应用生态学报最新文献

Realizing a modernization of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature is the core content of current ecological civilization construction. Ecology is an important scientific foundation for ecological civilization construction. It is urgent to explore new ways to enhance the perception and regulation of nature, which would contribute new theories and methods to the modernization of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. By fully leveraging modern technology to empower human senses, ecology is rapidly expanding in the form of modernized perception methods, providing several new ways for humans to deeply perceive nature and gradually achieving the modernization of the discipline's development. Under such a background, I argued that ecology should change the current adaptive ecosystem management paradigm that starts from nature conservation and establish a new scientific method system to conduct more precise mutual feedback regulation of the relationship between humans and nature. I proposed a harmonious ecosystem management paradigm that starts from human sensory satisfaction, takes ecosystem services as the link, comprehensively considers supply and demand balance and input-output, and fully cross-links various human sensory experiences with various ecosystem services to precisely regulate the harmonious relationship between humans and nature. The establishment of this new paradigm depends on how modern techno-logy promotes the future development of ecology, requires interdisciplinary integration from natural science to social science, and relies on extensive practice by government departments.

Vegetation plays a crucial role in ecosystem functioning by linking energy flow and material cycling. Understanding vegetation dynamics and their responses to climate is essential for ecosystem conservation. Based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), precipitation, and temperature data of the Jinsha River Basin from 2001 to 2022, we used Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope analysis to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of vegetation cover, while applied partial correlation analysis to explore the lagged responses of vegetation to temperature and precipitation and the lag differences across the responses of different land types. Results showed that vegetation coverage in the basin improved overall from 2001 to 2022, with the increasing rate of NDVI being 0.002·(10 a)^-1. There were significant spatial variations of vegetation changes, with 25.4% of the area showing improvement. The mean NDVI negatively correlated with altitude (correlation coefficient was -0.76). The basin's climate condition exhibited drier and warmer trends. NDVI showed a one-month lagged response to precipitation and a no-lagged response to temperature. Vegetation coverage in cultivated land and shrubland increased, while that in grassland and forest remained stable. The changes in grassland coverage had the strongest correlation with both precipitation and temperature, while forest coverage had the lowest correlation. Land types exhibited varying lag times in their response to the variations of precipitation and temperature. The lag time of precipitation response for cultivated land, grassland, and shrubland was one month, while forest showed an immediate response. The cultivated land and forest showed immediate response to temperature, while grassland and shrublands had significant differences in lag time. These findings would offer scientific basis for ecological protection and resource management in the basin and provide methodological insights for examining vegetation dynamics in other regions.

Micro/nano plastics are emerging pollutants of global concerns due to their environmental persistence and potential ecological toxicity. We reviewed the generation pathways and microbial degradation mechanisms of micro/nano plastics, and assessed the application potential of microbial remediation. The abiotic degradation pro-cesses of micro/nano plastics mainly include photo-oxidation, thermal cracking, mechanical crushing, hydrolysis, and ozone degradation. Microorganisms gradually degrade high-molecular-weight polymers into oligomers and monomers by secreting depolymerases, and ultimately complete the biological mineralization process of micro/nano plastics. Microbial treatment technologies for the degradation of micro/nano plastics mainly include the use of high-tempera-ture resistant bacteria for ultra-high temperature composting and the genetic engineering of strains to synthesize enzymes capable of degrading micro/nano plastics. The bottlenecks for these technologies include low degradation efficiency, poor environmental adaptability, and difficulties in engineering scale-up. Future research should enhance experimental simulations of plastics under weathering or aging conditions, focus on exploring and utilizing microorganisms in extreme environments, and develop degradation enzyme systems based on synthetic biology for modification and optimization. Meanwhile, efforts should be made to promote their coupled application and large-scale verification with solid waste or sludge treatment processes, in order to provide technical support for the effective control of micro/nano plastic pollution.

We conducted an in-situ soil warming (0, +4 ℃) experiment in Samming, Fujian Province to investigate the effects of soil warming on the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and stoichiometry in absorptive and transport roots of Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest during the rainy season (May) and dry season (November). Roots were collected using the in-growth core method. The results showed that in the rainy season, warming did not alter the contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and the N/P in either absorptive roots or transport roots, while C/N in transport roots and Ca/Mg in absorptive roots increased by 40.0% and 82.7%, respectively. In the dry season, warming reduced C, N, P and K contents of absorptive roots by 10.8%, 34.8%, 37.3%, 58.8%, respectively; increased the C/P by 43.8%; reduced C, N, P and Mg contents in transport roots by 4.2%, 27.0%, 28.7%, 20.0%, respectively; and increased C/N by 30.0%. However, there were no significant changes in Ca content, N/P, and Ca/Mg in either absorptive or transport roots. Collectively, warming had a greater impact on the stoichiometric traits of fine roots in the dry season than in the rainy season. In the rainy season, both the control and warming treatments exhibited P limitation or N and P co-limi-tation. In the dry season, both treatments were primarily N-limited. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between K and Ca in absorptive roots and transport roots in warming treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between C, N, C/P of absorptive roots and soil temperature and moisture. Fine roots could maintain stable nutrient absorption following warming in the rainy season, while warming could affect absorption of major nutrient elements in the dry season. Warming did not change nutrient limitation status of natural forest, but significantly affected the stoichiometric characteristics of fine roots by altering soil temperature and moisture.

To elucidate the regulatory effects of aquatic plants on denitrification and ammonia volatilization in sha-llow water ecosystems and the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated the regulatory effects of aquatic plants on denitrification and ammonia volatilization and their key driving factors using meta-analysis based on 421 sets of experimental data from 35 publications published between 2007 and 2024. The results showed that aquatic plants significantly promoted denitrification (by 99.2%) through root exudation of organic matter, improvement of sediment environment, and provision of microbial habitat matrix. Shallow lakes and floating plants exhibited the strongest effects, increasing by 265.4% and 213.6%, respectively. Aquatic plants significantly inhibited ammonia volatilization (by 31.8%) through root absorption of NH₄⁺-N, formation of physical barriers, and secretion of organic acids. The constructed wetlands and submerged plants exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects, reducing ammonia volatilization rates by 38.7% and 60.9%, respectively. The regulatory effects of aquatic plants on denitrification and ammonia volatilization were significantly influenced by environmental factors. Neutral to weakly alkaline pH (7-8), higher temperature (>20 ℃), higher concentration of NO₃^--N (>1 mg·L^-1), and high concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (>10 mg·L^-1) significantly enhanced the promoting effect of aquatic plants on denitrification. High concentration of NH₄⁺-N (>50 mg·L^-1), high concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) (>5 mg·L^-1), low concentration of NO₃^--N (<1 mg·L^-1), and lower concentration of DOC (2-10 mg·L^-1) signi-ficantly weakened such effect. The inhibitory effect of aquatic plants on ammonia volatilization was significantly enhanced at higher temperatures (>20 ℃), and significantly weakened under acidic conditions (pH<7), lower temperatures (<20 ℃), and lower concentration of NH₄⁺-N (<50 mg·L^-1). In summary, aquatic plants in sha-llow water ecosystems can significantly promote denitrification and inhibit ammonia volatilization through multiple mechanisms, and are regulated by environmental factors. These results could provide a scientific basis for nitrogen pollution control and ecological restoration of water bodies.

Knots are common defects in wood, the size of which has a major influence on mechanical performance and visual quality. To elucidate the longitudinal growth patterns of knots, we examined 27 individuals of Larix olgensis from the Mengjiagang Forest Farm in Heilongjiang Province. Based on 1137 knot samples, we simulated the vertical growth dynamics of knots along the stem and developed a predictive model for knot width and sampling strategy. The results showed that Hossfeld model was the best baseline among the seven commonly used models of growth. We further constructed a reparameterized model by incorporating tree-level and knot-level variables, as well as a mixed-effects framework improved with random effects. The mixed-effects model had the best performance, with R² increased to 0.6051 and RMSE reduced to 2.3865. We tested four sampling strategies to calibrate the mixed model, and the results showed that sampling design strongly influenced predictive accuracy. Scheme 2, randomly selecting seven knots from the upper stem, achieved the best balance between accuracy and efficiency. Model parameters indicated that knot width increased with branch insertion height and angle but decreased with increasing height diameter ratio of L. olgensis. We recommended to use the mixed-effects model in forest management combined with sampling of seven upper-stem knots for prediction. Moreover, priority should be given to pruning upper-stem branches to effectively reduce knot width and improve timber quality.

Clarifying the impact of drought on soil microbial composition and carbon utilization efficiency (CUE) would help reveal the mechanisms underlying its effects on soil microbial structure and function in moso bamboo forest. We examined the chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community structure and diversity of soil rhizosphere of moso bamboo in response to simulated drought from 2019 to 2023, and calculated the CUE of rhizosphere soil microorganisms to clarify the impact of drought on rhizosphere soil microbial CUE. The results showed that drought significantly reduced soil pH by 4.8%, total nitrogen by 33.5%, available nitrogen by 38.2%, available phosphorus by 33.0%, and cation exchange capacity by 24.6% on 2-year-old moso bamboo. Under the drought treatment, soil organic carbon in 2-year-old and 4-year-old moso bamboo was significantly decreased by 38.6% and 28.4%, respectively, while easily oxidizable organic carbon in 3-year-old moso bamboo was increased by 21.6%. The response of rhizosphere soil enzyme activity to drought varied with the age of bamboo. β-glucosidase activity of 1- to 4-year-old moso bamboo significantly decreased by 54.0%-78.1%, whereas the leucine aminopeptidase activities of 1-year-old moso bamboo increased by 40.7%. The acid phosphatase activity decreased significantly by 24.2% and 35.6% in 1- and 3-year-old bamboos, respectively, while that of 2-year-old bamboo increased by 44.2%. Drought significantly reduced microbial biomass carbon in the rhizosphere soil of bamboo across all age groups, with the most pronounced decrease being observed in 1-year-old group (46.3%). Soil microbial biomass nitrogen decreased by 5.8% to 33.7% in 1- to 4-year-old groups, with significant reductions in 1- to 3-year-old groups. Drought significantly reduced the Shannon and Simpson indices of soil bacteria (by 11.3% and 38.7%, respectively) as well as the Chao1 and Ace indices of fungi (by 23.0% and 22.5%, respectively) in the 1-year-old group, but did not affect α-diversity of soil microorganisms in other age classes. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased while that of Actinobacteria increased across all bamboo age groups, and the abundance of Ascomycota fungi generally increased. Under drought conditions, the microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in the rhizosphere of bamboos of all ages increased, with an increase ranging from 4.9% to 23.1%, and the highest CUE was observed in 1-year-old group. Structural equation modeling showed that soil microbial CUE was directly influenced by soil nutrient content, nitrogen cycle-related enzyme activities, and changes in microbial community composition, and was indirectly regulated by soil pH. In conclusion, drought significantly altered microbial community composition by modifying soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and increased soil microbial CUE, and such effect diminished with increasing bamboo age.

Yilong Lake, one of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan, is a typical shallow plateau lake with high sensitivity to climate change. Understanding how extreme climate variability affects the basin is therefore critical for regional ecological security and socio-economic development. Based on daily meteorological data from 1979 to 2023 in the Yilong Lake Basin, we analyzed the trends of extreme climate changes and their relationships with atmospheric circulation modes using linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis, and multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) analysis. The results showed that rainfall intensity and air temperature increased significantly from 1979 to 2023, indicating a pronounced warming-wetting trend. Stronger Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases were associated with higher frequencies of heavy precipitation events. Enhanced East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) patterns corresponded to wetter and cooler conditions, and stronger El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases corresponded to hotter and drier conditions. Changes in individual extreme climate indices were synergistically influenced by the combinations of atmospheric circulation modes. Based on the percent area of significant coherence (PASC) of multiple wavelet, the three-mode combination PDO-NAO-EA/WR dominated the variability of consecutive dry days (PASC=26.1%), consecutive wet days (22.5%), cold day index (20.5%), summer days (18.7%), warm night index (13.5%), and the warm day index (10.6%). The four-mode combination PDO-NAO-EA/WR-ENSO dominated the variability of the cold night index (11.0%). PASC differences among multi-mode combinations were not significant for indices such as max 1-day precipitation amount, heavy precipitation days, very wet days, and simple daily intensity index.

In paddy soil-crop system, the mutual transformation of silicon (Si) accelerated biogeochemical cycle, which is a significant factor governing Si export in terrestrial ecosystems. To understand the Si cycling in paddy field and their responses to agricultural management during paddy production, we conducted a 3-year (2020-2022) in-situ monitoring of soil Si and rice Si accumulation in typical rice cultivation systems of Suzhou (rice-rape rotation system, rice-wheat rotation system, rice-wheat/rape rotation system, and integrated rice-aquaculture farming system). We evaluated soil and rice Si pool, as well as the annual Si exchange fluxes in the soil-rice system. The results showed that both the labile and total Si pools exhibited a declining trend during the rice growing season across all the examined systems, reaching their lowest levels at maturity, and followed by a rebound trend with fluctuations. The Si fixation by crops ranged from (431.65±115.73) to (670.33±211.07) kg·hm^-2·a^-1, primarily contributed by rice plant (88.0%-100%). Variations in annual biosilicon production among different rotation systems were mainly influenced by crop combinations under rotation and fallow practices, as well as soil available Si levels. Si input ranged from (61.34±11.26) to (130.36±30.55) kg·hm^-2·a^-1(via irrigation and rainfall), while Si output ranged from (149.20±47.30) to (231.22±83.23) kg·hm^-2·a^-1(via crop harvest). The Si fluxes contributed by crop residues return ranged from (296.60±74.55) to (462.52±139.26) kg·hm^-2·a^-1. From the perspective of crop Si utilization, soil Si pools contributed the most to crop Si accumulation (74.3%-89.5%), followed by the irrigation (11.7%-25.7%). Overall, rice systems in the study area exhibited a net loss of Si. In the short term, both the plant-available Si and amorphous Si pools exhibited a slight decrease, while in the long term, systems with higher net Si output flux exhibited lower content of labile Si. Appropriate Si conservation strategies should be taken to reduce the depletion rate of labile Si in paddy field.