This culture of fear has grown out of the atrocious “Red Terror” period of the late 1970s, and continues in different forms to the present as political youth, including social media activists, are vulnerable to persecution. Even as the young generation attempts to create new platforms for political engagement, it remains under the heavy hand of the revolutionary generation. After nearly four decades, the methods of crushing youth political activism remain almost the same. This article seeks to offer insights into how Ethiopian youth pursue various strategies to deal with the structural impediments to their active political engagement. It is also an attempt to unveil certain practices by the older generation that are designed to keep the youth in a political impasse.
{"title":"On Silencing the Next Generation: Legacies of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution on Youth Political Engagement","authors":"E. Gebremariam, L. Herrera","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0141","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article argues that the Ethiopian revolution was a generational achievement. Hence, its legacy and lasting social effects can be best examined through a sociological lens that highlights the intergenerational relations between the “revolutionary generation” of 1974 and today’s “restrained generation.” One of the significant legacies of the Ethiopian revolution is that it continues to instill fear in young people who are inclined to engage in politics. This culture of fear has grown out of the atrocious “Red Terror” period of the late 1970s, and continues in different forms to the present as political youth, including social media activists, are vulnerable to persecution. Even as the young generation attempts to create new platforms for political engagement, it remains under the heavy hand of the revolutionary generation. After nearly four decades, the methods of crushing youth political activism remain almost the same. This article seeks to offer insights into how Ethiopian youth pursue various strategies to deal with the structural impediments to their active political engagement. It is also an attempt to unveil certain practices by the older generation that are designed to keep the youth in a political impasse.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0197
Kiflu Tadesse
The article discusses the chronology of events during the revolutionary movement of Ethiopia in 1974, which finally resulted in usurpation of power by a military junta. It then turns to look at the Ethiopian Left, which took an important part in the movement. The emergence of the Ethiopian Left, the political and social dynamics that brought about the cleavage and early differences are given due attention. The symbiotic relationship between the reform acts that the military junta undertook and the defeat of the revolutionary movement are examined in detail. Finally, the article focuses on further deterioration of the relationship of the Left, which finally resulted in a carnage that engulfed the whole country.
{"title":"Some Thoughts about the Ethiopian Left","authors":"Kiflu Tadesse","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0197","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the chronology of events during the revolutionary movement of Ethiopia in 1974, which finally resulted in usurpation of power by a military junta. It then turns to look at the Ethiopian Left, which took an important part in the movement. The emergence of the Ethiopian Left, the political and social dynamics that brought about the cleavage and early differences are given due attention. The symbiotic relationship between the reform acts that the military junta undertook and the defeat of the revolutionary movement are examined in detail. Finally, the article focuses on further deterioration of the relationship of the Left, which finally resulted in a carnage that engulfed the whole country.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0089
J. Markakis
This is a review of scholarly interpretations of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution and its aftermath, that is, the regime it brought to power. It covers studies written during the life of that regime by Ethiopian and foreign scholars, and focuses on their interpretation rather than description, and specifically on their views on certain key issues. These include the nature of the imperial regime and the causes of its collapse; the protagonists in the political uprising that ended in the regime’s collapse; the agents of the social revolution that followed; the nature of the Derg regime; and the scholars’ own view of its prospects.
{"title":"The Revolution and the Scholars","authors":"J. Markakis","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0089","url":null,"abstract":"This is a review of scholarly interpretations of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution and its aftermath, that is, the regime it brought to power. It covers studies written during the life of that regime by Ethiopian and foreign scholars, and focuses on their interpretation rather than description, and specifically on their views on certain key issues. These include the nature of the imperial regime and the causes of its collapse; the protagonists in the political uprising that ended in the regime’s collapse; the agents of the social revolution that followed; the nature of the Derg regime; and the scholars’ own view of its prospects.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0167
Bitania Tadesse
This article assesses how Ethiopian historical films have engaged with the Ethiopian revolution. It analyzes the way in which contemporary Ethiopian cinema constructs the traumatic events of the past half century and in doing so contributes to a particular ideological understanding of Ethiopia’s past and present. Through utilizing certain techniques and tropes, historical films contribute to and perpetuate the hegemonic ideological interpretation of the Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 and the events associated with it. The article addresses the lacunae in the literature on the Ethiopian film industry, which in contrast to other cinemas in Sub-Saharan Africa has not been the focus of academic analysis.
{"title":"Revolutionary Ethiopia through the Lens of the Contemporary Film Industry","authors":"Bitania Tadesse","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.16.1.0167","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses how Ethiopian historical films have engaged with the Ethiopian revolution. It analyzes the way in which contemporary Ethiopian cinema constructs the traumatic events of the past half century and in doing so contributes to a particular ideological understanding of Ethiopia’s past and present. Through utilizing certain techniques and tropes, historical films contribute to and perpetuate the hegemonic ideological interpretation of the Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 and the events associated with it. The article addresses the lacunae in the literature on the Ethiopian film industry, which in contrast to other cinemas in Sub-Saharan Africa has not been the focus of academic analysis.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-10DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0093
A. Morone
Historically, the Ethiopian-Somali borderland has been marked by significant confrontation and recurring struggle. Since the Scramble for Africa during the late nineteenth century, and even more so since the end of the Second World War, it has remained one of the most contested terrains in Africa. During the 1890s, the Ogaadeen region was included in the Ethiopian empire “to secure its sovereignty” against European maneuvers, as part of the process of state reform and modernization led by Emperor Menilek II, which culminated in the victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896.1 While the general pattern of the European conquest and partition of Africa was related to diplomatic bargaining among the colonial powers, without any acknowledgment of African kingdoms, polities, or social hierarchies, the Horn of Africa was a remarkable exception to this trend, since the Ethiopian empire took part in the sequence of diplomatic events that resulted in the boundary agreements signed in 1897 by Emperor Menelik
{"title":"The Unsettled Southern Ethiopian-Somali Boundary on the Eve of Decolonization: Political Confrontation and Human Interactions in the Ogaadeen Borderland","authors":"A. Morone","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0093","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, the Ethiopian-Somali borderland has been marked by significant confrontation and recurring struggle. Since the Scramble for Africa during the late nineteenth century, and even more so since the end of the Second World War, it has remained one of the most contested terrains in Africa. During the 1890s, the Ogaadeen region was included in the Ethiopian empire “to secure its sovereignty” against European maneuvers, as part of the process of state reform and modernization led by Emperor Menilek II, which culminated in the victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896.1 While the general pattern of the European conquest and partition of Africa was related to diplomatic bargaining among the colonial powers, without any acknowledgment of African kingdoms, polities, or social hierarchies, the Horn of Africa was a remarkable exception to this trend, since the Ethiopian empire took part in the sequence of diplomatic events that resulted in the boundary agreements signed in 1897 by Emperor Menelik","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-10DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0001
E. Ille
This article follows the attempts of Sudan’s Mahdist rulers between 1881 and 1898 to establish a military, political, and cultural foothold in the Nuba Mountains, a region now close to the southern border of Sudan and historically a mountainous retreat area. These attempts started with talks held between religious authorities in the kingdom of Tegali and Muḥammad Aḥmad before he declared himself to be the Mahdī. This exchange of arguments initiated complex relations between the Mahdist regime and the population of the Nuba Mountains, relations that, for the most part, were characterized by violence and oppression but were also permeated by persuasion and cooperation. The article aims at providing a description of these relations, based on a review of available documents from the period. In conclusion, the author highlights the point that a focus on the actions of people usually regarded as peripheral, based on the perspective of supraregional power elites, can raise important questions on the modalities of political and cultural self-determination in specific times and places and also challenge generalized narratives of historical developments as clashes between powerful cultures defined as self-contained, mutually hostile blocs.
{"title":"The Nuba Mountains between Coercion and Persuasion during Mahdist Rule (1881–98)","authors":"E. Ille","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This article follows the attempts of Sudan’s Mahdist rulers between 1881 and 1898 to establish a military, political, and cultural foothold in the Nuba Mountains, a region now close to the southern border of Sudan and historically a mountainous retreat area. These attempts started with talks held between religious authorities in the kingdom of Tegali and Muḥammad Aḥmad before he declared himself to be the Mahdī. This exchange of arguments initiated complex relations between the Mahdist regime and the population of the Nuba Mountains, relations that, for the most part, were characterized by violence and oppression but were also permeated by persuasion and cooperation. The article aims at providing a description of these relations, based on a review of available documents from the period. In conclusion, the author highlights the point that a focus on the actions of people usually regarded as peripheral, based on the perspective of supraregional power elites, can raise important questions on the modalities of political and cultural self-determination in specific times and places and also challenge generalized narratives of historical developments as clashes between powerful cultures defined as self-contained, mutually hostile blocs.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-10DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0117
Hannah Whittaker
Kenya has a problem with its urban ethnic Somali population. Those who reside in suburbs of Nairobi are assumed to have entered the country illegally from Somalia, or to have migrated from the large refugee camps located in Dadaab and Kakuma in the north of the country. As such many perceive the Somali to be temporarily encamped in the city. This is despite the fact that Somali claims in Nairobi can be traced back to the first establishment of the British East Africa Protectorate. By outlining the history of a proposed new model village for the Somali, and the ways in which urban Somalis negotiated early British development of the city, this article emphasizes the longevity of Somali claims for rights and recognition from the state. Even though the British perceived them as nomads and livestock traders, and therefore not part of the city’s future, they actively negotiated their resettlement. The article argues that this was not simply and expression of political demands, but also a manifestation of an urban aspiration that is also reflected in more recent Somali migration to urban areas.
{"title":"A New Model Village?: Nairobi Development and the Somali Question in Kenya, c. 1915–17","authors":"Hannah Whittaker","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0117","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya has a problem with its urban ethnic Somali population. Those who reside in suburbs of Nairobi are assumed to have entered the country illegally from Somalia, or to have migrated from the large refugee camps located in Dadaab and Kakuma in the north of the country. As such many perceive the Somali to be temporarily encamped in the city. This is despite the fact that Somali claims in Nairobi can be traced back to the first establishment of the British East Africa Protectorate. By outlining the history of a proposed new model village for the Somali, and the ways in which urban Somalis negotiated early British development of the city, this article emphasizes the longevity of Somali claims for rights and recognition from the state. Even though the British perceived them as nomads and livestock traders, and therefore not part of the city’s future, they actively negotiated their resettlement. The article argues that this was not simply and expression of political demands, but also a manifestation of an urban aspiration that is also reflected in more recent Somali migration to urban areas.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-10DOI: 10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0149
Chris Conte
{"title":"Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability by Elisabeth McMahon","authors":"Chris Conte","doi":"10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/NORTAFRISTUD.15.2.0149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-10DOI: 10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0141
Faisal A. Roble
Professor Said Samatar’s death on February 24, 2015 is an incomparable loss to his family, friends, and fellow scholars. Said was our own waayeel, or sage, in the tradition of the late Muse Galaal and Aw-Jamac, who both represented the finest oral historians in the Somali peninsula. In his own way, Said was a trained historian and at the same time a product of nomadic culture of the forbiddingly scorching Qari Jaqood lowlands of the Ogaden region. The result of these two forces of town-based formal education and bush lifestyle in his formative years shaped Said into what he himself called a “segmented” persona.1 That “segmented persona” combined the finest attributes of a historian in the tradition of Arnold Toynbee with those of Macalin Dhoodaan, an eminent bard of nomadic culture.
{"title":"Remembering Said S. Samatar","authors":"Faisal A. Roble","doi":"10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14321/nortafristud.15.2.0141","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Said Samatar’s death on February 24, 2015 is an incomparable loss to his family, friends, and fellow scholars. Said was our own waayeel, or sage, in the tradition of the late Muse Galaal and Aw-Jamac, who both represented the finest oral historians in the Somali peninsula. In his own way, Said was a trained historian and at the same time a product of nomadic culture of the forbiddingly scorching Qari Jaqood lowlands of the Ogaden region. The result of these two forces of town-based formal education and bush lifestyle in his formative years shaped Said into what he himself called a “segmented” persona.1 That “segmented persona” combined the finest attributes of a historian in the tradition of Arnold Toynbee with those of Macalin Dhoodaan, an eminent bard of nomadic culture.","PeriodicalId":35635,"journal":{"name":"Northeast African Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66951377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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