In recent years, a surge in drought occurrences has dramatically impacted tree growth worldwide. We examined the ecological resilience of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations with varying densities (1950, 2355, and 2595 trees·hm-2) at the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm, by extracting the increment cores using the standard dendrochronological method to measure individual-tree basal area increments (BAI) as part of our assessment of ecological resilience, including resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc), and resilience (Rs). The results showed that drought events occurred in 2006-2010, 2015, and 2018. The Rt for L. principis-rupprechtii plantations varied from 0.76 to 2.01 across three drought events, indicating generally high resistance, except for the plantation with 2355 trees·hm-2 during the second dry year (Rt=0.69). The Rt for the plantation with 2595 trees·hm-2 significantly decreased across all drought events, while no significant change was observed in the plantations with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm-2. The Rc showed no differences in response to a single drought event across plantation densities, with a significant upward trend for all the densities with each occurrence of drought event. There was no significant difference in the resilience of different densities of L. principis-rupprechtii to the first drought event, whereas the plantation with 2595 trees·hm-2 exhibited significantly lower Rs during the second and third drought events compared with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm-2, respectively. During the 2015 drought event, plantation with 2595 trees·hm-2 experienced a significant growth decline (radial growth change rate was -26.5%), while no such decline was observed in the plantations with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm-2. Overall, the plantation with 2595 trees·hm-2 demonstrated the lowest resilience to drought events.
{"title":"[Responses of radial growth of <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> at different densities to drought events].","authors":"Zi-Hang Zhang, Heng Wang, Jian-Heng Jia, Hao-Kang Sun, Jia-Xuan Han, Ming-Ming Guo","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, a surge in drought occurrences has dramatically impacted tree growth worldwide. We examined the ecological resilience of <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> plantations with varying densities (1950, 2355, and 2595 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup>) at the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm, by extracting the increment cores using the standard dendrochronological method to measure individual-tree basal area increments (BAI) as part of our assessment of ecological resilience, including resistance (<i>R</i><sub>t</sub>), recovery (<i>R</i><sub>c</sub>), and resilience (<i>R</i><sub>s</sub>). The results showed that drought events occurred in 2006-2010, 2015, and 2018. The <i>R</i><sub>t</sub> for <i>L. principis-rupprechtii</i> plantations varied from 0.76 to 2.01 across three drought events, indicating generally high resistance, except for the plantation with 2355 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup> during the second dry year (<i>R</i><sub>t</sub>=0.69). The <i>R</i><sub>t</sub> for the plantation with 2595 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup> significantly decreased across all drought events, while no significant change was observed in the plantations with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup>. The <i>R</i><sub>c</sub> showed no differences in response to a single drought event across plantation densities, with a significant upward trend for all the densities with each occurrence of drought event. There was no significant difference in the resilience of different densities of <i>L. principis-rupprechtii</i> to the first drought event, whereas the plantation with 2595 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup> exhibited significantly lower <i>R</i><sub>s</sub> during the second and third drought events compared with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. During the 2015 drought event, plantation with 2595 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup> experienced a significant growth decline (radial growth change rate was -26.5%), while no such decline was observed in the plantations with 1950 and 2355 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup>. Overall, the plantation with 2595 trees·hm<sup>-2</sup> demonstrated the lowest resilience to drought events.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.013
Xi Zhang, Ren-Ming Ma, Yan-Feng Jia, Hao-Ming Fan, Zhi-Ting Chu
During the snowmelt period, the external erosive forces are dominated by freeze-thaw cycles and snowmelt runoff. These forces may affect soil structure and aggregate stability, thereby influencing snowmelt erosion. The process of snowmelt runoff can lead to the breakdown of aggregates during their transportation. However, few studies examined the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the breakdown of aggregates during transportation. Focusing on 5-7 and 3-5 mm soil aggregates of typical black soil region in Northeast China, we analyzed the composition of water-stable aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD), normalized mean weight diameter (NMWD), as well as breakdown rate of soil aggregates (BR) under different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 times) and different transport distances (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m). We further investigated the contribution (CT) of both freeze-thaw cycles and transport distances to BR. The results showed that: 1) After freeze-thaw cycles, the 5-7 and 3-5 mm aggregates were mainly composed of particles with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm. With increasing frequency of freeze-thaw cycles, the MWD generally showed a downward trend. Moreover, under the same number of freeze-thaw cycles, the NMWD of 3-5 mm aggregates was higher than that of 5-7 mm aggregates. 2) As the transport distance increased, the BR of 5-7and 3-5 mm aggregates gradually increased. Compared that under control group, the BR under one freeze-thaw cycle increased by 59.7%, 32.2%, 13.7%, 6.2%, 13.4%, 7.5%, and 60.0%, 39.0%, 18.4%, 13.0%, 6.3%, 6.1% at the condition of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m transport distances, respectively. However, with increasing frequency of freeze-thaw cycles, the BR increased slowly. 3) The breakdown of soil aggregates was mainly influenced by the transport distance (CT=54.6%) and freeze-thaw cycles (CT=26.2%). Freeze-thaw cycles primarily altered the stability of soil aggregates, which in turn affected the BR. Therefore, during the snowmelt period, freeze-thaw cycles reduced the stability of soil aggregates, leading to severe breakdown of soil aggregates during snowmelt runoff process. This made the soil more susceptible to migration with snowmelt runoff, which triggered soil erosion. Therefore, more attention should be paid on the prevention of soil erosion during snowmelt period.
{"title":"[Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on aggregate breakdown of typical black soil during transportation].","authors":"Xi Zhang, Ren-Ming Ma, Yan-Feng Jia, Hao-Ming Fan, Zhi-Ting Chu","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the snowmelt period, the external erosive forces are dominated by freeze-thaw cycles and snowmelt runoff. These forces may affect soil structure and aggregate stability, thereby influencing snowmelt erosion. The process of snowmelt runoff can lead to the breakdown of aggregates during their transportation. However, few studies examined the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the breakdown of aggregates during transportation. Focusing on 5-7 and 3-5 mm soil aggregates of typical black soil region in Northeast China, we analyzed the composition of water-stable aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD), normalized mean weight diameter (NMWD), as well as breakdown rate of soil aggregates (BR) under different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 times) and different transport distances (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m). We further investigated the contribution (CT) of both freeze-thaw cycles and transport distances to BR. The results showed that: 1) After freeze-thaw cycles, the 5-7 and 3-5 mm aggregates were mainly composed of particles with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm. With increasing frequency of freeze-thaw cycles, the MWD generally showed a downward trend. Moreover, under the same number of freeze-thaw cycles, the NMWD of 3-5 mm aggregates was higher than that of 5-7 mm aggregates. 2) As the transport distance increased, the BR of 5-7and 3-5 mm aggregates gradually increased. Compared that under control group, the BR under one freeze-thaw cycle increased by 59.7%, 32.2%, 13.7%, 6.2%, 13.4%, 7.5%, and 60.0%, 39.0%, 18.4%, 13.0%, 6.3%, 6.1% at the condition of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m transport distances, respectively. However, with increasing frequency of freeze-thaw cycles, the BR increased slowly. 3) The breakdown of soil aggregates was mainly influenced by the transport distance (CT=54.6%) and freeze-thaw cycles (CT=26.2%). Freeze-thaw cycles primarily altered the stability of soil aggregates, which in turn affected the BR. Therefore, during the snowmelt period, freeze-thaw cycles reduced the stability of soil aggregates, leading to severe breakdown of soil aggregates during snowmelt runoff process. This made the soil more susceptible to migration with snowmelt runoff, which triggered soil erosion. Therefore, more attention should be paid on the prevention of soil erosion during snowmelt period.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.032
Han Zhong, Yu-Hui Si, Zi-Wei Zhu, Ke Rong
We conducted field surveys on foraging habitat and foraging activities of Picoides tridactylus in Liangshui National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province, China, from April to May and November to December 2022. By using the resource selection function, we analyzed the factors affecting foraging habitat selection of P. tridactylus, compared the differences between foraging habitat selection and foraging activities in winter and spring by chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, and investigated their foraging preference with Bailey's method. The results showed that dominant tree species and dead arbor number were the important factors affecting foraging habitat selection of P. tridactylus. They preferred habitats with a large number of dead arbor and dominant trees, such as Picea asperata and Abies fabri. They preferred trees with a height of 10-20 m and a diameter at breast height of 15-45 cm. In spring, they favored semi-withered arbors and showed random utilization of P. koraiensis. During winter, they preferred dead arbors and avoided choosing P. koraiensis. They preferred to forage on tree trunk, in spring pecking in the middle of the tree for a short duration, and during winter, digging in the upper part of the tree for a long duration. Foraging habitat selection and foraging activities of P. koraiensis showed certain differences between winter and spring.
我们于2022年4月至5月和11月至12月在黑龙江省凉水国家级自然保护区内对三爪蟾的觅食栖息地和觅食活动进行了野外调查。利用资源选择函数分析了影响三趾鲮觅食栖息地选择的因素,通过秩方检验和曼-惠特尼U检验比较了冬春季觅食栖息地选择和觅食活动的差异,并用贝利法研究了三趾鲮的觅食偏好。结果表明,优势树种和枯枝数量是影响三趾蟾觅食栖息地选择的重要因素。它们更喜欢枯枝数量多和优势树种多的栖息地,如红豆杉(Picea asperata)和枞树(Abies fabri)。它们喜欢高度为 10-20 米、胸径为 15-45 厘米的树木。在春季,它们喜欢半枯萎的乔木,并表现出对柯来松的随意利用。在冬季,它们喜欢枯死的假山,而不选择 P. koraiensis。它们喜欢在树干上觅食,春季在树的中部啄食,持续时间较短,冬季在树的上部挖掘,持续时间较长。冬春两季柯来蛙对觅食栖息地的选择和觅食活动存在一定差异。
{"title":"[Foraging habitat selection and foraging activities of <i>Picoides tridactylus</i> during winter and spring in Liangshui National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, China].","authors":"Han Zhong, Yu-Hui Si, Zi-Wei Zhu, Ke Rong","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We conducted field surveys on foraging habitat and foraging activities of <i>Picoides tridactylus</i> in Liangshui National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province, China, from April to May and November to December 2022. By using the resource selection function, we analyzed the factors affecting foraging habitat selection of <i>P. tridactylus</i>, compared the differences between foraging habitat selection and foraging activities in winter and spring by chi-square and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests, and investigated their foraging preference with Bailey's method. The results showed that dominant tree species and dead arbor number were the important factors affecting foraging habitat selection of <i>P. tridactylus</i>. They preferred habitats with a large number of dead arbor and dominant trees, such as <i>Picea asperata</i> and <i>Abies fabri</i>. They preferred trees with a height of 10-20 m and a diameter at breast height of 15-45 cm. In spring, they favored semi-withered arbors and showed random utilization of <i>P. koraiensis</i>. During winter, they preferred dead arbors and avoided choosing <i>P. koraiensis</i>. They preferred to forage on tree trunk, in spring pecking in the middle of the tree for a short duration, and during winter, digging in the upper part of the tree for a long duration. Foraging habitat selection and foraging activities of <i>P. koraiensis</i> showed certain differences between winter and spring.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.014
Hai-Bing Wu, Yu-Hui Niu, Jing Liang
Understanding the effects of food waste biogas residue composting and chemical amendments on soil aggregates composition of different particle sizes, stability, and organic matter distribution in relocation sites could provide primary data for improving soil quality and land utilization of food waste biogas residue composting. We analyzed the characteristics of soil aggregates distribution, stability of aggregates, and organic matter content in different particle sizes under treatments with different application amounts of food waste biogas residue composting, chemical amendments (β-cyclodextrin, calcium sulfate and ferric oxide were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1:1), and control (100% soil). The results showed that 20% (soil: biogas residue composting=8:2) and 30% (soil: biogas residue composting =7:3) biogas residue composting significantly decreased the micro-aggregates content with the particle size of <0.106 mm and increased the large aggregates content with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm. All treatments significantly increased large aggregates content with the particle size of ≥2.0 mm, soil aggregate structure content, and mean weight diameter, but reduced the percentage of aggregate destruction. Among all the treatments, the effect of mixes application of 20% biogas residue composting and chemical amendments was the best. Biogas residue composting treatments significantly affected the distribution of organic matter in soil aggregates, with the strongest effect under 30% biogas residue composting treatment. Biogas residue composting treatments significantly increased soil organic matter content in all aggregates, with the maximal increase of organic matter content in soil micro-aggregates with the particle size of 0.106-0.25 mm. In conclusion, biogas residue composting could increase organic matter content of soil aggregates in different particle sizes, promote the formation of large soil aggregates, and improve the stability of aggregation. Specifically, the mixed application of biogas residue composting and chemical amendments performed better on soil improvement in relocation site.
{"title":"[Effects of food waste biogas residue composting on soil aggregates and its organic matter content in relocation site].","authors":"Hai-Bing Wu, Yu-Hui Niu, Jing Liang","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.014","DOIUrl":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the effects of food waste biogas residue composting and chemical amendments on soil aggregates composition of different particle sizes, stability, and organic matter distribution in relocation sites could provide primary data for improving soil quality and land utilization of food waste biogas residue composting. We analyzed the characteristics of soil aggregates distribution, stability of aggregates, and organic matter content in different particle sizes under treatments with different application amounts of food waste biogas residue composting, chemical amendments (β-cyclodextrin, calcium sulfate and ferric oxide were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1:1), and control (100% soil). The results showed that 20% (soil: biogas residue composting=8:2) and 30% (soil: biogas residue composting =7:3) biogas residue composting significantly decreased the micro-aggregates content with the particle size of <0.106 mm and increased the large aggregates content with the particle size of 0.5-1.0 mm. All treatments significantly increased large aggregates content with the particle size of ≥2.0 mm, soil aggregate structure content, and mean weight diameter, but reduced the percentage of aggregate destruction. Among all the treatments, the effect of mixes application of 20% biogas residue composting and chemical amendments was the best. Biogas residue composting treatments significantly affected the distribution of organic matter in soil aggregates, with the strongest effect under 30% biogas residue composting treatment. Biogas residue composting treatments significantly increased soil organic matter content in all aggregates, with the maximal increase of organic matter content in soil micro-aggregates with the particle size of 0.106-0.25 mm. In conclusion, biogas residue composting could increase organic matter content of soil aggregates in different particle sizes, promote the formation of large soil aggregates, and improve the stability of aggregation. Specifically, the mixed application of biogas residue composting and chemical amendments performed better on soil improvement in relocation site.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.026
Hui-Si Peng, Yan-Hui Wang, Zhi-Gang Wang
Metropolitan integration development refers to the interconnection between cities and the coordinated development of various aspects such as economy, society, culture, and nature, which is the goal of metropolitan area development. With the Zhengzhou metropolitan area as the research area and based on nighttime light data from 2012 to 2021, we comprehensively used landscape index and landscape morphology spatial pattern analysis methods, systematically evaluated the integration process of the metropolitan area from the perspective of spatial expansion and spatial connection, analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of the landscape pattern of the metropolitan area, and revealed the spatiotemporal expansion and connection patterns of the metropolitan area. The results showed that the area of the Zhengzhou metropolitan area expanded year by year from 2012 to 2021, with the number of landscape patches continuously increasing, showing an agglomeration phenomenon. In the metropolitan area, there was a trend towards stability and multi-directional coordinated growth. The contribution of non-central cities to expansion increased annually, while the expansion patterns of various constituent cities gradually shifted from internal filling to external expansion. The connection scale within the metropolitan area had been expanding annually, with enhanced intercity connections. Intercity connection belts and channels for material and information exchange were emerging, and the integrated network of urban agglomeration connections was gradually forming. Metropolitan integration planning provided positive guidance for the development of metropolitan areas. We should fully leverage the driving effects of metropolitan areas, pay attention to the integration of Zhengzhou-Kaifeng and Zhengzhou-Xuchang, promote the formation of emerging growth poles in Xinxiang and Jiaozuo, as well as regional coordinated development, strengthen the network of policies, economy, transportation, information, etc., and form a diversified and integrated development situation.
{"title":"[Temporal-spatial evolution of the integrated landscape patterns in the Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area based on nighttime light data].","authors":"Hui-Si Peng, Yan-Hui Wang, Zhi-Gang Wang","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metropolitan integration development refers to the interconnection between cities and the coordinated development of various aspects such as economy, society, culture, and nature, which is the goal of metropolitan area development. With the Zhengzhou metropolitan area as the research area and based on nighttime light data from 2012 to 2021, we comprehensively used landscape index and landscape morphology spatial pattern analysis methods, systematically evaluated the integration process of the metropolitan area from the perspective of spatial expansion and spatial connection, analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of the landscape pattern of the metropolitan area, and revealed the spatiotemporal expansion and connection patterns of the metropolitan area. The results showed that the area of the Zhengzhou metropolitan area expanded year by year from 2012 to 2021, with the number of landscape patches continuously increasing, showing an agglomeration phenomenon. In the metropolitan area, there was a trend towards stability and multi-directional coordinated growth. The contribution of non-central cities to expansion increased annually, while the expansion patterns of various constituent cities gradually shifted from internal filling to external expansion. The connection scale within the metropolitan area had been expanding annually, with enhanced intercity connections. Intercity connection belts and channels for material and information exchange were emerging, and the integrated network of urban agglomeration connections was gradually forming. Metropolitan integration planning provided positive guidance for the development of metropolitan areas. We should fully leverage the driving effects of metropolitan areas, pay attention to the integration of Zhengzhou-Kaifeng and Zhengzhou-Xuchang, promote the formation of emerging growth poles in Xinxiang and Jiaozuo, as well as regional coordinated development, strengthen the network of policies, economy, transportation, information, etc., and form a diversified and integrated development situation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid acquisition of the data of soil moisture content (SMC) and soil organic matter (SOM) content is crucial for the improvement and utilization of saline alkali farmland soil. Based on field measurements of hyperspectral reflectance and soil properties of farmland soil in the Hetao Plain, we used a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS) to screen sensitive bands after transforming the original spectral reflectance (Ref) into a standard normal variable (SNV). Strategies Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were used to model the input variables of Ref, Ref SNV, Ref-SNV+ soil covariate (SC), and digital elevation model (DEM). We constructed SMC and SOM estimation models based on random forest (RF) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and then verified and compared the accuracy of the models. The results showed that after CARS screening, the sensitive bands of SMC and SOM were compressed to below 3.3% of the entire band, which effectively optimized band selection and reduced redundant spectral information. Compared with the LightGBM model, the RF model had higher accuracy in SMC and SOM estimation, and the input variable strategy Ⅲ was better than Ⅱ and Ⅰ. The introduction of auxiliary variables effectively improved the estimation ability of the model. Based on comprehensive analysis, the coefficient of determination (Rp2), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative analysis error (RPD) of the SMC estimation model validation based on strategy Ⅲ-RF were 0.63, 3.16, and 2.01, respectively. The SOM estimation models based on strategy Ⅲ-RF had Rp2, RMSE, and RPD of 0.93, 1.15, and 3.52, respectively. The strategy Ⅲ-RF model was an effective method for estimating SMC and SOM. Our results could provide a new method for the rapid estimation of soil moisture and organic matter content in saline alkali farmland.
快速获取土壤含水量(SMC)和土壤有机质(SOM)含量数据对盐碱地土壤改良和利用至关重要。基于河套平原农田土壤高光谱反射率和土壤性质的野外实测,将原始光谱反射率(Ref)转化为标准正态变量(SNV)后,采用竞争性自适应加权采样算法(CARS)筛选敏感波段。采用策略Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ对输入变量Ref、Ref-SNV、Ref-SNV+土壤协变量(SC)和数字高程模型(DEM)进行建模。我们构建了基于随机森林(RF)和光梯度提升机(LightGBM)的 SMC 和 SOM 估算模型,并对模型的精度进行了验证和比较。结果表明,经过CARS筛选后,SMC和SOM的敏感带被压缩到整个波段的3.3%以下,有效优化了波段选择,减少了冗余光谱信息。与 LightGBM 模型相比,RF 模型的 SMC 和 SOM 估计精度更高,输入变量策略Ⅲ优于Ⅱ和Ⅰ。辅助变量的引入有效提高了模型的估计能力。经综合分析,基于策略Ⅲ-RF的SMC估计模型验证的判定系数(Rp2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对分析误差(RPD)分别为0.63、3.16和2.01。基于策略Ⅲ-RF 的 SOM 估计模型的 Rp2、RMSE 和 RPD 分别为 0.93、1.15 和 3.52。策略Ⅲ-RF模型是估计SMC和SOM的有效方法。我们的研究结果为盐碱地土壤水分和有机质含量的快速估算提供了一种新方法。
{"title":"[Estimation of soil moisture and organic matter content in saline alkali farmland by using CARS algorithm combined with covariates].","authors":"Qi-Dong Ding, Yi-Jing Wang, Jun-Hua Zhang, Ke-Li Jia, Hua-Yu Huang","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid acquisition of the data of soil moisture content (SMC) and soil organic matter (SOM) content is crucial for the improvement and utilization of saline alkali farmland soil. Based on field measurements of hyperspectral reflectance and soil properties of farmland soil in the Hetao Plain, we used a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS) to screen sensitive bands after transforming the original spectral reflectance (Ref) into a standard normal variable (SNV). Strategies Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ were used to model the input variables of Ref, Ref SNV, Ref-SNV+ soil covariate (SC), and digital elevation model (DEM). We constructed SMC and SOM estimation models based on random forest (RF) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and then verified and compared the accuracy of the models. The results showed that after CARS screening, the sensitive bands of SMC and SOM were compressed to below 3.3% of the entire band, which effectively optimized band selection and reduced redundant spectral information. Compared with the LightGBM model, the RF model had higher accuracy in SMC and SOM estimation, and the input variable strategy Ⅲ was better than Ⅱ and Ⅰ. The introduction of auxiliary variables effectively improved the estimation ability of the model. Based on comprehensive analysis, the coefficient of determination (<i>R</i><sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative analysis error (RPD) of the SMC estimation model validation based on strategy Ⅲ-RF were 0.63, 3.16, and 2.01, respectively. The SOM estimation models based on strategy Ⅲ-RF had <i>R</i><sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup>, RMSE, and RPD of 0.93, 1.15, and 3.52, respectively. The strategy Ⅲ-RF model was an effective method for estimating SMC and SOM. Our results could provide a new method for the rapid estimation of soil moisture and organic matter content in saline alkali farmland.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application modes on nitrogen gaseous loss in winter wheat farmland, we conducted a field experiment at Changqing Irrigation Experiment Station in Shandong Province, with two irrigation levels (80%-90% θf(I1) and 70%-80% θf(I2)) and three nitrogen application levels (conventional nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm-2(N1), nitrogen reduction of 12.5% (N2), and nitrogen reduction of 25% (N3)). The results showed that ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission rate peak appeared within 2-4 days after fertilization or irrigation. The ammonia volatilization rate during the chasing fertilizer period was significantly higher than that during the basal fertilizer period. Compared with other treatments, the ave-rage ammonia volatilization rate of I2N2 treatment during the chasing fertilizer period was reduced by 10.1%-51.6%, and the average nitrous oxide emission rate over the whole growth period was reduced by 15.4%-52.2%. The ammonia volatilization rate was significantly positively associated with surface soil pH value and ammonium nitrogen content, while the nitrous oxide emission rate was significantly positively associated with nitrate content in topsoil. The accumulation amount of soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission ranged from 0.83-1.42 and 0.11-0.33 kg·hm-2, respectively. Moderate reduction of irrigation water and nitrogen input could effectively reduce cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat farmland. The cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission under I1N3 and I2N2 treatments were signi-ficantly lower than those under other treatments. The highest winter wheat yield (5615.6 kg·hm-2) appeared in I2N2 treatment. The irrigation water utilization efficiency of I2 was significantly higher than that of I1, with the maximum increase rate of 45.2%. Compared with N1 and N3 treatments, the maximum increase rate of nitrogen fertilizer productivity and agricultural utilization efficiency in N2 reached 15.2% and 31.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the treatment with 70%-80% θf irrigation level and 210 kg·hm-2 nitrogen input could effectively improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization and reduce gaseous loss from winter wheat farmland.
{"title":"[Effects of water-nitrogen interactions on NH<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and yield in winter wheat cropland].","authors":"Yu-Jiao Zhang, Gui-Bin Pang, Jing Yu, Hai-Feng Zhang, Li-Zhi Zhang, Xin Wang, Wen-Xu Dong, Zheng-He Xu","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application modes on nitrogen gaseous loss in winter wheat farmland, we conducted a field experiment at Changqing Irrigation Experiment Station in Shandong Province, with two irrigation levels (80%-90% <i>θ</i><sub>f</sub>(I<sub>1</sub>) and 70%-80% <i>θ</i><sub>f</sub>(I<sub>2</sub>)) and three nitrogen application levels (conventional nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>(N<sub>1</sub>), nitrogen reduction of 12.5% (N<sub>2</sub>), and nitrogen reduction of 25% (N<sub>3</sub>)). The results showed that ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission rate peak appeared within 2-4 days after fertilization or irrigation. The ammonia volatilization rate during the chasing fertilizer period was significantly higher than that during the basal fertilizer period. Compared with other treatments, the ave-rage ammonia volatilization rate of I<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> treatment during the chasing fertilizer period was reduced by 10.1%-51.6%, and the average nitrous oxide emission rate over the whole growth period was reduced by 15.4%-52.2%. The ammonia volatilization rate was significantly positively associated with surface soil pH value and ammonium nitrogen content, while the nitrous oxide emission rate was significantly positively associated with nitrate content in topsoil. The accumulation amount of soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission ranged from 0.83-1.42 and 0.11-0.33 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. Moderate reduction of irrigation water and nitrogen input could effectively reduce cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat farmland. The cumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission under I<sub>1</sub>N<sub>3</sub> and I<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> treatments were signi-ficantly lower than those under other treatments. The highest winter wheat yield (5615.6 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>) appeared in I<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub> treatment. The irrigation water utilization efficiency of I<sub>2</sub> was significantly higher than that of I<sub>1</sub>, with the maximum increase rate of 45.2%. Compared with N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>3</sub> treatments, the maximum increase rate of nitrogen fertilizer productivity and agricultural utilization efficiency in N<sub>2</sub> reached 15.2% and 31.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the treatment with 70%-80% <i>θ</i><sub>f</sub> irrigation level and 210 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup> nitrogen input could effectively improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization and reduce gaseous loss from winter wheat farmland.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.004
Ying-Jun DU, Shi-Jie Li, Li Wang, Shuai Yang, Xin-Ying Jia, Guang-Yu Tian, Fan-Suo Zeng, Ying Xin
To understand the responses of radial growth of Fraxinus mandshurica from different provenances to climatic factors, we used the dendrochronological method to establish the standard chronologies of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances in Maoershan provenance test forest, and analyzed the differences in radial growth and their correlation with climate factors. The results showed that the overall trend of F. mandshurica chronologies from 20 provenances was generally similar. There were differences in growth amplitude, with the average radial growth of F. mandshurica from Dailing, Lushuihe and Sanchazi being the highest. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the highest temperature in July and the average temperature in July except for Huinan. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 14 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation in August. The radial growth of F. mandshurica was constrained by temperature and precipitation during the growing season. There was difference in radial growth among F. mandshurica from different provenances under drought stress. F. mandshurica from Wangqing, Dailing, and Hailin had stronger resistance to drought, while that from Wandianzi, Zhanhe, and Xinglong had better recovery ability after drought.
为了解不同产地梣树径向生长对气候因子的响应,我们采用树木年代学方法建立了毛儿山产地试验林20个产地梣树的标准年代学,并分析了径向生长的差异及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明,20个产地的红豆杉年代学总体趋势基本相似。生长幅度存在差异,其中大岭、泸水河和三岔子的红豆杉平均径向生长量最高。除惠南外,20 个产地的曼殊兰径向生长量与 7 月最高气温和 7 月平均气温呈显著正相关。14 个产地的 F. mandshurica 的径向生长量与 8 月份的降水量呈显著正相关。在生长季节,曼殊兰的径向生长受到温度和降水的制约。在干旱胁迫下,不同产地的 F. mandshurica 的径向生长存在差异。汪清、大岭、海林等地出产的曼殊尔卡黄粉虫抗旱性较强,而湾甸子、沾河、兴隆等地出产的曼殊尔卡黄粉虫旱后恢复能力较强。
{"title":"[Responses of radial growth of <i>Fraxinus mandshurica</i> from different provenances to climate at Maoershan in Northeast China].","authors":"Ying-Jun DU, Shi-Jie Li, Li Wang, Shuai Yang, Xin-Ying Jia, Guang-Yu Tian, Fan-Suo Zeng, Ying Xin","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To understand the responses of radial growth of <i>Fraxinus mandshurica</i> from different provenances to climatic factors, we used the dendrochronological method to establish the standard chronologies of <i>F. mandshurica</i> from 20 provenances in Maoershan provenance test forest, and analyzed the differences in radial growth and their correlation with climate factors. The results showed that the overall trend of <i>F. mandshurica</i> chronologies from 20 provenances was generally similar. There were differences in growth amplitude, with the average radial growth of <i>F. mandshurica</i> from Dailing, Lushuihe and Sanchazi being the highest. The radial growth of <i>F. mandshurica</i> from 20 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the highest temperature in July and the average temperature in July except for Huinan. The radial growth of <i>F. mandshurica</i> from 14 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation in August. The radial growth of <i>F. mandshurica</i> was constrained by temperature and precipitation during the growing season. There was difference in radial growth among <i>F. mandshurica</i> from different provenances under drought stress. <i>F. mandshurica</i> from Wangqing, Dailing, and Hailin had stronger resistance to drought, while that from Wandianzi, Zhanhe, and Xinglong had better recovery ability after drought.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.015
Ming-Liu Wang, Qian-Bin Cao, Mei Lu, Qian-Qian Zuo, Shuang Zhao, Min-Kun Chen, Ping Wang
In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing technology to survey the dry-wet seasonal change characteristics of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in the three restoration stages [i.e., Mallotus paniculatus community (early stage), Millettia leptobotrya community (middle stage), and Syzygium oblatum community (later stage)] of Xishuangbanna tropical forest ecosystems. We analyzed the effects of soil physicochemical characteristics on AOB community composition and diversity during tropical forest restoration. The results showed that tropical forest restoration significantly affected the relative abundance of dominant AOB phyla and their dry-wet seasonal variation. The maximum relative abundance of Proteobacteria (71.3%) was found in the early recovery stage, while that of Actinobacteria was found in the late recovery stage (1.0%). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria had the maximum ranges of dry-wet seasonal variation in the early and late stages, respectively. The abundance of dominant AOB genera and its dry-wet seasonal variation varied across tropical forest restoration stages. The maximum average relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas in the late recovery stage was 66.2% and 1.5%, respectively. In contrast, the abundance of Nitrosovibrio reached its maximum (25.6%) in the early recovery stage. The maximum dry-wet seasonal variation in relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas occurred in the early recovery stage, while that of Nitrosovibrio occurred in the middle recovery stage. The Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices of AOB communities increased along the restoration stages, which were significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil easily oxidized carbon was the main factor controlling AOB community diversity and Actinobacteria abundance. Soil bulk density and temperature were the main factors affecting Proteobacteria abundance. Soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen, bulk density, and temperature were the main factors controlling the abundances of Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosovibrio. Therefore, tropical forest restoration can regulate the change of relative abundance of dominant AOB taxa via mediating the changes of soil temperature, bulk density, and readily oxidized carbon, leading to an increase in soil AOB community diversity.
{"title":"[Seasonal changes of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities during tropical forest restoration].","authors":"Ming-Liu Wang, Qian-Bin Cao, Mei Lu, Qian-Qian Zuo, Shuang Zhao, Min-Kun Chen, Ping Wang","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing technology to survey the dry-wet seasonal change characteristics of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in the three restoration stages [i.e., <i>Mallotus paniculatus</i> community (early stage), <i>Millettia leptobotrya</i> community (middle stage), and <i>Syzygium oblatum</i> community (later stage)] of Xishuangbanna tropical forest ecosystems. We analyzed the effects of soil physicochemical characteristics on AOB community composition and diversity during tropical forest restoration. The results showed that tropical forest restoration significantly affected the relative abundance of dominant AOB phyla and their dry-wet seasonal variation. The maximum relative abundance of Proteobacteria (71.3%) was found in the early recovery stage, while that of Actinobacteria was found in the late recovery stage (1.0%). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria had the maximum ranges of dry-wet seasonal variation in the early and late stages, respectively. The abundance of dominant AOB genera and its dry-wet seasonal variation varied across tropical forest restoration stages. The maximum average relative abundance of <i>Nitrosospira</i> and <i>Nitrosomonas</i> in the late recovery stage was 66.2% and 1.5%, respectively. In contrast, the abundance of <i>Nitrosovibrio</i> reached its maximum (25.6%) in the early recovery stage. The maximum dry-wet seasonal variation in relative abundance of <i>Nitrosospira</i> and <i>Nitrosomonas</i> occurred in the early recovery stage, while that of <i>Nitrosovibrio</i> occurred in the middle recovery stage. The Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices of AOB communities increased along the restoration stages, which were significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil easily oxidized carbon was the main factor controlling AOB community diversity and Actinobacteria abundance. Soil bulk density and temperature were the main factors affecting Proteobacteria abundance. Soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen, bulk density, and temperature were the main factors controlling the abundances of <i>Nitrosospira</i>, <i>Nitrosomonas</i>, and <i>Nitrosovibrio</i>. Therefore, tropical forest restoration can regulate the change of relative abundance of dominant AOB taxa via mediating the changes of soil temperature, bulk density, and readily oxidized carbon, leading to an increase in soil AOB community diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.023
Ruo-Ru Wang, Xiao-Ma Li, De-Xin Gan, Huan-Yao Liu, Le Tang, Zheng-Wu Cai
Understanding the influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation change is the foundation for effective ecosystem management. Based on the 250 m MODIS-NDVI data from 2002 to 2020, we employed Theil-Sen Median trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall test to quantify vegetation change in Hunan Province. By combining with meteorological, nighttime light index, land cover and other data, residual analysis and correlation analysis, we examined the impacts of human activities and climate change on vegetation dynamics at both the pixel level and the county level. The results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in Hunan Province exhibited a spatial pattern of "overall improvement with localized degradation" during 2002-2020. Approximately 64.9% of the study area experienced significant vegetation improvement, mainly occurring in the western and central-southern parts of Hunan Province. 1.4% of the study area experienced significant vegetation degradation, mostly in the newly developed urban areas and the farmland in the Dongting Lake Plain. Human activities and climate change jointly promoted vegetation improvement in 67.9% of the study area. Human activities and climate contributed to 96% and 4% of the NDVI change, respectively. At the county level, human activities contributed to over 80% of the NDVI change in each district or county. The impacts of human activities on vegetation change exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Urban expansion led to vegetation degradation in the newly developed areas, while vegetation growth appeared in the old developed urban areas. The ecological restoration projects promoted vegetation restoration in the western part of Hunan Province. This study could help us better understand the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and their responses to climate change and human activities, which would offer scientific basis for effective ecological restoration policy.
{"title":"[Characteristics and drivers of vegetation temporal dynamics in Hunan Province of China during 2002-2020].","authors":"Ruo-Ru Wang, Xiao-Ma Li, De-Xin Gan, Huan-Yao Liu, Le Tang, Zheng-Wu Cai","doi":"10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.202405.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation change is the foundation for effective ecosystem management. Based on the 250 m MODIS-NDVI data from 2002 to 2020, we employed Theil-Sen Median trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall test to quantify vegetation change in Hunan Province. By combining with meteorological, nighttime light index, land cover and other data, residual analysis and correlation analysis, we examined the impacts of human activities and climate change on vegetation dynamics at both the pixel level and the county level. The results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in Hunan Province exhibited a spatial pattern of \"overall improvement with localized degradation\" during 2002-2020. Approximately 64.9% of the study area experienced significant vegetation improvement, mainly occurring in the western and central-southern parts of Hunan Province. 1.4% of the study area experienced significant vegetation degradation, mostly in the newly developed urban areas and the farmland in the Dongting Lake Plain. Human activities and climate change jointly promoted vegetation improvement in 67.9% of the study area. Human activities and climate contributed to 96% and 4% of the NDVI change, respectively. At the county level, human activities contributed to over 80% of the NDVI change in each district or county. The impacts of human activities on vegetation change exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Urban expansion led to vegetation degradation in the newly developed areas, while vegetation growth appeared in the old developed urban areas. The ecological restoration projects promoted vegetation restoration in the western part of Hunan Province. This study could help us better understand the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and their responses to climate change and human activities, which would offer scientific basis for effective ecological restoration policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":35942,"journal":{"name":"应用生态学报","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}