Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340319
Qahramon Yakubov
The aim of this paper is to examine the mechanism of long-term lease on religious endowment (waq f) lands in Khorezm. In particular, the primary focus of the present study is twofold. Firstly, it investigates the practice of long-term lease on waq f lands on the basis of rental contracts, as well as other concomitant records from 19th-century Khorezm. Secondly, this study examines the social background of and reciprocal relations between participants, who were involved in long-term lease operations. As becomes evident from the documents under study, the family members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān, a prominent figure of the Naqshbandiyyah-Mujaddidiyyah in Khorezm, acted in the capacity of trustee (mutawallī) of waq f properties of the Sayyid Muḥammad Raḥīm Ḫān’s madrasa in Khiva, regularly commissioned and financially supported by the ruler himself, as well as other representatives of the Qonghrat dynasty (1770-1920). Moreover, members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān’s family also participated as tenants of occasionally large waq f assets in long-term lease contracts. To this end, this study posits that the employment of long-term lease practice on waq f land was a principal means of providing financial support by the Khivan ruling circles to various Sufi lineages in Khorezm. Thus, the long-term lease operation clearly illustrates yet another pattern of patronage between the ruling dynasty and descendants of a particular Sufi lineage, as well as an additional source of income and financial privilege of the latter.
{"title":"Long-term Lease on Waqf Lands in Khorezm: A New Form of Privileges of Sacred Lineages","authors":"Qahramon Yakubov","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340319","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine the mechanism of long-term lease on religious endowment (waq f) lands in Khorezm. In particular, the primary focus of the present study is twofold. Firstly, it investigates the practice of long-term lease on waq f lands on the basis of rental contracts, as well as other concomitant records from 19th-century Khorezm. Secondly, this study examines the social background of and reciprocal relations between participants, who were involved in long-term lease operations. As becomes evident from the documents under study, the family members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān, a prominent figure of the Naqshbandiyyah-Mujaddidiyyah in Khorezm, acted in the capacity of trustee (mutawallī) of waq f properties of the Sayyid Muḥammad Raḥīm Ḫān’s madrasa in Khiva, regularly commissioned and financially supported by the ruler himself, as well as other representatives of the Qonghrat dynasty (1770-1920). Moreover, members of Muḥammad Šarīf Īšān’s family also participated as tenants of occasionally large waq f assets in long-term lease contracts. To this end, this study posits that the employment of long-term lease practice on waq f land was a principal means of providing financial support by the Khivan ruling circles to various Sufi lineages in Khorezm. Thus, the long-term lease operation clearly illustrates yet another pattern of patronage between the ruling dynasty and descendants of a particular Sufi lineage, as well as an additional source of income and financial privilege of the latter.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"84 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340332
Gianfranco Bria
{"title":"Une histoire en travelling de l'Albanie (1920-1939). Avec, au-delà et en-deçà de l'État, written by Clayer, Nathalie","authors":"Gianfranco Bria","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"89 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340329
M. Bernardini
{"title":"Il sorriso di Caterina. La madre di Leonardo, written by Vecce, Carlo","authors":"M. Bernardini","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"28 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340326
Deborah Scolart
{"title":"Religion and Contract Law in Islam. From Medieval Trade to Global Finance, written by Valentino Cattelan","authors":"Deborah Scolart","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"106 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-27DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340322
Khalid Sindawi
This study discusses the presence of allusions to ḥadīṯs on Šīʿī imams and the Prophet in contemporary Arabic novels. The religious texts most frequently alluded to in the novels examined in the study contain reports on the Prophet, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth imam ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, the sixth imam Ǧaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, and the twelfth imam, the awaited Mahdī. No ḥadīṯs concerning other imams were traced in Arabic novels. The themes addressed in the texts in question range from questions concerning actions that are permissible, forbidden and desirable, to questions of education and ethics, asceticism, cognition and more. Arab novelists tend to take two approaches to the texts in question: Either they use them in conformity with their original linguistic structure and meaning, or they give them a meaning that is at variance with the original one out of esthetic or semantic considerations. The use of ḥadīṯs is at times associated with the novel’s protagonist and sometimes with the novel’s aims. In either case, artistic and esthetic considerations are always present, whether or not the novelist introduces changes in the original ḥadīṯs text.
本研究讨论了当代阿拉伯语小说中出现的关于 īʿī 伊玛目和先知的 ḥadīṯs 典故。本研究中最常引用的宗教文本包括关于先知ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib、第四任伊玛目ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn、第六任伊玛目Ǧaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 和第十二任伊玛目--人们期待的马赫迪--的报道。阿拉伯语小说中没有关于其他伊玛目的ḥadīṯ。有关文本所涉及的主题范围很广，从允许的、禁止的和可取的行为问题，到教育和伦理、禁欲主义、认知等问题。阿拉伯小说家往往采取两种方法来处理相关文本：要么按照原文的语言结构和含义使用，要么出于美学或语义学的考虑赋予原文不同的含义。ḥadīṯ的使用有时与小说的主人公有关，有时与小说的目的有关。在这两种情况下，无论小说家是否对原 "ḥadīṯs "文本进行改动，艺术和审美方面的考虑始终存在。
{"title":"Intertextuality of Traditions on Šīʿī Imams and the Prophet in Contemporary Arabic Novels","authors":"Khalid Sindawi","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340322","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses the presence of allusions to ḥadīṯs on Šīʿī imams and the Prophet in contemporary Arabic novels. The religious texts most frequently alluded to in the novels examined in the study contain reports on the Prophet, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth imam ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, the sixth imam Ǧaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, and the twelfth imam, the awaited Mahdī. No ḥadīṯs concerning other imams were traced in Arabic novels. The themes addressed in the texts in question range from questions concerning actions that are permissible, forbidden and desirable, to questions of education and ethics, asceticism, cognition and more. Arab novelists tend to take two approaches to the texts in question: Either they use them in conformity with their original linguistic structure and meaning, or they give them a meaning that is at variance with the original one out of esthetic or semantic considerations. The use of ḥadīṯs is at times associated with the novel’s protagonist and sometimes with the novel’s aims. In either case, artistic and esthetic considerations are always present, whether or not the novelist introduces changes in the original ḥadīṯs text.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"44 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340312
Ismail Warscheid
This article studies the integration of Cherifian lineage groups into the social fabric of two oasis societies in western Sahara, Touat in southern Algeria and Oualata in Mauritania, during the 18th and 19th centuries. The aim is to consider the šarīf as a social actor distinct from “maraboutic” groups. We argue that Saharan šurafāʾ have a power that, although legitimized by the prestige of the genealogical link with the Prophet, can be articulated independently of the authority conferred by the status of scholar or “saint” (walī). Their power seems to rest primarily on their commitment as community leaders and, above all, on their ability to impose themselves in power relations between lineage groups, including through use of force of arms.
{"title":"Le pouvoir du chérif : perspectives sahariennes (XVIIIe/XIXe siècles)","authors":"Ismail Warscheid","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340312","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the integration of Cherifian lineage groups into the social fabric of two oasis societies in western Sahara, Touat in southern Algeria and Oualata in Mauritania, during the 18th and 19th centuries. The aim is to consider the šarīf as a social actor distinct from “maraboutic” groups. We argue that Saharan šurafāʾ have a power that, although legitimized by the prestige of the genealogical link with the Prophet, can be articulated independently of the authority conferred by the status of scholar or “saint” (walī). Their power seems to rest primarily on their commitment as community leaders and, above all, on their ability to impose themselves in power relations between lineage groups, including through use of force of arms.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"123 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139266265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340321
M. Bernardini
{"title":"Una nuova direzione per Oriente Moderno","authors":"M. Bernardini","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340321","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139264768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340314
Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen
During early modern period, general censuses and genealogical works on the Moroccan genealogies of the descendants of the prophets (šurafāʾ, ašrāf) were often commissioned by sultans. Printed at the very end of the nineteenth century, al-Faḍīlī’s al-Durar al-bahiyyah was written at the request of the sultan Mawlāy Hasan. It compiled previous genealogical works of the early modern period and major genealogical sources of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, the last major survey of ašrāf families in Morocco is Maṣābīḥ al-bašariyyah, published in 1408/1987: it significantly describes the transformation of ašrāf families into urban elites of modern Morocco and their migration to the large cities of northern Morocco. This paper will explain the methods of investigation and classification described in al-Durar al-bahiyyah and Maṣābīḥ al-bašariyyah.
{"title":"« Les Historiens des Chorfa ». Deux ouvrages généalogiques sur les chorfa marocains à l’époque contemporaine (fin XIXe siècle-fin XXe siècle)","authors":"Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340314","url":null,"abstract":"During early modern period, general censuses and genealogical works on the Moroccan genealogies of the descendants of the prophets (šurafāʾ, ašrāf) were often commissioned by sultans. Printed at the very end of the nineteenth century, al-Faḍīlī’s al-Durar al-bahiyyah was written at the request of the sultan Mawlāy Hasan. It compiled previous genealogical works of the early modern period and major genealogical sources of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, the last major survey of ašrāf families in Morocco is Maṣābīḥ al-bašariyyah, published in 1408/1987: it significantly describes the transformation of ašrāf families into urban elites of modern Morocco and their migration to the large cities of northern Morocco. This paper will explain the methods of investigation and classification described in al-Durar al-bahiyyah and Maṣābīḥ al-bašariyyah.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139265115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340307
Jaafar Ben el Haj Soulami
Although al-Andalus was historically the territory of the Umayyads par excellence, certain branches of the Alid families (enemies of the Umayyads) settled there, especially in the 4th / 10th century. Over the centuries, other non-Idrisid branches also settled in al-Andalus, where the presence of these ašrāf branches was noted until the end of the Middle Ages. With the forced Christianization of all Andalusians from around 1500 in the Kingdom of Granada, and from 1523 in the Kingdom of Valencia, these branches suffered the systematic loss of family documents justifying their membership of the Prophet’s family, especially with the ransacking of Arab heritage papers. Forced into exile in 1609, in a mass exodus ordered by the Hispanic monarchy, the Andalusians found themselves exiled in the Muslim countries of North Africa, bereft of any written genealogical justification. Oral tradition was all that remained to justify their claim. They claimed the noble genealogy of the Prophet, but often to no avail, as the indigenous North African Muslims generally denied them this claim for lack of convincing justification.
{"title":"L’authenticité des généalogies des immigrés andalous au Maroc et dans les régences ottomanes à l’époque moderne entre revendications et refus","authors":"Jaafar Ben el Haj Soulami","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340307","url":null,"abstract":"Although al-Andalus was historically the territory of the Umayyads par excellence, certain branches of the Alid families (enemies of the Umayyads) settled there, especially in the 4th / 10th century. Over the centuries, other non-Idrisid branches also settled in al-Andalus, where the presence of these ašrāf branches was noted until the end of the Middle Ages. With the forced Christianization of all Andalusians from around 1500 in the Kingdom of Granada, and from 1523 in the Kingdom of Valencia, these branches suffered the systematic loss of family documents justifying their membership of the Prophet’s family, especially with the ransacking of Arab heritage papers. Forced into exile in 1609, in a mass exodus ordered by the Hispanic monarchy, the Andalusians found themselves exiled in the Muslim countries of North Africa, bereft of any written genealogical justification. Oral tradition was all that remained to justify their claim. They claimed the noble genealogy of the Prophet, but often to no avail, as the indigenous North African Muslims generally denied them this claim for lack of convincing justification.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"41 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139265951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340310
A. Perrier
Moroccan chorfa are presented as a group defined less by their sociology than by a common genealogy. By examining a corpus of administrative archives from the Makhzen, then from the colonial state, we aim to examine the links between šaraf and poverty, and to explore manifestations of material distress or collective generosity towards the chorfa. Without stopping at the break with the establishment of the protectorate, this article shows the chorfa’s continued privileged place in assisting the poor and the persistence of a statutory definition of the right to assistance, which has as much to do with spiritual humility as with a hereditary right to alms. This continuity illustrates the coherence of the group, despite its social heterogeneity, and its political usefulness for the Makhzen, which wished to preserve its chorfa from an indigence that was too perilous. It also shows that «poverty» in Moroccan society can never be reduced to mere material misery.
{"title":"Šaraf, charité et pauvreté : aperçu d’une histoire sociale des chorfa au Maroc (années 1860-années 1930)","authors":"A. Perrier","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340310","url":null,"abstract":"Moroccan chorfa are presented as a group defined less by their sociology than by a common genealogy. By examining a corpus of administrative archives from the Makhzen, then from the colonial state, we aim to examine the links between šaraf and poverty, and to explore manifestations of material distress or collective generosity towards the chorfa. Without stopping at the break with the establishment of the protectorate, this article shows the chorfa’s continued privileged place in assisting the poor and the persistence of a statutory definition of the right to assistance, which has as much to do with spiritual humility as with a hereditary right to alms. This continuity illustrates the coherence of the group, despite its social heterogeneity, and its political usefulness for the Makhzen, which wished to preserve its chorfa from an indigence that was too perilous. It also shows that «poverty» in Moroccan society can never be reduced to mere material misery.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：