Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000211
Garibay Slc, Monter Av, Upton Jl
When performing grafts, it is thought that by using plants of the same species the engraftment rate will be high; when the above is not fulfilled, the grafter, type of graft or the origin of the scions is blamed, but the anatomy of the parts forming the graft is not considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of four pine species used as rootstock and scion to define which species to use as rootstock based on cambium shape and bark thickness. Before grafting, 2-cm stem fractions were cut from plants that were used as rootstocks and scions. The evaluated species were Pinus patula, P. greggii, P. leiophylla and P. teocote. Cuts of 10 μm in thickness were made to determine bark and xylem thickness. Photographs were also taken with a photomicroscope to observe the "shape" of the vascular cambium. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 4x2 factorial arrangement, using 12 measurements as the sample size with four replicates. P. patula had greater bark thickness, while P. leiophylla obtained the greatest xylem thickness. In the images of the anatomical cuts, it was determined that the vascular cambium is continuous for all the species both in rootstock and in scions, but it is only circular in the P. teocote and P. leiophylla rootstocks, and the P. leiophylla scions did not present this feature. Based on the anatomy of the cambium, P. greggii, P. patula and P. teocote scions have greater possibilities of engraftment if they are grafted onto P. teocote andP. leiophylla because the cambium is circular. Tissue anatomy is one of the areas that must be known before making grafts in order to make appropriate decisions regarding the materials to be used.
{"title":"Anatomy of Rootstocks and Scions in Four Pine Species","authors":"Garibay Slc, Monter Av, Upton Jl","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000211","url":null,"abstract":"When performing grafts, it is thought that by using plants of the same species the engraftment rate will be high; when the above is not fulfilled, the grafter, type of graft or the origin of the scions is blamed, but the anatomy of the parts forming the graft is not considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of four pine species used as rootstock and scion to define which species to use as rootstock based on cambium shape and bark thickness. Before grafting, 2-cm stem fractions were cut from plants that were used as rootstocks and scions. The evaluated species were Pinus patula, P. greggii, P. leiophylla and P. teocote. Cuts of 10 μm in thickness were made to determine bark and xylem thickness. Photographs were also taken with a photomicroscope to observe the \"shape\" of the vascular cambium. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 4x2 factorial arrangement, using 12 measurements as the sample size with four replicates. P. patula had greater bark thickness, while P. leiophylla obtained the greatest xylem thickness. In the images of the anatomical cuts, it was determined that the vascular cambium is continuous for all the species both in rootstock and in scions, but it is only circular in the P. teocote and P. leiophylla rootstocks, and the P. leiophylla scions did not present this feature. Based on the anatomy of the cambium, P. greggii, P. patula and P. teocote scions have greater possibilities of engraftment if they are grafted onto P. teocote andP. leiophylla because the cambium is circular. Tissue anatomy is one of the areas that must be known before making grafts in order to make appropriate decisions regarding the materials to be used.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80965092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000193
Katarzyna Masternak, K. Głębocka, Krystian Surowaniec, K. Kowalczyk
{"title":"Genetic Variability of Natural Regeneration of Scots Pine in Eastern Poland Determined by ISSR Markers","authors":"Katarzyna Masternak, K. Głębocka, Krystian Surowaniec, K. Kowalczyk","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90930690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000197
R. Klvac, Martin Pajkoš, J. Neruda
This study compares two harvesting methods i.e., conventional cut-to-length (CTL) followed by harvesting residuall extraction for energy and integrated harvesting method combining CTL with harvesting residual pre-pilling by harvester followed by extraction of both timber and logging residual for energy. The study was carried out in spruce stands (Picea abies) in South Moravia (Czech Republic) at the PozoAice and KuniAky locations. Two methods conducted by harvesters and forwarders were compared. The first case was a conventional CTL method when trees are felled, delimbed, and cross-cut by harvester. The resulting logs are pre-pilled and then transported by forwarder. In this case, the harvesting residual remains in the stand. It was not about using harvesting residual as brash mat on the strip roads, but extracting them independently of harvesting later for energy. In the second case, the resulting harvesting residual were piled up by harvester, later to be extracted by forwarder. Such extracted harvesting residual are stored at the roadside for seasoning and future comminution. The aim was to obtain input data for internal analysis of a private entity contracting in logging operation. The client demanded measuring the increase in time needed to produce one timber unit with simultaneous harvesting residual preparation. In our case integrated harvesting was 33% more time demanding of harvesters and 16% less time demanding of forwarders during harvesting residual extraction, which might result in about 8% higher total operational time of complete operation.
{"title":"Comparative Time Study of Conventional Cut-to-Length and Integrated Harvesting Method - A Case Study","authors":"R. Klvac, Martin Pajkoš, J. Neruda","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares two harvesting methods i.e., conventional cut-to-length (CTL) followed by harvesting residuall extraction for energy and integrated harvesting method combining CTL with harvesting residual pre-pilling by harvester followed by extraction of both timber and logging residual for energy. The study was carried out in spruce stands (Picea abies) in South Moravia (Czech Republic) at the PozoAice and KuniAky locations. Two methods conducted by harvesters and forwarders were compared. The first case was a conventional CTL method when trees are felled, delimbed, and cross-cut by harvester. The resulting logs are pre-pilled and then transported by forwarder. In this case, the harvesting residual remains in the stand. It was not about using harvesting residual as brash mat on the strip roads, but extracting them independently of harvesting later for energy. In the second case, the resulting harvesting residual were piled up by harvester, later to be extracted by forwarder. Such extracted harvesting residual are stored at the roadside for seasoning and future comminution. The aim was to obtain input data for internal analysis of a private entity contracting in logging operation. The client demanded measuring the increase in time needed to produce one timber unit with simultaneous harvesting residual preparation. In our case integrated harvesting was 33% more time demanding of harvesters and 16% less time demanding of forwarders during harvesting residual extraction, which might result in about 8% higher total operational time of complete operation.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72715123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-28DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000190
M. Mirzaei, A. Bonyad, J. Aziz
Spatial pattern is a key attribute of forest ecosystems. Spatial distribution pattern of woody plants, especially trees, has gained many interest by plant ecologists which leads to introducing a large number of different methods for quantifying spatial patterns. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of effects physiographic factors on spatial distribution patterns of oak trees (Quercus brantii var. persica) in western forests of Iran. So, based on systematic-random sampling methods with 400 m × 700 m dimensions, 82 plots (1000 m2) were selected and measured. In each plot, distance of two nearest neighbors to central of plot and physiographic factors including of altitude, slope gradient and aspect were measured. Hopkins, Hinez, Eberhart and C indexes were used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern. All indexes showed a clumped pattern for oak trees in study area without considering effects of physiographic factors. The results of this study showed that in different physiographic condition changes spatial distribution pattern of oak trees. So, physiographic factors have a key role in the determination of spatial distribution pattern.
空间格局是森林生态系统的一个重要属性。木本植物尤其是乔木的空间分布格局引起了植物生态学家的广泛关注，并引入了大量量化木本植物空间格局的方法。本研究旨在探讨地理因素对伊朗西部森林栎(Quercus brantii var. persica)空间分布格局的影响。因此，采用400 m × 700 m尺度的系统随机抽样方法，选取82个地块(1000 m2)进行测量。在每个样地测量两个最近的邻居到样地中心的距离和地理因素，包括海拔、坡度和坡向。采用Hopkins、Hinez、Eberhart和C指数分析其空间分布格局。在不考虑地理因素影响的情况下，研究区栎树的各项指标均表现为丛状分布。研究结果表明，不同地理条件下，栎树的空间分布格局会发生变化。因此，地理因素在决定空间分布格局中起着关键作用。
{"title":"Assessing Impact of Physiographic Factors on Spatial Distribution Patterns of Oak Trees in Iran","authors":"M. Mirzaei, A. Bonyad, J. Aziz","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial pattern is a key attribute of forest ecosystems. Spatial distribution pattern of woody plants, especially trees, has gained many interest by plant ecologists which leads to introducing a large number of different methods for quantifying spatial patterns. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of effects physiographic factors on spatial distribution patterns of oak trees (Quercus brantii var. persica) in western forests of Iran. So, based on systematic-random sampling methods with 400 m × 700 m dimensions, 82 plots (1000 m2) were selected and measured. In each plot, distance of two nearest neighbors to central of plot and physiographic factors including of altitude, slope gradient and aspect were measured. Hopkins, Hinez, Eberhart and C indexes were used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern. All indexes showed a clumped pattern for oak trees in study area without considering effects of physiographic factors. The results of this study showed that in different physiographic condition changes spatial distribution pattern of oak trees. So, physiographic factors have a key role in the determination of spatial distribution pattern.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81958499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-18DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000189
W. Tsai
In Taiwan, 59% of area (i.e., 2.15 million ha, or 5.3 million acre) is covered by forests, less forested than some developed countries like Sweden (70%), Japan (67 percent) and South Korea (64 percent). More significantly, forest resources contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction and climate change mitigation by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing it in biomass and other carbon pools. According to the national GHG inventory, the percentage of contribution to GHG absorption by forestry sector in Taiwan are only about 7.4% based on total GHG emissions (284,514 kilotons of CO2 equivalents) in 2013. On the other hand, the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act (GGRMA) has been officially promulgated on 1 July 2015. In the paper, the author first described the brief of the GGRMA regarding the role in the Taiwan’s forestry sector. Thereafter, the contribution to GHG absorption by forestry sector in Taiwan was analyzed according to the “2015 Taiwan Greenhouse Gas Inventory“. Finally, some perspectives were addressed to enhance carbon sequestration by the forestry sector in Taiwan.
{"title":"Commentary on the contribution to greenhouse gas absorption by the forestry sector in Taiwan.","authors":"W. Tsai","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"In Taiwan, 59% of area (i.e., 2.15 million ha, or 5.3 million acre) is covered by forests, less forested than some developed countries like Sweden (70%), Japan (67 percent) and South Korea (64 percent). More significantly, forest resources contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction and climate change mitigation by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing it in biomass and other carbon pools. According to the national GHG inventory, the percentage of contribution to GHG absorption by forestry sector in Taiwan are only about 7.4% based on total GHG emissions (284,514 kilotons of CO2 equivalents) in 2013. On the other hand, the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act (GGRMA) has been officially promulgated on 1 July 2015. In the paper, the author first described the brief of the GGRMA regarding the role in the Taiwan’s forestry sector. Thereafter, the contribution to GHG absorption by forestry sector in Taiwan was analyzed according to the “2015 Taiwan Greenhouse Gas Inventory“. Finally, some perspectives were addressed to enhance carbon sequestration by the forestry sector in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"107 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85044045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-20DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000187
R. Walker, R. Susfalk, Dale W. Johnson
A comparison of the capacities of granitic and andesitic soils, with and without nutritional augmentation, to promote above- and below-ground development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings was conducted. Shoot dimensions and dry weight along with root system length and weight within both the coarse and fine fractions were all significantly enhanced in granitic soils compared to an andesitic one, and seedlings grown in the former had far more short roots and ectomycorrhizae as well. For both shoots and roots, the magnitude of these growth enhancements was somewhat more pronounced in a less weathered granitic soil than in a more weathered one such that at the conclusion of the study, total shoot biomass of seedlings grown in the andesitic soil averaged 38% of that produced in the less weathered granitic one and 47% of that in the more heavily weathered granitic soil, while such comparisons regarding that of the roots revealed values of 28% and 34%, respectively. Fertilization at the onset of the study with either N or P or N+P had little capacity to compensate for the growth deficiencies in either above- or below-ground seedling tissues attributable to the andesitic soil, and its influences in the granitic soils were muted and largely ephemeral. Shoot growth was well correlated with root system length and weight and at least moderately so with short root and mycorrhizal counts, although such counts were commensurate with stronger regression models primarily when limited to the fine rather the coarse root size fraction.
{"title":"Root System Development of Juvenile Ponderosa Pine as Influenced by Soil Type and Nutritional Augmentation","authors":"R. Walker, R. Susfalk, Dale W. Johnson","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison of the capacities of granitic and andesitic soils, with and without nutritional augmentation, to promote above- and below-ground development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings was conducted. Shoot dimensions and dry weight along with root system length and weight within both the coarse and fine fractions were all significantly enhanced in granitic soils compared to an andesitic one, and seedlings grown in the former had far more short roots and ectomycorrhizae as well. For both shoots and roots, the magnitude of these growth enhancements was somewhat more pronounced in a less weathered granitic soil than in a more weathered one such that at the conclusion of the study, total shoot biomass of seedlings grown in the andesitic soil averaged 38% of that produced in the less weathered granitic one and 47% of that in the more heavily weathered granitic soil, while such comparisons regarding that of the roots revealed values of 28% and 34%, respectively. Fertilization at the onset of the study with either N or P or N+P had little capacity to compensate for the growth deficiencies in either above- or below-ground seedling tissues attributable to the andesitic soil, and its influences in the granitic soils were muted and largely ephemeral. Shoot growth was well correlated with root system length and weight and at least moderately so with short root and mycorrhizal counts, although such counts were commensurate with stronger regression models primarily when limited to the fine rather the coarse root size fraction.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"48 7 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80757039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-20DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000186
A. Afe
This work covers the process of making Ethanol from wood biomass instead of starchy biomass. The saw dust of Brachystegia eurichoma was collected in a saw mill in Ore, Ondo State, Nigeria and it was used to produce ethanol by hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The density of the wood species was 750 kg/cm3. The density of the ethanol produced was gotten to be 0.8033 g/cm3. The ionic constituents of the ethanol from the wood biomass was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Analyzer (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analyzer (AAS). The AAS result shows that the ethanol obtained from the three wood species contains transition metals like Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) while the FTIR results show the presence of ethanol functional groups such as OH, Carbon to carbon single bond which are normal components of ethanol in the conventional ethanol.
{"title":"Examination of Chemical Properties of Ethanol Product of Brachystegia eurichoma Wood","authors":"A. Afe","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"This work covers the process of making Ethanol from wood biomass instead of starchy biomass. The saw dust of Brachystegia eurichoma was collected in a saw mill in Ore, Ondo State, Nigeria and it was used to produce ethanol by hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The density of the wood species was 750 kg/cm3. The density of the ethanol produced was gotten to be 0.8033 g/cm3. The ionic constituents of the ethanol from the wood biomass was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Analyzer (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analyzer (AAS). The AAS result shows that the ethanol obtained from the three wood species contains transition metals like Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) while the FTIR results show the presence of ethanol functional groups such as OH, Carbon to carbon single bond which are normal components of ethanol in the conventional ethanol.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87212020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-14DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000185
A. Afe
This thesis covers the process of making Ethanol from wood biomass instead of starchy biomass. The saw dust of Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), Eku (Brachystegia euricoma) and Mahogany (Entandrophragma cylindricum) was collected in a saw mill in Ore and used to produce ethanol by hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The density of each of the wood species was thereafter determined as 570 kg/m3, 750 kg/cm3 and 600 kg/cm3 respectively. The yield of ethanol from Eku, Mahogany and Gmelina wood was determined as 50.61 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust, 55.43 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust and 53.01 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust respectively. The density of the ethanol produced from the wood of Eku, Mahogany and Gmelina was 0.8033 g/cm3, 0.7088 g/cm3, and 0.8033 g/cm3 respectively. These results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and compared with conventional ethanol. The ANOVA result shows no significant difference among the ethanol yield and ethanol density obtained from the three wood species and that of the conventional ethanol. The ionic constituents of the ethanol of the three wood biomass was analyzed using Furrier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Analyzer (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analyzer (AAS). The AAS result shows that the ethanol obtained from the three wood species contains transition metals like Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) while the FTIR results show the presence of ethanol functional groups such as OH, Carbon to carbon single bond which are normal components of ethanol in the conventional ethanol as well as in the ethanol produced from each of the three wood species.
{"title":"Comparative Studies of the Chemical Nature of Ethanol Product of Selected Wood Species","authors":"A. Afe","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"This thesis covers the process of making Ethanol from wood biomass instead of starchy biomass. The saw dust of Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), Eku (Brachystegia euricoma) and Mahogany (Entandrophragma cylindricum) was collected in a saw mill in Ore and used to produce ethanol by hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The density of each of the wood species was thereafter determined as 570 kg/m3, 750 kg/cm3 and 600 kg/cm3 respectively. The yield of ethanol from Eku, Mahogany and Gmelina wood was determined as 50.61 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust, 55.43 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust and 53.01 g/l per 100 g of dry sawdust respectively. The density of the ethanol produced from the wood of Eku, Mahogany and Gmelina was 0.8033 g/cm3, 0.7088 g/cm3, and 0.8033 g/cm3 respectively. These results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and compared with conventional ethanol. The ANOVA result shows no significant difference among the ethanol yield and ethanol density obtained from the three wood species and that of the conventional ethanol. The ionic constituents of the ethanol of the three wood biomass was analyzed using Furrier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Analyzer (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Analyzer (AAS). The AAS result shows that the ethanol obtained from the three wood species contains transition metals like Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) while the FTIR results show the presence of ethanol functional groups such as OH, Carbon to carbon single bond which are normal components of ethanol in the conventional ethanol as well as in the ethanol produced from each of the three wood species.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90676013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000177
Swim Sl, R. Walker, Dale W. Johnson, R. M. Fecko, W. W. Miller
Long-term influences of mechanized thinning using a cut-to-length approach combined with on-site slash mastication along with those of prescription under burning on downed and dead fuel accumulations were evaluated in an uneven-aged eastern Sierra Nevada mixed conifer stand. Based on an initial inventory conducted soon after treatment implementation, accumulations in an unburned portion of the stand subunit subjected to thinning were elevated with respect to both 1+10 hr time lag and total fuel loads. In contrast, the near immediate effect of the under burn on these fuels was marked diminishment in their abundance. Nearly a decade later, however, effects of the mechanized and fire treatments had largely dissipated. In the interim between inventories, the thinned but unburned treatment combination exhibited the greatest reduction in 1+10 hr and total fuels while the unthinned and unburned combination also exhibited a large reduction in the former. Furthermore, diminished reductions in 1+10 hr fuels were apparent within the burned portions of the thinned and unthinned stand subunits, and the unthinned but burned combination was the only one to incur an increase in total fuels. These findings offer land managers insight regarding the persistence of fuel bed alterations induced by these increasingly common management practices in Sierran mixed conifer and similar forest cover types.
{"title":"Long-Term Forest Floor Fuels Accumulations in Sierran Mixed Conifer Subjected to Forest Restoration Treatments","authors":"Swim Sl, R. Walker, Dale W. Johnson, R. M. Fecko, W. W. Miller","doi":"10.4172/2168-9776.1000177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000177","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term influences of mechanized thinning using a cut-to-length approach combined with on-site slash mastication along with those of prescription under burning on downed and dead fuel accumulations were evaluated in an uneven-aged eastern Sierra Nevada mixed conifer stand. Based on an initial inventory conducted soon after treatment implementation, accumulations in an unburned portion of the stand subunit subjected to thinning were elevated with respect to both 1+10 hr time lag and total fuel loads. In contrast, the near immediate effect of the under burn on these fuels was marked diminishment in their abundance. Nearly a decade later, however, effects of the mechanized and fire treatments had largely dissipated. In the interim between inventories, the thinned but unburned treatment combination exhibited the greatest reduction in 1+10 hr and total fuels while the unthinned and unburned combination also exhibited a large reduction in the former. Furthermore, diminished reductions in 1+10 hr fuels were apparent within the burned portions of the thinned and unthinned stand subunits, and the unthinned but burned combination was the only one to incur an increase in total fuels. These findings offer land managers insight regarding the persistence of fuel bed alterations induced by these increasingly common management practices in Sierran mixed conifer and similar forest cover types.","PeriodicalId":35920,"journal":{"name":"林业科学研究","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89242117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000176
Umerfaruq M. Qureshimatva, Rupesh R. Maurya, S. Gamit, H. Solanki
This paper deals with the floral diversity of Panchmahal District, Gujarat. In the present study 752 species belonging to 253 families and 528 genus 2 subspecies and 3 varieties from the Panchmahal District Gujarat. Out of 752 species 117 species are Trees species, 126 shrubs, 20 Sedges, 2 Parasite, 2 Epiphyte, 99 Climbers, 41 grasses.
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