Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021998
Elisabeth M. C. Svennevik
The use of car sharing has experienced rapid growth in recent years, but user-numbers are still low, and privately owned cars dominate. This paper studies how the use of car sharing contributes to altering the car system in urban areas. The study employs data from semi-structured interviews with 39 households in Oslo that are members of car-sharing arrangements. How does the current use of car sharing in Oslo relate to and influence the established use of privately owned cars? Are these relations elements in a transition towards sustainable mobility? The study finds that car sharing acts help to promote reduced car-ownership, changing and reducing the overall use of cars. However, there are limits to its contribution to environmental sustainability because of the continued use of fossil fuel cars and the continued dependence on privately used cars.
{"title":"The existing and the emerging: car ownership and car sharing on the road towards sustainable mobility","authors":"Elisabeth M. C. Svennevik","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021998","url":null,"abstract":"The use of car sharing has experienced rapid growth in recent years, but user-numbers are still low, and privately owned cars dominate. This paper studies how the use of car sharing contributes to altering the car system in urban areas. The study employs data from semi-structured interviews with 39 households in Oslo that are members of car-sharing arrangements. How does the current use of car sharing in Oslo relate to and influence the established use of privately owned cars? Are these relations elements in a transition towards sustainable mobility? The study finds that car sharing acts help to promote reduced car-ownership, changing and reducing the overall use of cars. However, there are limits to its contribution to environmental sustainability because of the continued use of fossil fuel cars and the continued dependence on privately used cars.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43947648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021999
Marc Alochet, C. Midler
Considering the pace of the EV market, the high level of investment made by carmakers in electric line-up development, scale production units and mobility services, we acknowledge that electromobility dynamics enters now a transitional phase. Industrialisation strategies, predominant in the success of EV market scale up, have been quite neglected till now and, consequently, we state that electric mobility research must be refocused on these issues and introduce a research question: is BEV scale-up, along the whole value chain, driven by reuse of manufacturing assets or pulled by (product) design disruption? We identify two differentiated industrialisation scenarios: one driven by manufacturing assets dependency path, one pulled by the optimised BEV product design strategy whose we discuss benefits, drawbacks and conditions of success. Furthermore, from empirical observations, we confirm that the EV market is in a transitional phase and, based upon observations of some carmakers, we identify strong patterns of a manufacturing assets dependency path regime.
{"title":"Reorienting electric mobility research focus on industrialisation issues","authors":"Marc Alochet, C. Midler","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021999","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the pace of the EV market, the high level of investment made by carmakers in electric line-up development, scale production units and mobility services, we acknowledge that electromobility dynamics enters now a transitional phase. Industrialisation strategies, predominant in the success of EV market scale up, have been quite neglected till now and, consequently, we state that electric mobility research must be refocused on these issues and introduce a research question: is BEV scale-up, along the whole value chain, driven by reuse of manufacturing assets or pulled by (product) design disruption? We identify two differentiated industrialisation scenarios: one driven by manufacturing assets dependency path, one pulled by the optimised BEV product design strategy whose we discuss benefits, drawbacks and conditions of success. Furthermore, from empirical observations, we confirm that the EV market is in a transitional phase and, based upon observations of some carmakers, we identify strong patterns of a manufacturing assets dependency path regime.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42087208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021997
S. Muniz, B. Belzowski, Jaclyn Zhu
This paper describes and analyses the trajectory of public policies on new energy vehicles (battery electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles) in China from 2009 to 2018s first quarter, with a focus on policies adopted by the Central Government of China (CGC). The aim is to analyse the recent policy path on new energy vehicles (NEVs) under the demand-pull versus technology-push theoretical approaches. In this context, this paper classifies the main public policies on NEVs adopted in China in recent years on these two broad approaches and analyses the direction of federal NEV policies, based on its trajectory. The article shows that the policies adopted by the central government changed dramatically in recent years, moving from simple buyer incentives (demand-pull policies) to a more complex set of policies comprising incentives not only for buyers, but also stimulus for automotive manufacturers to invest in R&D, and technological densification (demand-pull plus technology-push policies).
{"title":"The trajectory of China's new energy vehicles policy","authors":"S. Muniz, B. Belzowski, Jaclyn Zhu","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021997","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes and analyses the trajectory of public policies on new energy vehicles (battery electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles) in China from 2009 to 2018s first quarter, with a focus on policies adopted by the Central Government of China (CGC). The aim is to analyse the recent policy path on new energy vehicles (NEVs) under the demand-pull versus technology-push theoretical approaches. In this context, this paper classifies the main public policies on NEVs adopted in China in recent years on these two broad approaches and analyses the direction of federal NEV policies, based on its trajectory. The article shows that the policies adopted by the central government changed dramatically in recent years, moving from simple buyer incentives (demand-pull policies) to a more complex set of policies comprising incentives not only for buyers, but also stimulus for automotive manufacturers to invest in R&D, and technological densification (demand-pull plus technology-push policies).","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47357146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10022007
Eduardo Lucio Lasmar Junior, R. Gandia, J. Sugano, Thais Assis de Souza, D. Rodríguez
The outstanding features of a vehicle do not include great modifications for nearly 100 years, as the same to the major car manufacturers' business models (BM). Recent service's platforms related to urban mobility use, mostly, the sharing economy, resulting in disruptive innovations. This offer to the users new experiences in services (e.g., Uber) which provides the vehicle's use without the onus of ownership. From this perspective, this paper qualitatively evaluates the modifications in the automakers BM's standards based on strategies and innovations of the new businesses of the main groups of automotive manufacturers. As a result, we observed that traditional products-based automakers are already moving towards to fit in the new BM, which are impacted by the sharing economy. Finally, we proposed a framework based on an unbundled model operating synergistically in three types (customer relationship management, product/service innovation and infrastructure management).
{"title":"New business models and the sharing economy: impacts and challenges for the traditional automotive industry","authors":"Eduardo Lucio Lasmar Junior, R. Gandia, J. Sugano, Thais Assis de Souza, D. Rodríguez","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10022007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10022007","url":null,"abstract":"The outstanding features of a vehicle do not include great modifications for nearly 100 years, as the same to the major car manufacturers' business models (BM). Recent service's platforms related to urban mobility use, mostly, the sharing economy, resulting in disruptive innovations. This offer to the users new experiences in services (e.g., Uber) which provides the vehicle's use without the onus of ownership. From this perspective, this paper qualitatively evaluates the modifications in the automakers BM's standards based on strategies and innovations of the new businesses of the main groups of automotive manufacturers. As a result, we observed that traditional products-based automakers are already moving towards to fit in the new BM, which are impacted by the sharing economy. Finally, we proposed a framework based on an unbundled model operating synergistically in three types (customer relationship management, product/service innovation and infrastructure management).","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49480562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021996
Hélio Henrique de Matos, A. Dias, R. B. Bagno
Organisational ambidexterity is the capacity to simultaneously perform 'exploitation' and 'exploration', that is to exploit existing skills, for instance through incremental innovation, without abandoning the exploration of new opportunities, e.g., through radical or major innovation. This paper aims to analyse how an emergent country automotive subsidiary organises itself for innovation and undertook exploration and exploitation efforts in the context of a multinational group over time. Research was done from a single retrospective, qualitative study. Results showed the existence of 'parallel structures', 'contextual ambidexterity' and 'temporal balancing' for ambidexterity. The relation between organisational ambidexterity and the trajectory of the subsidiary concerning international division of innovative labour was analysed, thus providing a conceptual contribution in order to understand the dynamics of organisation for innovation and, particularly, ambidexterity in the context of multinational companies. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed especially regarding the impacts of organisational ambidexterity on subsidiaries' capability upgrading processes.
{"title":"Incremental and 'radical' innovation in an emergent country automotive subsidiary: is there any organisational ambidexterity there","authors":"Hélio Henrique de Matos, A. Dias, R. B. Bagno","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10021996","url":null,"abstract":"Organisational ambidexterity is the capacity to simultaneously perform 'exploitation' and 'exploration', that is to exploit existing skills, for instance through incremental innovation, without abandoning the exploration of new opportunities, e.g., through radical or major innovation. This paper aims to analyse how an emergent country automotive subsidiary organises itself for innovation and undertook exploration and exploitation efforts in the context of a multinational group over time. Research was done from a single retrospective, qualitative study. Results showed the existence of 'parallel structures', 'contextual ambidexterity' and 'temporal balancing' for ambidexterity. The relation between organisational ambidexterity and the trajectory of the subsidiary concerning international division of innovative labour was analysed, thus providing a conceptual contribution in order to understand the dynamics of organisation for innovation and, particularly, ambidexterity in the context of multinational companies. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed especially regarding the impacts of organisational ambidexterity on subsidiaries' capability upgrading processes.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46350810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The second automobile revolution, the age of electrification and digitalisation, is on its way. It is a gradual transition and not a sudden break. However, millions of electric vehicles (EVs) are now being sold, and the EV market is becoming a mass market propelled by economies of scale. It is reflected in the drop in the cost of batteries which will bring the price of EVs on a par with the price of conventional vehicles in the coming decade. Nonetheless, two interrelated issues have been underestimated and will now decide who will play a dominant role and benefit the most from the EV market. The first is the relative scarcity of raw materials from which batteries are made. The second is that the primary EV market is China which gives its companies a strategic advantage for the supply of critical metals and the large-scale production of batteries. Our research analyses the fundamental role of natural resources for the control of the EV market and the response of governments to ensure access to them. We show the importance of industrial and diplomatic policies in a context of geostrategic rivalries of large powers.
{"title":"Who Will Control the Electric Vehicle Market?","authors":"B. Jetin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3822828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3822828","url":null,"abstract":"The second automobile revolution, the age of electrification and digitalisation, is on its way. It is a gradual transition and not a sudden break. However, millions of electric vehicles (EVs) are now being sold, and the EV market is becoming a mass market propelled by economies of scale. It is reflected in the drop in the cost of batteries which will bring the price of EVs on a par with the price of conventional vehicles in the coming decade. Nonetheless, two interrelated issues have been underestimated and will now decide who will play a dominant role and benefit the most from the EV market. The first is the relative scarcity of raw materials from which batteries are made. The second is that the primary EV market is China which gives its companies a strategic advantage for the supply of critical metals and the large-scale production of batteries. Our research analyses the fundamental role of natural resources for the control of the EV market and the response of governments to ensure access to them. We show the importance of industrial and diplomatic policies in a context of geostrategic rivalries of large powers.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46314558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-12DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2021.10034904
Bruna Habib Cavazza, A. Zambalde, Thais Assis de Souza
This paper seeks to identify the critical success factors, to propose a theoretical model of the innovation radar for the insertion of autonomous vehicles as a product-service system in a country, and to map and discuss the radar in the context of Brazil and France. Fundamentally, it seeks to address the gap between the development of AVs, the differences between two national contexts, and the lack of specific knowledge about how to manage disruptive innovation in countries. From the results, the intent is to clear diagnosis about the innovation, allowing the formulation of guidelines and actions for the capacity development of a country. The results obtained in Brazil and France were crossed with official data and statistics as a way to corroborate the use of the innovation radar as a tool.
{"title":"Innovation Radar for Disruptive Technology Insertion: The Case of Autonomous Vehicles in Brazil and France","authors":"Bruna Habib Cavazza, A. Zambalde, Thais Assis de Souza","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2021.10034904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2021.10034904","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to identify the critical success factors, to propose a theoretical model of the innovation radar for the insertion of autonomous vehicles as a product-service system in a country, and to map and discuss the radar in the context of Brazil and France. Fundamentally, it seeks to address the gap between the development of AVs, the differences between two national contexts, and the lack of specific knowledge about how to manage disruptive innovation in countries. From the results, the intent is to clear diagnosis about the innovation, allowing the formulation of guidelines and actions for the capacity development of a country. The results obtained in Brazil and France were crossed with official data and statistics as a way to corroborate the use of the innovation radar as a tool.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41674263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019846
Donghui Meng, Xianjun Li, Yongfeng Cai, Jiaxin Shi
This study focuses on assessing the knowledge development and diffusion functions of the global autonomous vehicle (AV) technological innovation system (TIS). To that end, this study uses patent portfolio analysis. A comprehensive and dynamic picture is depicted through our evolutionary analysis covering 5,986 AV patents applied for from 1997 to 2016 worldwide, which were assigned to seven relevant sectors (automotive, machinery, aircraft/defence, electronics, information/software service, mobility/logistics service, and research) and focused on five key technology categories (control and actuation, perception and localisation, computation, communication, and system integration). Three key findings from our study are: 1) sectors differ in terms of the amount of knowledge they developed and the distribution of knowledge across technology categories; 2) different sectors and technology categories have uneven roles in the global knowledge diffusion network; 3) knowledge development and diffusion patterns exhibit significant evolutionary tendencies. Our research deepens the current understanding of the dynamics of AV innovation and contributes to TIS theory.
{"title":"Patterns of knowledge development and diffusion in the global autonomous vehicle technological innovation system: a patent-based analysis","authors":"Donghui Meng, Xianjun Li, Yongfeng Cai, Jiaxin Shi","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019846","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on assessing the knowledge development and diffusion functions of the global autonomous vehicle (AV) technological innovation system (TIS). To that end, this study uses patent portfolio analysis. A comprehensive and dynamic picture is depicted through our evolutionary analysis covering 5,986 AV patents applied for from 1997 to 2016 worldwide, which were assigned to seven relevant sectors (automotive, machinery, aircraft/defence, electronics, information/software service, mobility/logistics service, and research) and focused on five key technology categories (control and actuation, perception and localisation, computation, communication, and system integration). Three key findings from our study are: 1) sectors differ in terms of the amount of knowledge they developed and the distribution of knowledge across technology categories; 2) different sectors and technology categories have uneven roles in the global knowledge diffusion network; 3) knowledge development and diffusion patterns exhibit significant evolutionary tendencies. Our research deepens the current understanding of the dynamics of AV innovation and contributes to TIS theory.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42691708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019841
Shahab Eshraqi, S. Eshraqi
In some industries such as automotive, the supply chain plays a critical role in the firm success. In these industries, the unit of competition has changed to supply chain vs. supply chain. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to develop the concept supply chain technological capability (TC) in the new product development (NPD) process. We explored the concept TC in the supply chain level, which are different from the firm level. In this paper, we studied last three NPD projects of the IKCO (the largest Iranian manufacturer), from year 2000 to 2015 by focusing on the supply chain coordinator organisation of IKCO enterprise, SAPCO. The results show firm managers are called upon to resolve the tension between supply chain TC and innovation through a NPD project and creating the right context to stimulate individuals to solve problems and to be accountable for their objectives.
{"title":"The concept supply chain technological capability in case of new product development process","authors":"Shahab Eshraqi, S. Eshraqi","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019841","url":null,"abstract":"In some industries such as automotive, the supply chain plays a critical role in the firm success. In these industries, the unit of competition has changed to supply chain vs. supply chain. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to develop the concept supply chain technological capability (TC) in the new product development (NPD) process. We explored the concept TC in the supply chain level, which are different from the firm level. In this paper, we studied last three NPD projects of the IKCO (the largest Iranian manufacturer), from year 2000 to 2015 by focusing on the supply chain coordinator organisation of IKCO enterprise, SAPCO. The results show firm managers are called upon to resolve the tension between supply chain TC and innovation through a NPD project and creating the right context to stimulate individuals to solve problems and to be accountable for their objectives.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49182472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019852
I. Clarke, Athena Piterou
Electric vehicles have been a source of major innovation but the problem of vehicle range persists. Range extenders, auxiliary power units that can be attached to vehicles as a trailer, seek to solve the problem by providing additional range during longer journeys. This study uses patent data, Social Network Analysis and qualitative data to examine the development of this technology. It finds that small firms have made significant progress in technological terms and have also designed credible business models. They have met resistance from larger vehicle manufacturers, however, whose preference is to wait for developments in battery density despite great uncertainty as to when these will come.
{"title":"Range extenders: an innovative approach to range anxiety in electric vehicles","authors":"I. Clarke, Athena Piterou","doi":"10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2019.10019852","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles have been a source of major innovation but the problem of vehicle range persists. Range extenders, auxiliary power units that can be attached to vehicles as a trailer, seek to solve the problem by providing additional range during longer journeys. This study uses patent data, Social Network Analysis and qualitative data to examine the development of this technology. It finds that small firms have made significant progress in technological terms and have also designed credible business models. They have met resistance from larger vehicle manufacturers, however, whose preference is to wait for developments in battery density despite great uncertainty as to when these will come.","PeriodicalId":35873,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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