Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202279
Balaji Dhanasekaran
This case report presents a case of a very rare scenario of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), atticoantral (squamosal) type presenting with thalamic abscess and isolation of a rare microorganism Streptococcus sanguinis.
{"title":"Otogenic Thalamic Abscess - An Unusual Presentation","authors":"Balaji Dhanasekaran","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202279","url":null,"abstract":"This case report presents a case of a very rare scenario of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), atticoantral (squamosal) type presenting with thalamic abscess and isolation of a rare microorganism Streptococcus sanguinis.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45894248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202264
Vijay Kumar
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar, VL) is a vector-borne illness that affects people all over the world. Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) has been recognised as a tool for eliminating the illness. In the context of Kala-azar elimination, it is critical to address evidence-based studies on IRS success and failure. Methodology: For the literature search, the Internet was used. The following websites were visited: PubMed, Google Search Engine, ResearchGate, NVBDCP sites, and WHO/TDR sites. We utilised keywords like leishmaniasis vector, indoor residual spray, eradication of visceral leishmaniasis, and sand fly ecology in our search, and we also visited the library of ICMR-RMRI for the journals which we could not find on the internet. Result: The success of IRS may be shown in the progress made in controlling kala-azar in Assam via vector control. This accomplishment, however, could not be duplicated in Bihar. We looked at all of the studies that dealt with insecticides and vector control. In addition, policies and papers produced by the Indian government and the World Health Organization (WHO) from time to time were included. Suboptimal pesticide usage, a lack of effective IRS M&E, and the use of resistance insecticides have all been concerns in vector control, resulting in failure to meet elimination objectives. Conclusion: It is suggested that strong Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is needed particularly during the low transmission period. Restrictive use of insecticide associated with other control measures will be helpful. Determination of infectivity rate in vector and accordingly application of intervention will stop the unscrupulous use of the insecticide.
{"title":"An Opinion based on a Retrospective Study on Vector Management for the Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis and its Sustenance","authors":"Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202264","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar, VL) is a vector-borne illness that affects people all over the world. Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) has been recognised as a tool for eliminating the illness. In the context of Kala-azar elimination, it is critical to address evidence-based studies on IRS success and failure. Methodology: For the literature search, the Internet was used. The following websites were visited: PubMed, Google Search Engine, ResearchGate, NVBDCP sites, and WHO/TDR sites. We utilised keywords like leishmaniasis vector, indoor residual spray, eradication of visceral leishmaniasis, and sand fly ecology in our search, and we also visited the library of ICMR-RMRI for the journals which we could not find on the internet. Result: The success of IRS may be shown in the progress made in controlling kala-azar in Assam via vector control. This accomplishment, however, could not be duplicated in Bihar. We looked at all of the studies that dealt with insecticides and vector control. In addition, policies and papers produced by the Indian government and the World Health Organization (WHO) from time to time were included. Suboptimal pesticide usage, a lack of effective IRS M&E, and the use of resistance insecticides have all been concerns in vector control, resulting in failure to meet elimination objectives. Conclusion: It is suggested that strong Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is needed particularly during the low transmission period. Restrictive use of insecticide associated with other control measures will be helpful. Determination of infectivity rate in vector and accordingly application of intervention will stop the unscrupulous use of the insecticide.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44168179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202271
E. Hassan
Introduction: Globally, Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia) is a protozoan parasite that has the ability to cause sporadic or epidemic infectious diarrhoea. Giardia infection is a crucial cause of waterborne and foodborne disease, outbreaks in the daycare centre, and international travel-related infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Giardia lamblia infection on serum MUC2 and lipid profile. Patients and Methods: From March to April 2021, a case-control study was conducted on 48 patients with giardiasis who attended AL-Hakeem Hospital in Najaf Province in Iraq and 24 healthy adults as a control group. Stool examinations were done using standard techniques for the identification of the parasitic infection. Results: The results showed a significantly higher concentration (130.57 ± 4.04 ng/ml, and 130.11 ± 3.6 ng/ml) (p < 0.05 of MUC2 in G. lamblia infected patients (males and females) in comparison to the individuals of the control group. In addition, significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) of cholesterol, VLDL, TG, and LDL were found in comparison to the control individuals, whereas the concentration of HDL was significantly lower (p < 0.05 in patients infected with G. lamblia as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study revealed that MUC2 and lipid profile are valuable biomarkers that help in the diagnosis of G. lamblia parasite infection.
{"title":"Mucin2 and Lipid Profile Estimation in Giardia Lamblia Infected Patients: A Case-control Study","authors":"E. Hassan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202271","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Globally, Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia) is a protozoan parasite that has the ability to cause sporadic or epidemic infectious diarrhoea. Giardia infection is a crucial cause of waterborne and foodborne disease, outbreaks in the daycare centre, and international travel-related infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Giardia lamblia infection on serum MUC2 and lipid profile. Patients and Methods: From March to April 2021, a case-control study was conducted on 48 patients with giardiasis who attended AL-Hakeem Hospital in Najaf Province in Iraq and 24 healthy adults as a control group. Stool examinations were done using standard techniques for the identification of the parasitic infection. Results: The results showed a significantly higher concentration (130.57 ± 4.04 ng/ml, and 130.11 ± 3.6 ng/ml) (p < 0.05 of MUC2 in G. lamblia infected patients (males and females) in comparison to the individuals of the control group. In addition, significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) of cholesterol, VLDL, TG, and LDL were found in comparison to the control individuals, whereas the concentration of HDL was significantly lower (p < 0.05 in patients infected with G. lamblia as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study revealed that MUC2 and lipid profile are valuable biomarkers that help in the diagnosis of G. lamblia parasite infection.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46919278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202269
Netrananda Sahu
Background: Kalahandi district of Odisha is a well-known place on the world map for its poverty, starvation, diseases, and deaths. The population of the district is dominated by the tribals and marginalised schedule caste population. Combing all these factors, this district has become one of the most sensitive and vulnerable districts of the country concerning climatic variability and human health. Objective: The objectives of this study were to explore the knowledge and perception of people from 13 blocks of Kalahandi towards climate change/ variability and its relationship with human health, its footprints, and coping strategies available to them. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was carried out among the respondents from 13 blocks. A total of 208 respondents were selected through a simple random sampling method through convenience sampling. Result: The majority of the respondents (86%) were not aware of the terms like climate change/ variability and belonged to the vulnerable class (44% ST and 20% SC) of the society. Most of them agreed to the fact that there are changes in all three (summer, monsoon, and winter) seasons of a year. The most significant finding of the survey is the increase in the “diseases of affluence” in a tribal-dominated district. An increase in hypertension, diabetes, joint pain, and skin diseases in the last 10 to 15 years was mentioned by 41%, 32%, 28%, and 24% of participants respectively. Conclusion: The study will be very helpful in comprehending the ground realities of their understanding of climate variations and the impact on health, and further aid in better policy formations.
{"title":"Knowledge, Perception, and Behaviour Concerning Impact of Climate Variability on Health: A Cross-sectional Study in the Tribal-dominated Kalahandi District of Odisha, India","authors":"Netrananda Sahu","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202269","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kalahandi district of Odisha is a well-known place on the world map for its poverty, starvation, diseases, and deaths. The population of the district is dominated by the tribals and marginalised schedule caste population. Combing all these factors, this district has become one of the most sensitive and vulnerable districts of the country concerning climatic variability and human health. Objective: The objectives of this study were to explore the knowledge and perception of people from 13 blocks of Kalahandi towards climate change/ variability and its relationship with human health, its footprints, and coping strategies available to them. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was carried out among the respondents from 13 blocks. A total of 208 respondents were selected through a simple random sampling method through convenience sampling. Result: The majority of the respondents (86%) were not aware of the terms like climate change/ variability and belonged to the vulnerable class (44% ST and 20% SC) of the society. Most of them agreed to the fact that there are changes in all three (summer, monsoon, and winter) seasons of a year. The most significant finding of the survey is the increase in the “diseases of affluence” in a tribal-dominated district. An increase in hypertension, diabetes, joint pain, and skin diseases in the last 10 to 15 years was mentioned by 41%, 32%, 28%, and 24% of participants respectively. Conclusion: The study will be very helpful in comprehending the ground realities of their understanding of climate variations and the impact on health, and further aid in better policy formations.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202265
A. A
Introduction: The incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and their complications has been known for several years. The only way to reduce HCAI rates, and to improve the knowledge of standard precautions and abidance among doctors is by incorporating infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the curriculum of medical students. Objective: To determine the knowledge and practice of infection prevention and control measures among medical students. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 146 medical students in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year of their MBBS in a private medical college, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu. Students were asked to fill a pretested semi-structured questionnaire comprising questions on socio-demographic details, knowledge and practice on hand hygiene and standard precautions, cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene, and personal protective equipment usage. The collected information was analysed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: 134 students had adequate knowledge about the standard precautions and hand hygiene, 143 had adequate knowledge of cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene and 115 had adequate knowledge about the use of personal protective equipment. Only 21 students always followed all 8 steps of hand-washing, and 46 students followed proper donning and doffing instructions. Female students were found to have adequate knowledge of precautions and hand hygiene. Conclusion: It is clear from the study that students’ knowledge about IPC measures is adequate but their practice is not satisfactory which can be improved by conducting practical sessions and workshops on IPC and multilateral strategies approach.
{"title":"Assessment of Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Medical Students of a Medical College in Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu","authors":"A. A","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202265","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and their complications has been known for several years. The only way to reduce HCAI rates, and to improve the knowledge of standard precautions and abidance among doctors is by incorporating infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in the curriculum of medical students. Objective: To determine the knowledge and practice of infection prevention and control measures among medical students. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 146 medical students in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year of their MBBS in a private medical college, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu. Students were asked to fill a pretested semi-structured questionnaire comprising questions on socio-demographic details, knowledge and practice on hand hygiene and standard precautions, cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene, and personal protective equipment usage. The collected information was analysed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: 134 students had adequate knowledge about the standard precautions and hand hygiene, 143 had adequate knowledge of cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene and 115 had adequate knowledge about the use of personal protective equipment. Only 21 students always followed all 8 steps of hand-washing, and 46 students followed proper donning and doffing instructions. Female students were found to have adequate knowledge of precautions and hand hygiene. Conclusion: It is clear from the study that students’ knowledge about IPC measures is adequate but their practice is not satisfactory which can be improved by conducting practical sessions and workshops on IPC and multilateral strategies approach.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202272
R. R
Introduction: India, being a receptive area for yellow fever (YF), has been enforcing vector control measures to keep its international seaports, airports, and ground crossings between nations free from Stegomyia(Aedes) mosquitoes to prevent any possible introduction of YF in the country. To comply with the International Health Regulations (IHR) concerned with maintaining Stegomyia free zone in and around Points of Entry (PoE),entomological surveillance was carried out under the aegis of the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Calicut, (Kerala branch)in and around the International airport, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Method: In order to assess the seasonal variation of Stegomyiaprevalence, vector surveillance was carried out during two successive seasons i.e., first during May 2019 (pre-monsoon) and second during October 2019 (post-monsoon). The entomological surveillance was done using a structured container data format, vector prevalence study, direct observation, interviewing inhabitants and imparting awareness. Results: In pre-monsoon, no Stegomyia breeding sites could be located inside the airport, while below critical level Stegomyia larval indices were found in the peripheral areas. In the post-monsoon study, high-level Stegomyia larval indices were noticed inside the airport. In the peripheral areas, as in the case of pre-monsoon observation, below critical level indices were observed. Conclusion: The Stegomyia larval indices were high inside the airport during post-monsoon surveillance. This necessitates regular vector surveillance, periodic assessment and vector control activities to prevent vector-borne diseases in and around the airport.
{"title":"Need for Strict Adherence to International Health Regulations - Entomological Surveillance at Mangalore International Airport","authors":"R. R","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202272","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: India, being a receptive area for yellow fever (YF), has been enforcing vector control measures to keep its international seaports, airports, and ground crossings between nations free from Stegomyia(Aedes) mosquitoes to prevent any possible introduction of YF in the country. To comply with the International Health Regulations (IHR) concerned with maintaining Stegomyia free zone in and around Points of Entry (PoE),entomological surveillance was carried out under the aegis of the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Calicut, (Kerala branch)in and around the International airport, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Method: In order to assess the seasonal variation of Stegomyiaprevalence, vector surveillance was carried out during two successive seasons i.e., first during May 2019 (pre-monsoon) and second during October 2019 (post-monsoon). The entomological surveillance was done using a structured container data format, vector prevalence study, direct observation, interviewing inhabitants and imparting awareness. Results: In pre-monsoon, no Stegomyia breeding sites could be located inside the airport, while below critical level Stegomyia larval indices were found in the peripheral areas. In the post-monsoon study, high-level Stegomyia larval indices were noticed inside the airport. In the peripheral areas, as in the case of pre-monsoon observation, below critical level indices were observed. Conclusion: The Stegomyia larval indices were high inside the airport during post-monsoon surveillance. This necessitates regular vector surveillance, periodic assessment and vector control activities to prevent vector-borne diseases in and around the airport.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49221336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202281
Arvind Nath
{"title":"Malaria Vaccine for India in the Future","authors":"Arvind Nath","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42150563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202278
E. Harikrishnan
Dengue is a highly prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. The majority of dengue cases are benign but rare complications and presentations are seen increasingly due to the rising burden of the disease mainly in tropical countries. In dengue, clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic infection to severe disease. Dengue fever is characterised by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, headache and bleeding manifestations. We report a rare case of dengue fever complicated with acute myocarditis. The patient recovered gradually with supportive care.
{"title":"Fulminant Myocarditis: A Very Rare Manifestation of Dengue Fever","authors":"E. Harikrishnan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202278","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is a highly prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. The majority of dengue cases are benign but rare complications and presentations are seen increasingly due to the rising burden of the disease mainly in tropical countries. In dengue, clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic infection to severe disease. Dengue fever is characterised by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, headache and bleeding manifestations. We report a rare case of dengue fever complicated with acute myocarditis. The patient recovered gradually with supportive care.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202268
Srinivas Rao Namala
A study conducted in an area encircled by rice paddies on a rodent abundance, population, and flea vector index during normal and rodent outbreak periods revealed that the rodent populations of rice paddies were colonised in rice fields and are not migrated much to the residential areas even during the outbreak years. The predominance of Rattus rattus (94.2%) was recorded among the rodent species in residential premises, whereas in rice paddies, it was lesser bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis (98.9%). Among the structures in a residential area, bakeries were the most infested with pest rodents followed by grocery and vegetable stores. The recorded rat flea index of below 1 from the animals trapped in residential premises and no progression in fever and other ill health conditions among the residents even during field rodent outbreak years show no risk of zoonotic diseases like plague. Rodenticide poison offered through liquids has recorded high intake and control success over the market available ready-to-use bait cakes.
{"title":"ZoonosisImpact of Rodent Outbreaks in Rice Paddies on Incidence of Rodent-borne Zoonosis in Human Populations","authors":"Srinivas Rao Namala","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202268","url":null,"abstract":"A study conducted in an area encircled by rice paddies on a rodent abundance, population, and flea vector index during normal and rodent outbreak periods revealed that the rodent populations of rice paddies were colonised in rice fields and are not migrated much to the residential areas even during the outbreak years. The predominance of Rattus rattus (94.2%) was recorded among the rodent species in residential premises, whereas in rice paddies, it was lesser bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis (98.9%). Among the structures in a residential area, bakeries were the most infested with pest rodents followed by grocery and vegetable stores. The recorded rat flea index of below 1 from the animals trapped in residential premises and no progression in fever and other ill health conditions among the residents even during field rodent outbreak years show no risk of zoonotic diseases like plague. Rodenticide poison offered through liquids has recorded high intake and control success over the market available ready-to-use bait cakes.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43809117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202274
D. Karotia
Background: Despite the achievement of elimination of leprosy in 2005 at the national level, India still has more than a dozen states reporting a Grade II Disability (G2D) rate of > 2 per million populations, and over two-fifth of districts are high or moderate endemic. It is necessary to understand the factors leading to continued endemicity and disability in these districts to plan strategies and achieve the envisaged targets of NLEP. Method: To identify individual, environmental, socio-demographic, and health system-related factors responsible for leprosy and disability occurrence in a high endemic district of Bihar, case-control design was adopted. A total of 896 individuals (448 cases and 448 controls - excluding family members; matched with age and gender) were interviewed with pre-designed, pre-tested schedules. Blocks were stratified based on the proportion of G2D among new cases detected (NCD) in the year 2019 to draw samples in proportion to NCD. Descriptive, stratified, bivariate and multinomial logistic regression was done to find the association among factors. Results: Factors found significant for leprosy occurrence were Scheduled Caste (SC) category, education less than 8th class, unemployment, living in the household without windows/ light/ safe water supply, kutcha type, family income less than INR 8000, and history of leprosy patients in family/ friends. Further age more than 14 years, ST category, reporting delay of 6-12 months, remoteness of health facility, financial constraints etc. were found significant for disability occurrence. Conclusion: Further exploration in this area and designing strategies considering these factors may help in controlling this chronic disease in endemic areas and preventing related disability.
{"title":"Risk Factors associated with Leprosy and its Disability in Araria, A High Endemic District of India","authors":"D. Karotia","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202274","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite the achievement of elimination of leprosy in 2005 at the national level, India still has more than a dozen states reporting a Grade II Disability (G2D) rate of > 2 per million populations, and over two-fifth of districts are high or moderate endemic. It is necessary to understand the factors leading to continued endemicity and disability in these districts to plan strategies and achieve the envisaged targets of NLEP. Method: To identify individual, environmental, socio-demographic, and health system-related factors responsible for leprosy and disability occurrence in a high endemic district of Bihar, case-control design was adopted. A total of 896 individuals (448 cases and 448 controls - excluding family members; matched with age and gender) were interviewed with pre-designed, pre-tested schedules. Blocks were stratified based on the proportion of G2D among new cases detected (NCD) in the year 2019 to draw samples in proportion to NCD. Descriptive, stratified, bivariate and multinomial logistic regression was done to find the association among factors. Results: Factors found significant for leprosy occurrence were Scheduled Caste (SC) category, education less than 8th class, unemployment, living in the household without windows/ light/ safe water supply, kutcha type, family income less than INR 8000, and history of leprosy patients in family/ friends. Further age more than 14 years, ST category, reporting delay of 6-12 months, remoteness of health facility, financial constraints etc. were found significant for disability occurrence. Conclusion: Further exploration in this area and designing strategies considering these factors may help in controlling this chronic disease in endemic areas and preventing related disability.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42837443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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