Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202287
Raja D
Introduction: Immunisation is the most effective public health intervention for reducing morbidity and mortality among young children. Even though we have witnessed an increase in immunization status, the lag in vaccinating younger children and the rural-urban gap in immunizing kids is still a matter of concern. Any disruption in the ongoing immunization services might even contribute to the initiation of the secondary outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the immunization status of children under 2 years of age in Kelambakkam, along with the determinants of missed/delayed immunization using a semi-structured questionnaire to the parents of children below 2 years of age residing in Kelambakkam area of Chengalpattu district. Results: Delay in immunization was recorded in 34.28% of children among the entire study participants. Vaccines like MR1 (Measles, Rubella), and PCV Booster given at 9 months were delayed in 25% of children. Immunization delay and birth order of the baby were found to be significantly associated with each other. Conclusion: The delivery of basic health services like childhood immunization in Chengalpattu was majorly disrupted due to the ongoing pandemic. The findings of our study may be considered a basic reference for implementing any plan of action to improve childhood vaccination coverage during an epidemic or natural disaster or pandemic.
{"title":"Delayed Childhood Immunization and its Associated Factors in Children under 2 Years of Age in Kelambakkam, Chengalpattu District","authors":"Raja D","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202287","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Immunisation is the most effective public health intervention for reducing morbidity and mortality among young children. Even though we have witnessed an increase in immunization status, the lag in vaccinating younger children and the rural-urban gap in immunizing kids is still a matter of concern. Any disruption in the ongoing immunization services might even contribute to the initiation of the secondary outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the immunization status of children under 2 years of age in Kelambakkam, along with the determinants of missed/delayed immunization using a semi-structured questionnaire to the parents of children below 2 years of age residing in Kelambakkam area of Chengalpattu district. Results: Delay in immunization was recorded in 34.28% of children among the entire study participants. Vaccines like MR1 (Measles, Rubella), and PCV Booster given at 9 months were delayed in 25% of children. Immunization delay and birth order of the baby were found to be significantly associated with each other. Conclusion: The delivery of basic health services like childhood immunization in Chengalpattu was majorly disrupted due to the ongoing pandemic. The findings of our study may be considered a basic reference for implementing any plan of action to improve childhood vaccination coverage during an epidemic or natural disaster or pandemic.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45935223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202288
Akwu Bp
ntroduction:The emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium strains, especially Plasmodium falciparum, has become a major concern for health professionals when it comes to malaria prophylaxis and treatment, limiting medication options, necessitating the search for new antimalarial drugs derived from plants. In mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, the antimalarial function of Momordica charantia stem crude methanolic extract and solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) was examined. Method:Starting on the day the infection was identified, the extract and fractions were administered continuously for four days. Tween 80 (0.3 ml) was given to the control group, while the standard reference drugs were chloroquine (10 mg/kgbw) and arteether (3 mg/kgbw) which were given for three days. The crude extract and fractions were tested for antimalarial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected mice using a four-day suppressive test. Result: At 500 mg/kgbw, the crude extract, hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction developed 80.62, 90.09, 91.23, and 81.72 per cent chemosuppression respectively, on day 6 after infection. Chemosuppression was 100% for chloroquine and 90% for arteether. Conclusion: These results showed that the crude extract and solvent fractions of Momordica charantia stem had antiplasmodial efficacy comparable to the reference drug, indicating that the plant could be used as a natural antimalarial agent.
{"title":"Antimalarial Activity of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Stem of Momordica Charantia in Plasmodium Berghei Infected Mice","authors":"Akwu Bp","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202288","url":null,"abstract":"ntroduction:The emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium strains, especially Plasmodium falciparum, has become a major concern for health professionals when it comes to malaria prophylaxis and treatment, limiting medication options, necessitating the search for new antimalarial drugs derived from plants. In mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, the antimalarial function of Momordica charantia stem crude methanolic extract and solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) was examined. Method:Starting on the day the infection was identified, the extract and fractions were administered continuously for four days. Tween 80 (0.3 ml) was given to the control group, while the standard reference drugs were chloroquine (10 mg/kgbw) and arteether (3 mg/kgbw) which were given for three days. The crude extract and fractions were tested for antimalarial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected mice using a four-day suppressive test. Result: At 500 mg/kgbw, the crude extract, hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction developed 80.62, 90.09, 91.23, and 81.72 per cent chemosuppression respectively, on day 6 after infection. Chemosuppression was 100% for chloroquine and 90% for arteether. Conclusion: These results showed that the crude extract and solvent fractions of Momordica charantia stem had antiplasmodial efficacy comparable to the reference drug, indicating that the plant could be used as a natural antimalarial agent.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45913503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202293
Renu Gupta
This review study envisages the role of insecticide-elicited mosquito behaviour for disease eradication programmes. Changes in behaviour due to insecticides may, at times, be of more practical importance than the actual lethal effect of the insecticide, especially if these changes help to disrupt the contact between man and mosquito. Two important aspects of mosquito behaviour, either repellency or irritability and biting patterns in response to insecticide exposure have been taken into consideration. This paper throws light on the significance of two synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, when impregnated into mosquito nets for self-protection and vector control. The determination of any changes with respect to behaviour of mosquitoes, before and after the introduction of bed nets is reflected in the potential of the mosquitoes to transmit diseases and can be of great epidemiological significance in mosquito abatement programmes.
{"title":"Role of Pyrethroid-elicited Mosquito Behaviour in Control Programmes","authors":"Renu Gupta","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202293","url":null,"abstract":"This review study envisages the role of insecticide-elicited mosquito behaviour for disease eradication programmes. Changes in behaviour due to insecticides may, at times, be of more practical importance than the actual lethal effect of the insecticide, especially if these changes help to disrupt the contact between man and mosquito. Two important aspects of mosquito behaviour, either repellency or irritability and biting patterns in response to insecticide exposure have been taken into consideration. This paper throws light on the significance of two synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, when impregnated into mosquito nets for self-protection and vector control. The determination of any changes with respect to behaviour of mosquitoes, before and after the introduction of bed nets is reflected in the potential of the mosquitoes to transmit diseases and can be of great epidemiological significance in mosquito abatement programmes.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44861013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202294
P. Rajagopalan
Leland B. Yeager believes that armchair theorizing is more than just the “simple sterile juggling of arbitrary assumptions” that occurs in the absence of fieldwork or the conventional scientific process. The scientific approach, which requires active examination of nature through data collection, contrasts with armchair scholarship. Even if an empirical scientist and an armchair philosopher use distinct methodologies, they might work together to uncover new facts or insights. The anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski was a vocal opponent of armchair theory, and his ideas are frequently summed up by the phrase “get off the verandah.” Encouraging fieldwork and observation. There are hundreds of publications on Kyasanur Forest Disease during the last several decades, mostly from data already published, a computer analyzed and dished out with fancy titles. It never mattered to science.” I have been trying to tell the same thing to our Indian colleagues, particularly during the last two or more decades, who are wedded to theorizing from stale data collected by others and stored in computers.
{"title":"KFD-Present State of Knowledge","authors":"P. Rajagopalan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202294","url":null,"abstract":"Leland B. Yeager believes that armchair theorizing is more than just the “simple sterile juggling of arbitrary assumptions” that occurs in the absence of fieldwork or the conventional scientific process. The scientific approach, which requires active examination of nature through data collection, contrasts with armchair scholarship. Even if an empirical scientist and an armchair philosopher use distinct methodologies, they might work together to uncover new facts or insights. The anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski was a vocal opponent of armchair theory, and his ideas are frequently summed up by the phrase “get off the verandah.” Encouraging fieldwork and observation. There are hundreds of publications on Kyasanur Forest Disease during the last several decades, mostly from data already published, a computer analyzed and dished out with fancy titles. It never mattered to science.” I have been trying to tell the same thing to our Indian colleagues, particularly during the last two or more decades, who are wedded to theorizing from stale data collected by others and stored in computers.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49295229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202286
T. Joy
Introduction: Elephantoid legs due to past LF infection are common in Cherthala, Alappuzha, Kerala. The physical disability refers to impairment of bodily functions and difficulties in performing daily chores. The study aims to assess the quality of life of filarial patients in the post MDA phase. Objectives: To assess the quality of life of lymphatic filariasis patients in the post MDA phase. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Thaickal and Chethy Panchayats of Cherthala through health camps with the help of the Accedited social health activists (ASHAs). People with lymphoedema living in these areas were considered eligible for the study after taking their consent. 114 chronic filarial patients were recruited for the study employing a validated questionnaire; Lymphatic Filariasis Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (LFSQQ). The domain scores were expressed as mean with standard deviation. An independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores among various groups based on demographic characters. Results: Among the 7 domains,the least score was for the mobility domain indicating that mobility was the major concern affecting in their quality of life. The highest domain score was observed in the Psychological Health domain indicating that they have mentally adjusted to this condition. Conclusion: In the present study to assess the quality of life of LF patients, the least domain score was for mobility and the highest domain score was for Psychological Health.
{"title":"Assessing the Quality of the Life of Lymphatic Filariasis Patients with Elephantoid Legs in a Post Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Phase Residing in Cherthala Taluk, Alappuzha","authors":"T. Joy","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202286","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Elephantoid legs due to past LF infection are common in Cherthala, Alappuzha, Kerala. The physical disability refers to impairment of bodily functions and difficulties in performing daily chores. The study aims to assess the quality of life of filarial patients in the post MDA phase. Objectives: To assess the quality of life of lymphatic filariasis patients in the post MDA phase. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Thaickal and Chethy Panchayats of Cherthala through health camps with the help of the Accedited social health activists (ASHAs). People with lymphoedema living in these areas were considered eligible for the study after taking their consent. 114 chronic filarial patients were recruited for the study employing a validated questionnaire; Lymphatic Filariasis Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (LFSQQ). The domain scores were expressed as mean with standard deviation. An independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores among various groups based on demographic characters. Results: Among the 7 domains,the least score was for the mobility domain indicating that mobility was the major concern affecting in their quality of life. The highest domain score was observed in the Psychological Health domain indicating that they have mentally adjusted to this condition. Conclusion: In the present study to assess the quality of life of LF patients, the least domain score was for mobility and the highest domain score was for Psychological Health.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41772448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202285
Manasi Panda
Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) of all warm-blooded animals, including mammals. Research studies and experience from across the world have demonstrated that appropriate administration of a combination of (a) local wound treatment, (b) anti-rabies vaccination and (c) passive immunization have proved to be quite effective in preventing the occurrence of rabies. As far as passive immunization is concerned, polyclonal plasma-derived rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) pose a number of limitations with scarce supply, high cost, etc. amongst many others. On the contrary Rabies Monoclonal Antibodies (R-mAb) are much cheaper, permit longer-term storage, etc. and hence could offer a more standardized, accessible, affordable and equally efficacious and safer alternative to RIG. Accordingly, this article has tried to throw light on the transition from RIG to monoclonal antibody-based Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) which has been recommended by the WHO strongly. The advantages, limitations and future scope of R-mAb have been discussed at length to give a comprehensive idea about this novel invention in the field of medicine.
{"title":"Rabies-Monoclonal Antibody - A Perspective","authors":"Manasi Panda","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202285","url":null,"abstract":"Rabies is an acute viral zoonotic disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) of all warm-blooded animals, including mammals. Research studies and experience from across the world have demonstrated that appropriate administration of a combination of (a) local wound treatment, (b) anti-rabies vaccination and (c) passive immunization have proved to be quite effective in preventing the occurrence of rabies. As far as passive immunization is concerned, polyclonal plasma-derived rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) pose a number of limitations with scarce supply, high cost, etc. amongst many others. On the contrary Rabies Monoclonal Antibodies (R-mAb) are much cheaper, permit longer-term storage, etc. and hence could offer a more standardized, accessible, affordable and equally efficacious and safer alternative to RIG. Accordingly, this article has tried to throw light on the transition from RIG to monoclonal antibody-based Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) which has been recommended by the WHO strongly. The advantages, limitations and future scope of R-mAb have been discussed at length to give a comprehensive idea about this novel invention in the field of medicine.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43622304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202266
P. Shanmugam
Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection affecting humans. The main sources of infection are animal reservoir hosts and man is the accidental host in the disease transmission process. The diagnosis is usually made by microscopy, culture, molecular techniques, and serological tests like ELISA, MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) and MSAT (Macroscopic Slide Agglutination Test). The ELISA method to detect IgM antibodies is used as a good cost-effective testing method. An increasing titre of IgM antibody is a sign of active leptospirosis. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospirainfection over a 10-year period in a tertiary care hospital located in Kelambakkam village in Chengalpattu district. Material and Method: The samples were tested for the presence of specific Leptospira IgM antibodies in the patient’s serum using the Panbio Leptospira IgM ELISA kit. The samples were reported as positive/ negative/ equivocal accordingly. Results: This retrospective study included a total of 2035 patients, clinically suspected of leptospirosis, over a 10-year period from 2011 to 2021. 186 patients tested positive for specific IgM antibodies by ELISA method,giving an overall prevalence rate of 9.14%. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis over a time period of more than 10 years is highlighted in our study. Clinical suspicion of leptospirosis should be kept in mind at all times, especially now during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Panbio Leptospira IgM ELISA test kit used in our study proves to be a very useful method for diagnostic purposes, especially in limited-resource settings.
{"title":"Changing Trends in the Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Kelambakkam: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study","authors":"P. Shanmugam","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202266","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection affecting humans. The main sources of infection are animal reservoir hosts and man is the accidental host in the disease transmission process. The diagnosis is usually made by microscopy, culture, molecular techniques, and serological tests like ELISA, MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) and MSAT (Macroscopic Slide Agglutination Test). The ELISA method to detect IgM antibodies is used as a good cost-effective testing method. An increasing titre of IgM antibody is a sign of active leptospirosis. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospirainfection over a 10-year period in a tertiary care hospital located in Kelambakkam village in Chengalpattu district. Material and Method: The samples were tested for the presence of specific Leptospira IgM antibodies in the patient’s serum using the Panbio Leptospira IgM ELISA kit. The samples were reported as positive/ negative/ equivocal accordingly. Results: This retrospective study included a total of 2035 patients, clinically suspected of leptospirosis, over a 10-year period from 2011 to 2021. 186 patients tested positive for specific IgM antibodies by ELISA method,giving an overall prevalence rate of 9.14%. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis over a time period of more than 10 years is highlighted in our study. Clinical suspicion of leptospirosis should be kept in mind at all times, especially now during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Panbio Leptospira IgM ELISA test kit used in our study proves to be a very useful method for diagnostic purposes, especially in limited-resource settings.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47679547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202277
I. Ajmal
Background: Breast tuberculosis is significant due to its rare occurrence and dilemma in prospective treatment and differentiation from neoplastic lesions. Tuberculosis of the breast usually affects women from Asia, most commonly, the Indian subcontinent and Africa. Tuberculous mastitis has a wide range of clinical presentation, radiological features, and even microbiological presentation. Materials and Method: A prospective study was conducted over 6 months. 40 female patients with varied presentations correlating to tuberculous mastitis with a lump in the breast for a particular period of time were included in the study. Results: The patients’ ages varied from 20 to 45 years. After routine investigations, the patients went in for incision and drainage or incisional biopsy or both and postoperatively their histopathological reports revealed granulomatous breast disease (tuberculous mastitis) with negative GeneXpert (CB-NAAT). Patients were started on an anti-tubercular treatment regimen and showed a progressive decrease in symptomatology. Conclusion: Granulomatous breast abscess/ tuberculous breast abscess has a varied presentation and no fixed treatment regime. Anti-tuberculous drugs in such patients proved to be efficacious in symptomatic relief with prevention of recurrence/ fistula formation.
{"title":"A Case Series on GeneXpert Negative Tuberculous Mastitis and the Effect of Anti-tuberculous Treatment","authors":"I. Ajmal","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202277","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast tuberculosis is significant due to its rare occurrence and dilemma in prospective treatment and differentiation from neoplastic lesions. Tuberculosis of the breast usually affects women from Asia, most commonly, the Indian subcontinent and Africa. Tuberculous mastitis has a wide range of clinical presentation, radiological features, and even microbiological presentation. Materials and Method: A prospective study was conducted over 6 months. 40 female patients with varied presentations correlating to tuberculous mastitis with a lump in the breast for a particular period of time were included in the study. Results: The patients’ ages varied from 20 to 45 years. After routine investigations, the patients went in for incision and drainage or incisional biopsy or both and postoperatively their histopathological reports revealed granulomatous breast disease (tuberculous mastitis) with negative GeneXpert (CB-NAAT). Patients were started on an anti-tubercular treatment regimen and showed a progressive decrease in symptomatology. Conclusion: Granulomatous breast abscess/ tuberculous breast abscess has a varied presentation and no fixed treatment regime. Anti-tuberculous drugs in such patients proved to be efficacious in symptomatic relief with prevention of recurrence/ fistula formation.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44174543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202273
A. Jenifer
Introduction: Parental stress has various reasons like low income, broken family, and lesser family or social support. COVID-19 and the lockdown that has been imposed have created stress among the people. This may be due to increased financial instability within the family, illness or exposure to COVID-19 itself. This study is done to assess the stress on parents in managing their school-going children. Aim: To assess the stress on parents in managing school-going children with their online classes and the factors which are concerning for the parents during the lockdown period. Materials and Method: Parents of children between the age group of 5-12 years were included in the study. These parents’ stress level was analysed based on their response to the parental stress scale. Results: The stress level is found to be on the higher side in the case of a single parent working with the mean stress level being 42.6 when compared to both parents working which had a mean stress level of 32.6. Other factors which are found to increase the stress among parents were low socioeconomic status, having children of a younger age group, and parents living in nuclear families. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 lockdown, the mental health of the parents was found to be influenced by various causes. Good family support, better work timing of parents, and a routine help in reducing stress in the family.
{"title":"Parental Stress in Managing School-going Children during the COVID-19 Lockdown Period - A Pilot Study","authors":"A. Jenifer","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202273","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Parental stress has various reasons like low income, broken family, and lesser family or social support. COVID-19 and the lockdown that has been imposed have created stress among the people. This may be due to increased financial instability within the family, illness or exposure to COVID-19 itself. This study is done to assess the stress on parents in managing their school-going children. Aim: To assess the stress on parents in managing school-going children with their online classes and the factors which are concerning for the parents during the lockdown period. Materials and Method: Parents of children between the age group of 5-12 years were included in the study. These parents’ stress level was analysed based on their response to the parental stress scale. Results: The stress level is found to be on the higher side in the case of a single parent working with the mean stress level being 42.6 when compared to both parents working which had a mean stress level of 32.6. Other factors which are found to increase the stress among parents were low socioeconomic status, having children of a younger age group, and parents living in nuclear families. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 lockdown, the mental health of the parents was found to be influenced by various causes. Good family support, better work timing of parents, and a routine help in reducing stress in the family.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44293123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202280
Usha Rani
Breastfeeding supplies the baby and infant with unparalleled natural nutrients. Human breast milk also has several antimicrobial agents and may influence immune system development, as evidenced by prior research on newborn immunisation response and thymus gland development. Human milk is a dynamic supply of nutrients and bioactive ingredients and promotes the healthy growth and development of the human newborn. Infants are more susceptible to infection because their developing immune systems have a number of weaknesses. This review focuses on the direct effect of human milk on innate immunity in infants. Numerous new studies have made the multi-functionality of the bioactive components of human milk very clear. Our knowledge of the potential positive effects of human milk on infants has increased. These effects are not achievable with milk formulae. Human milk contains antimicrobial proteins and peptides that have a broader involvement in innate immune defence than previously thought. A complex combination of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative substances that human milk supplies to the intestine results in a special environment of improved immune defence with reduced inflammation.
{"title":"Breastfeeding: Importance in Early Development of the Immune System and Long-term Health","authors":"Usha Rani","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202280","url":null,"abstract":"Breastfeeding supplies the baby and infant with unparalleled natural nutrients. Human breast milk also has several antimicrobial agents and may influence immune system development, as evidenced by prior research on newborn immunisation response and thymus gland development. Human milk is a dynamic supply of nutrients and bioactive ingredients and promotes the healthy growth and development of the human newborn. Infants are more susceptible to infection because their developing immune systems have a number of weaknesses. This review focuses on the direct effect of human milk on innate immunity in infants. Numerous new studies have made the multi-functionality of the bioactive components of human milk very clear. Our knowledge of the potential positive effects of human milk on infants has increased. These effects are not achievable with milk formulae. Human milk contains antimicrobial proteins and peptides that have a broader involvement in innate immune defence than previously thought. A complex combination of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative substances that human milk supplies to the intestine results in a special environment of improved immune defence with reduced inflammation.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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