Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny最新文献

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to their large expansion and high mortality represent a serious problem for society. Ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death and morbidity in both men and women in Europe, although is lower in women than in men.

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors and the impact of selected dietary habits on lipid profile and body mass index in adult men hospitalized after myocardial infarction in the Cardiocenter Nitra in 2010-2020.

Material and methods: This study was focused on a group of adult men (n = 193) in the age range of 25 to 85 years. Patients were selected using the method of random selection from the database of those hospitalized in the Cardiocenter Nitra in 2010-2020. We evaluated to influence of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases on lipid profile and BMI of men. The questionnaire for the detection of dietary habits and life style of respondents was used. It was applied individually by interviewer and was compiled by the Institute of Nutrition and Genomics. Data collection was carried out simultaneously with a somatometric and biochemical examination of the respondents ensured by the Cardiocenter Nitra. The following parameters were tested: total cholesterol (T-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TAG) and glucose (GLU) by automatic biochemical analyzer BioMajesty® JCA-BM6010/C. We used statistical analysis of Statistica Cz version 10 and one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test.

Results: The most important risk factor is clearly the lifestyle of the respondents. Only 11% of the respondents had an optimal BMI, 51% were classified as overweight and up to 38% had a BMI higher than 30 kg.m-2. Improper dietary habits and lack of physical activity contributed to the development of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in the majority of respondents. Statistically significant changes in HDL-cholesterol scores were found to be associated with respondents'BMI (p< 0.01).

Conclusions: Studied men after the myocardial infarction should attach particular importance to their diet and lifestyle, which significantly affect BMI, blood lipid parameters and the inflammatory process as risk factors responsible for the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used for almost 100 years in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children - and adults. The intestinal microbiome has a climax character, and the main factor changing its composition and functions is the diet. Both increased biodiversity and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important indicators of gut barrier function. SCFAs are synthesized by microorganisms through the fermentation of dietary fibre provided with the diet. They are an important element in signal transduction from the digestive system to other tissues. To date, there is little research to determine how the use of KD alters the SCFAs profile of the human stool.

Objective: To assess the SCFAs profile in the stool of healthy and active KD users.

Material and methods: Study group: amateur athletes following KD. Control group: amateur athletes following a regular diet (carbohydrates min. 50%); gender: men and women aged 18-60. Material: stool sample (1x10 g). SCFAs content was determined in stool samples using gas chromtography method. Participants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a 72-hour food diary.

Results: There research has shown differences in the amount of SCFAs, as far as the results obtained from the two groups are concerned. The discrepancies referred to the levels of acetic, butyric, iso-butyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between the consumption of selected dietary components (vegetables, fruits, red meat, poultry, fish, nuts and seeds, sugar, sugar substitutes, fats) and the SCFAs content in the stool of the study group.

Conclusions: High consumption of cruciferous and leaf vegetables, berries and nuts on a ketogenic diet may have a positive effect on the profile of short-chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiome. Changing the diet towards a greater supply of plant products may prevent proteolytic fermentation and reduce the negative effects of microbiome changes caused by an oversupply of protein and fat in the ketogenic diet.

Human milk is a first choice in infant nutrition. It not only provides all the nutrients necessary for the proper infant`s development but also contains bioactive factors that provide natural protection against infections. Unfortunately, chemical contaminants can pass to breast milk and pose a health risk for the breastfed infant's health. Acrylamide is a typical process contaminant and in food it is formed as a result of the Maillard reaction. Numerous studies have shown that acrylamide is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic compound. So far there have been published only three studies on the acrylamide content in human milk. In two of them, the acrylamide level in most of the tested samples did not exceed the value of 0.5 μg/L. In the third study, the authors assessed the circulation of acrylamide in the body of two breastfeeding women after consuming products with high acrylamide content. Depending on the time elapsed after the meal, the acrylamide content ranged from 3.17 μg/L to 18.8 μg /L. These studies show that the breastfeeding mothers' diet may have a significant influence on the level of acrylamide in their milk. However, it seems that the acrylamide content in breast milk is also influenced by the time of breast milk collection, including the time elapsed after the mother's meal. To assess the exposure of breastfed infants to acrylamide in human milk, more data is needed on the acrylamide content in human milk at different stages of lactation and using standard protocols for human milk sampling.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. The obesity is a global problem, which is set to increase over time. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and diet appear to play roles in its pathophysiology (e.g., role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome). However, the effects of obesity on the respiratory system are often underappreciated.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare three anthropometric methods to evaluate of fat mass in COPD patients.

Material and methods: Three anthropometric methods of evaluation fat mass in a group of 60 patients with COPD were compared. To the measurement of fat mass were used: (1) Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry method (DEXA), specifically by DEXA densitometer QDR Discovery Wi (S/N 80227) with additional software (Body Composition Analysis); (2) four-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (Bodystat Ltd, British Isles); (3) skin folds measurement (SFM) with caliper (Harpenden Lange Skinfold Caliper, Cambridge Scientific Industries, Inc. Cambridge, Maryland). The measured values were statistically processed and evaluated in a statistical program Statistica Cz. version 7.1 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Differences among anthropometric methods of measurement fat mass were tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Results: DEXA method, generally accepted for assessing body composition, showed an average value of 22.48 ±11.32 kg of fat mass, which corresponds in percentage terms to the value of 29.62±9.28. BIA method for the parameter fat mass in the monitored group of COPD patients was found the mean value 25.08±10.14 kg (in percentages 30.85±8.15). An average value 28.50±8.08% of fat mass, was determined from the skinfolds measurements (SFM) and subsequent calculations. When comparing these methods (DEXA, BIA and SFM) used to determine body composition, a statistically insignificant difference was found (P >0.05).

Conclusions: In this study a good correlation between three anthropometric methods (DEXA, BIA, SFM) for measuring fat mass in patients with COPD and statistically insignificant differences between them were observed. To better define changes in the nutritional status of patients with COPD using anthropometric methods over time, further studies are needed that also monitor the consequences of clinical status, rehabilitation, and nutritional treatment.

Background: E-waste sorting workers usually separate electronic waste. Therefore, they can be exposed to heavy metals.

Objectives: This study compared monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels affected by the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in the blood and their workplace among e-waste sorting workers (EWSW).

Material and methods: The exposed group included 76 EWSW, and the non-exposed group included 49 village health volunteers. An interview form was used to assess the risk factors. We measured Pb, Cd, and Ni on the work surfaces and in the blood, and MAO levels as a neurological enzymes.

Results: Among the EWSW, 42 were males (55.3%), and the mean age (SD) 48.0 (12.64) years, and income were 156.37 ± 88.08 USD. In the work areas of the exposed group, the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Ni were 245.042 (± 613.910), 0.375 (± 0.662), and 46.115 (± 75.740) μg/100 cm2, respectively, while the non-exposed group, the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Ni were 0.609 (± 0.934), 0.167 (± 1.171) and 1.020 (± 0.142) μg/100 cm2. Pb and Ni concentrations in the workplace of the exposed groups were statistically different from that of the non-exposed group. Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations in serum were 6.411 ± 1.492 μg/dL, 0.9480 ± 0.350 μg/L, 2.568 ± 0.468 μg/L, respectively, while in the non-exposed group, the heavy metal concentrations were 6.411 ± 1.620 μg/dL, 0.909 ± 0.277 μg/L, 2.527 ± 0.457 μg/L. The MAO in the exposed group was 362.060 ± 97.981 U/L, while that in the non-exposed group was 369.771 ± 86.752 U/L. Moreover, MAO concentration was significantly different from Ni concentration (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The electronic waste sorting workers should clean their work areas to reduce the Pb, Cd, and Ni levels on the working surfaces, and health surveillance should be performed.

Objectives: To examine the current complementary feeding practices among infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months in India, and factors influencing these practices at child, parental, household and community levels.

Material and methods: Data on 74,095 last-born children aged 6 to 23 months used in this study were obtained from the 2015 India Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Complementary feeding indicators (timely introduction of complementary foods to infants aged 6 to 8 months old, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diets) were estimated, and their associated factors were identified using descriptive and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses.

Results: The prevalence of the timely introduction of complementary foods to infants aged 6 to 8 months was 45.1%. The proportion of children between ages 6 to 23 months who received the minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diets were 36%, 21% and 9.1%, respectively. Findings from the multivariate analyses revealed that mothers of infants delivered at home, mothers who had no antenatal check-up, mothers who are Hindus, mothers living in rural areas or those from the Western/Northern geographical regions of India were at higher risk of suboptimal complementary feeding practices.

Conclusions. Our findings indicate that, among other factors, achieving the recommended four or more antenatal visits was consistently associated with improved complementary feeding practices. Thus, policies that ensure increased coverage and quality of antenatal check-up could improve complementary feeding practices of mothers in India, and help towards achieving sustainable development goal 2, targeted at eradicating hunger and malnutrition.

Background: Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious public health problem in most developing countries, including Morocco, due to poor and therefore lower quality diets that lack dietary diversity.

Objective: The present study aimed to assess dietary diversity and variety and their relationship with micronutrient adequacy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried among 240 children and adolescents with T1D. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Dietary intake data were obtained from two 24-h recalls. A Dietary diversity (DDS) and dietary variety scores (DVS) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and nutritional adequacy ratios (NARs) were calculated and compared according to sociodemographic/anthropometric categories.

Results: 52.1% of the patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 8.49 ± 4.1 years. The mean BMI was 19.44 ± 5.24 kg/m2; the mean DDS was 4.62±1.20 and the mean MAR was 0.66 ± 0.11. Older children living in rural areas have a low DDS/DVS. Parental education and income level are associated with DDS/DVS. General and central obesity were significantly elevated in children with high DDS. In addition, a high intake of vegetables, eggs, fiber and micronutrients (Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Zinc, Phosphorus and Vit B1) is associated with a high DDS; however, high DVS is associated with high consumption of dairy products, carbohydrates and low intake of protein and fat. There are also positive correlations between DDS/DVS and NARs for various nutrients.

Conclusion: The quality of the respondents' diets are moderately diversified. DDS or DVS can be used as indicators of micronutrient adequacy in Moroccan T1D children. Nutritional education needs to be strengthened to improve dietary diversity in children, especially in rural areas.

Background: Background. SARS-CoV-2 virus is one of the largest RNA viruses, included in the coronavirus group, showing tropism to airway epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 causes an acute respiratory infectious disease, Covid-19. According to WHO reports, mortality due to Covid-19 is higher in the elderly and in those burdened with comorbidities such as diabetes, obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, cancer, hypertension, hepatitis B, obesity or chronic kidney disease.

Objective: The aim of the study was to review the current literature on the influence and importance of vitamin D levels on the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Material and method: A systematic review of studies published from January 1, 2009 to June 31, 2021 has been performed. For this purpose, bibliographic databases such as PubMed and Scopus were searched. The following keywords and combinations were used: Covid-19, vitamin D, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, vitamin D supplementation, SARS-CoV-2.

Results: It has been shown that vitamin D plays an important role in the mechanisms of the innate immunity in the course of the acute respiratory infections. The overlapping factors of the severity of COVID-19 disease, vitamin D deficiency, and the prevalence of obesity, age scare, ethnicity, has led some researchers to hypothesize that vitamin D supplementation may be promising as a preventive or therapeutic measure for COVID-19.

Conclusions: A very important factor that has an immunomodulatory character is vitamin D, the adequate supplementation of which can be a preventive or therapeutic measure in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in elderly people, with obesity and other chronic diseases.

Background: Healthy diet plays an important role in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in the prevention of related comorbidities. Dietary diversity score (DDS) is well recognized as an indicator for assessing diet quality and food security. However, its association with CKD has not been investigated.

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CKD and to evaluate its association with DDS among a Moroccan adults from Sidi Bennour province.

Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 210 individuals. General information among others was collected. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood samples were collected and the serum creatinine was determined. Subsequent glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula and the chronic kidney disease was defined by an eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m². Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hours dietary recall, and DDS was computed according to the FAO guidelines.

Results: The participants mean age was 54.18±13.45 years, with a sex ratio of 0.38 and 4.4% as the prevalence of chronic kidney disease. The dietary diversity score was lower than 3 (lowest DDS) in 14.4% of the subjects, between 4 and 5 (medium DDS) in 72.5% and higher than 6 (high DDS) in 13.1% of the subjects. Subjects with higher DDS consistently have a higher level of eGFR compared to those with lower DDS while the DDS was not associated with the incidence of CKD in the present study.

Conclusion: Even if no statistically significant association was found between CKD and dietary diversity, there is a relationship of higher eGFR levels among the study participants with higher dietary diversity.

Human breast milk due to its unique composition and the ability to adapt to the needs of the infant, is referred to as the "gold standard". Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of a inflant's life. The composition of breast milk and its metabolites is not constant and varies depending on the influence of various factors. Its analysis allows for rational management of infant nutrition. Intermediate and final metabolites of human milk are formed as a result of various metabolic processes in the mammary gland, and their role and the influence of various factors on them are not fully determined in the context of the proper development of infants. Metabolomic studies can be used to identify intermediate and terminal metabolites in breast milk. The aim of the study was to review the current literature on the variability of human milk metabolome depending on factors such as gestational age, lactation stage and mother's diet. A review of current research shows that the composition of human milk metabolome varies depending on various factors. Better understanding of metabolome of breast milk could be crucial in the future programming of metabolic processes in infants, which is crucial in preventing many diseases and maintaining health.