Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340289
Klichev Oybek
The article analyzes the foundation of the Russian Imperial Political Agency (Politicheskoe agentstvo) in the Emirate of Bukhara, and initial activities in diplomatic relations between the Russian Empire and the Emirate. Based on existing correspondence between the chancellery of the qushbegi and the Agency, the structure and growth of the latter agency is analyzed. The diplomatic character of this correspondence is revealed through an in-depth study of the works of the chancellery, archives, and staff. The timeframe of the article starts from November 12, 1885 when the Russian State Council passed a decision on the establishment of the “Political Agency of the Russian Emperor in Bukhara”. This lasted until March 17, 1917.
{"title":"The Role of the Russian Political Agency in Diplomatic Relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire","authors":"Klichev Oybek","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340289","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article analyzes the foundation of the Russian Imperial Political Agency (Politicheskoe agentstvo) in the Emirate of Bukhara, and initial activities in diplomatic relations between the Russian Empire and the Emirate. Based on existing correspondence between the chancellery of the qushbegi and the Agency, the structure and growth of the latter agency is analyzed. The diplomatic character of this correspondence is revealed through an in-depth study of the works of the chancellery, archives, and staff. The timeframe of the article starts from November 12, 1885 when the Russian State Council passed a decision on the establishment of the “Political Agency of the Russian Emperor in Bukhara”. This lasted until March 17, 1917.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42454718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340282
Bakhodir Pasilov
{"title":"Introduction: Russian Colonialism, Women, and Politics in Central Asia","authors":"Bakhodir Pasilov","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340284
A. Khalid
This article examines Turkestan’s position in the tsarist empire to argue that it was a distinctly colonial territory, directly comparable to the overseas colonies of other contemporary empires and less like other older parts of the Russian empire. This article locates Turkestan’s coloniality not in formal structures, but in its immense distance — moral, political and legal — from the metropolis and the imperial authorities’ use of Islam as a marker of immutable difference.
{"title":"Turkestan’s Place in the Russian Empire","authors":"A. Khalid","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340284","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines Turkestan’s position in the tsarist empire to argue that it was a distinctly colonial territory, directly comparable to the overseas colonies of other contemporary empires and less like other older parts of the Russian empire. This article locates Turkestan’s coloniality not in formal structures, but in its immense distance — moral, political and legal — from the metropolis and the imperial authorities’ use of Islam as a marker of immutable difference.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340288
Hidirova Nargiza O’rinovna
The article provides a historical review of some facts to reveal, in general terms, the place of Muslim women in Turkestan, including their roles in family and society during the pre-colonial period. As a result of the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Governorate-General of Turkestan, the Russian administration began to consider the issues of Muslim women as an important aspect of its colonial policy. The Russian colonial authorities were attentive to this issue in order to strengthen their position in the region and weaken the influence of Islam among the local (mostly sedentary) population. Representatives of the colonial administration tried to influence Muslim women through intermediaries in the form of educated Russian, Tatar, and Jewish women. By comparing two periods at the start and end of the Russian imperial era, it is possible to see the image of a Muslim woman at various stages of history.
{"title":"The Social Status of Muslim Women in Turkestan before and after Russian Colonization","authors":"Hidirova Nargiza O’rinovna","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340288","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article provides a historical review of some facts to reveal, in general terms, the place of Muslim women in Turkestan, including their roles in family and society during the pre-colonial period. As a result of the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Governorate-General of Turkestan, the Russian administration began to consider the issues of Muslim women as an important aspect of its colonial policy. The Russian colonial authorities were attentive to this issue in order to strengthen their position in the region and weaken the influence of Islam among the local (mostly sedentary) population. Representatives of the colonial administration tried to influence Muslim women through intermediaries in the form of educated Russian, Tatar, and Jewish women. By comparing two periods at the start and end of the Russian imperial era, it is possible to see the image of a Muslim woman at various stages of history.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45742372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340291
Abdullaev Rovshan
The article highlights the most important aspects of the political history of Russian Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century. It deals with the formation of a multi-party system in the Russian Empire and the activities of the first national political organizations in the Central Asian region. The author reveals the underpinnings of a national movement taking place under the colonial regime. The article analyzes the main provisions of the political programs of all-Russian parties and national organizations, such as Shuroi-Islomiya, Alash, Shuroi-Ulamo, Turk Adami Markaziyat Firkasi (Party of Turkic Federalists), and others. Sections examine the origins of the ideological confrontation between progressive Jadids and Muslim traditionalists, and provide a brief history of the formation, and ensuing liquidation, of Turkestan as an autonomous entity. Despite the existence of ideological differences in the national movement, the author uncovers how many representatives of national political organizations were devoted to the idea of independence and sought a way out of cultural isolationism.
{"title":"Political Organizations of Russian Turkestan at the Beginning of the 20th Century","authors":"Abdullaev Rovshan","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340291","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article highlights the most important aspects of the political history of Russian Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century. It deals with the formation of a multi-party system in the Russian Empire and the activities of the first national political organizations in the Central Asian region. The author reveals the underpinnings of a national movement taking place under the colonial regime. The article analyzes the main provisions of the political programs of all-Russian parties and national organizations, such as Shuroi-Islomiya, Alash, Shuroi-Ulamo, Turk Adami Markaziyat Firkasi (Party of Turkic Federalists), and others. Sections examine the origins of the ideological confrontation between progressive Jadids and Muslim traditionalists, and provide a brief history of the formation, and ensuing liquidation, of Turkestan as an autonomous entity. Despite the existence of ideological differences in the national movement, the author uncovers how many representatives of national political organizations were devoted to the idea of independence and sought a way out of cultural isolationism.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41921927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340286
Karlygash S. Bizhigitova
The article discusses issues related to the history of the Semirechensk Cossacks during the 19th and 20th centuries. The author focuses on the problem of the transformation of the identity of the Cossacks during this period. The author makes an attempt to show how, under the influence of various factors and conditions, the Cossacks passed a difficult and contradictory path: from a military, privileged class in the Tsarist period to an ethnic minority, then dissolution among the Russian ethnos in the Soviet epoch, and at the end of the 20th century their pursuit to be an ethno-cultural community. According to the author, the self-identification of the Cossacks and their external identification by the state did not always coincide in different historical periods. There were periods when self-identification and external identification of the Cossacks did not contradict each other and, on the contrary, there were moments when the state, based on its interests and goals, acted as a determining force influencing the formation of the group identity of the Cossacks, using various mechanisms and tools.
{"title":"Semirechensk Cossacks in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: from Military Class to Ethnic Group","authors":"Karlygash S. Bizhigitova","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340286","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article discusses issues related to the history of the Semirechensk Cossacks during the 19th and 20th centuries. The author focuses on the problem of the transformation of the identity of the Cossacks during this period. The author makes an attempt to show how, under the influence of various factors and conditions, the Cossacks passed a difficult and contradictory path: from a military, privileged class in the Tsarist period to an ethnic minority, then dissolution among the Russian ethnos in the Soviet epoch, and at the end of the 20th century their pursuit to be an ethno-cultural community. According to the author, the self-identification of the Cossacks and their external identification by the state did not always coincide in different historical periods. There were periods when self-identification and external identification of the Cossacks did not contradict each other and, on the contrary, there were moments when the state, based on its interests and goals, acted as a determining force influencing the formation of the group identity of the Cossacks, using various mechanisms and tools.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48521284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340283
Saule K. Uderbaeva
This paper analyses the processes taking place in the formation of a Kazakh bureaucratic elite and its integration into the Russian imperial system of administration. It developed due to certain changes in the social structure of Kazakh society during the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries. As a new class of Kazakh officials was created, most of them became faithful executors of Russian imperial policies in the steppe. The state encouraged the activities of all kinds of Kazakh officials with awards commensurate to their rank. However, only a few of these Kazakh officials had high-achieving careers. The analysis here focuses on the biographies of the sultans Ghazi (Ghazy) Bulatovich Valikhanov, and Ish Muhamed Suyuk-ogly Abylaikhanov, which illustrate the predominance of those with illustrious origins being among the prominent Kazakh employees of that time.
{"title":"The Formation of Kazakh Officialdom and Its Incorporation into the Russian Imperial System of Administration","authors":"Saule K. Uderbaeva","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340283","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyses the processes taking place in the formation of a Kazakh bureaucratic elite and its integration into the Russian imperial system of administration. It developed due to certain changes in the social structure of Kazakh society during the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries. As a new class of Kazakh officials was created, most of them became faithful executors of Russian imperial policies in the steppe. The state encouraged the activities of all kinds of Kazakh officials with awards commensurate to their rank. However, only a few of these Kazakh officials had high-achieving careers. The analysis here focuses on the biographies of the sultans Ghazi (Ghazy) Bulatovich Valikhanov, and Ish Muhamed Suyuk-ogly Abylaikhanov, which illustrate the predominance of those with illustrious origins being among the prominent Kazakh employees of that time.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46131522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340285
S. Shadmanova
The goal of this paper is to study the legal status of Turkestan’s Muslim women before, during, and after the transition to Russian Imperial rule. In particular, it will analyze changes to the rights of women in the divorce process and in widowhood over this period. Through examination of various cases concerning family practices among sedentary and nomadic people over time, the author argues that Muslim women retained financial and other rights in divorce proceedings typical of the pre-Imperial period, and extending into the period of Imperial rule. This article further argues that Muslim women had the continuing right to demand a divorce if their husbands would not comply with the terms of their marriage contracts. Also, Muslim women could claim financial support from their husbands after divorce in the period of the Russian empire as in the period of the Central Asian khanates.
{"title":"The Legal Status of Muslim Women in Turkestan: on the Divorce Process (Late 19th-Early 20th Centuries)","authors":"S. Shadmanova","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340285","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The goal of this paper is to study the legal status of Turkestan’s Muslim women before, during, and after the transition to Russian Imperial rule. In particular, it will analyze changes to the rights of women in the divorce process and in widowhood over this period. Through examination of various cases concerning family practices among sedentary and nomadic people over time, the author argues that Muslim women retained financial and other rights in divorce proceedings typical of the pre-Imperial period, and extending into the period of Imperial rule. This article further argues that Muslim women had the continuing right to demand a divorce if their husbands would not comply with the terms of their marriage contracts. Also, Muslim women could claim financial support from their husbands after divorce in the period of the Russian empire as in the period of the Central Asian khanates.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48566313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340290
Bakhodir Pasilov
The article addresses selected problems of the colonial economy in Central Asia which appeared following the Russian conquest of this region. The basis of this economy was the cultivation of a new, American cotton variety across the region and the subsequent development of cotton growing on an industrial scale. As a result of the large-scale introduction of this agricultural-technical culture, significant changes occurred in the structure of the region’s economy. One negative consequence of this transition to a colonial economy was the demise of the manufacture of finished products that had been common prior to Russian conquest of the region. This development reconfigured trade relations of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva, and Kokand Khanates (Turkestan) with Russia, as following colonization the bulk of cotton exports to Russia was made up of raw materials, primarily cotton and cotton fiber. Cotton also played an important role in the regional geopolitics of Russia, particularly with regard to Afghanistan. Accordingly, it was more important for Russia to expand Afghanistan’s cotton production than to be dependent on cotton supplied from the United States. Railways became important elements of the colonial economy by providing a vital connection between urban centers and rural agricultural areas. This not only accelerated the delivery of raw materials, primarily cotton, to Russian industrial-textile centers, but also significantly reduced the delivery costs of goods. However, the unilateral development of this regional colonial economy ultimately aggravated social conditions among local populations. After the establishment of Soviet control in Central Asia, the agricultural policy of the Tsarist government became the prototype for the Bolsheviks in defining this region’s economic role in the Soviet economic system.
{"title":"The Russian Colonial Economy in Central Asia","authors":"Bakhodir Pasilov","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340290","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article addresses selected problems of the colonial economy in Central Asia which appeared following the Russian conquest of this region. The basis of this economy was the cultivation of a new, American cotton variety across the region and the subsequent development of cotton growing on an industrial scale. As a result of the large-scale introduction of this agricultural-technical culture, significant changes occurred in the structure of the region’s economy. One negative consequence of this transition to a colonial economy was the demise of the manufacture of finished products that had been common prior to Russian conquest of the region. This development reconfigured trade relations of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva, and Kokand Khanates (Turkestan) with Russia, as following colonization the bulk of cotton exports to Russia was made up of raw materials, primarily cotton and cotton fiber.\u0000Cotton also played an important role in the regional geopolitics of Russia, particularly with regard to Afghanistan. Accordingly, it was more important for Russia to expand Afghanistan’s cotton production than to be dependent on cotton supplied from the United States.\u0000Railways became important elements of the colonial economy by providing a vital connection between urban centers and rural agricultural areas. This not only accelerated the delivery of raw materials, primarily cotton, to Russian industrial-textile centers, but also significantly reduced the delivery costs of goods. However, the unilateral development of this regional colonial economy ultimately aggravated social conditions among local populations. After the establishment of Soviet control in Central Asia, the agricultural policy of the Tsarist government became the prototype for the Bolsheviks in defining this region’s economic role in the Soviet economic system.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43940291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1163/22138617-12340287
A. Bazarbaev
For both political and economic reasons, the Russian Empire sought to establish administrative units in Central Asia based on taxonomic principles relating to governmental control, taxation, and land use. From the first years after the conquest, the colonial authorities introduced various new types of political divisions in the region. But the most foundational step in this process was the Turkestan Statute of 1886, which formally enumerated the requirements and naming conventions for establishing official administrative units. It is clear from the available sources that, before the 1886 statute, colonial efforts to establish administrative control, taxation, and regulated land use were sporadic and imprecise at best. For this reason, the Turkestan statute pressured colonial administrators to reconstitute administrative units that did not meet the requirements of the new Russian statutes. In this respect, the colonial officials tried to find a balance between the law and political-economic interests in reorganizing political divisions. This paper examines the reasons for the rearrangement of administrative units and the differences between the law and the bureaucratic views of colonial officials in this process. Its primary objective is to delineate ways in which colonial administrators used laws to consolidate administrative control, taxation, and land use in the process of redistribution of administrative-territorial units. My argument is that colonial officials implemented reorganization in some administrative units but not in others: in some cases, redistribution took place in administrative units that did not meet the political and economic interests of the colonial authorities, or colonial officials flouted the law altogether. In other cases, the colonial administration did not engage in redistribution of administrative units that did not pose a problem in governance and tax collection despite the fact that they were in violation of the requirements of the Turkestan statute.
{"title":"The Turkestan Statute and the Reorganization of Administrative Divisions in Central Asia, 1886-1917: a Case Study of Jizzakh District","authors":"A. Bazarbaev","doi":"10.1163/22138617-12340287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340287","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000For both political and economic reasons, the Russian Empire sought to establish administrative units in Central Asia based on taxonomic principles relating to governmental control, taxation, and land use. From the first years after the conquest, the colonial authorities introduced various new types of political divisions in the region. But the most foundational step in this process was the Turkestan Statute of 1886, which formally enumerated the requirements and naming conventions for establishing official administrative units. It is clear from the available sources that, before the 1886 statute, colonial efforts to establish administrative control, taxation, and regulated land use were sporadic and imprecise at best. For this reason, the Turkestan statute pressured colonial administrators to reconstitute administrative units that did not meet the requirements of the new Russian statutes. In this respect, the colonial officials tried to find a balance between the law and political-economic interests in reorganizing political divisions. This paper examines the reasons for the rearrangement of administrative units and the differences between the law and the bureaucratic views of colonial officials in this process. Its primary objective is to delineate ways in which colonial administrators used laws to consolidate administrative control, taxation, and land use in the process of redistribution of administrative-territorial units. My argument is that colonial officials implemented reorganization in some administrative units but not in others: in some cases, redistribution took place in administrative units that did not meet the political and economic interests of the colonial authorities, or colonial officials flouted the law altogether. In other cases, the colonial administration did not engage in redistribution of administrative units that did not pose a problem in governance and tax collection despite the fact that they were in violation of the requirements of the Turkestan statute.","PeriodicalId":35837,"journal":{"name":"Oriente Moderno","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48501914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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