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The meaning and Specificity of Game-based Cognition in Human Life 人类生活中游戏认知的意义和特殊性
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2018-18-2-155-162
Tatiana G. Leshkevitch
В статье рассмотрена смысловая нагрузка игрового познания, связанная с имитацией и моделированием событий, ролей и паттернов поведения. Основная цель – обосновать универсальность феномена игрового освоения действительности. Автор опирается на принцип конструктивизма и компаративистского анализа с использованием основных идей Г. Гадамера, Й. Хейзинга, Э. Финка, Г. Гессе, Д. Эльконина. Рефлексивно-философский анализ позволяет сформулировать следующие выводы. Во-первых, обосновать смысложизненное значение игрового начала; во-вторых, выявить смысловую амбивалентность игрового освоения действительности; в-третьих, обозначить этические маркеры игровой активности. В-четвертых, рассмотреть функции игровой деятельности, имеющие онтологический характер: компенсаторную, эскапистскую, адаптационную, самореализационную функцию. В статье анализируется феномен игровой зависимости.
这篇文章描述了模拟和模拟事件、角色和行为模式的游戏知识的意义。主要目标是证明游戏开发现象的普遍性。作者基于结构主义和比较主义分析的原则,使用的是算命先生、e . hazing、e . fink、e . hazing、e .黑塞、d . elkonin的基本思想。反射哲学分析可以得出以下结论。首先,证明游戏开始的意义;第二,揭示游戏现实开发的意义上的矛盾性;第三,标记游戏活动的道德标记。第四,考虑具有本体论功能的游戏活动:补偿、逃避、适应、实现功能。这篇文章分析了游戏成瘾的现象。
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引用次数: 0
Lukas van Leyden, J. Huizinga, And the Space of Play Lukas van Leyden, J. Huizinga, And the Space of Play
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2018-18-2-116-128
R. Apressyan
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引用次数: 0
Orthodox Moral Theology of the 17th Century and its Peculiarities: “Mir s Bogom čeloveku” (Kiev 1669) 17世纪的正统道德神学及其特点:“Mir ' s Bogom <e:1> eloveku”(1669年基辅)
Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2018-18-2-56-71
M. Korzo
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引用次数: 0
Hobbesian Impartiality in Constitutional Law: Claims of Justice and Claims for Justice 宪法中的霍布斯公正性:正义的要求与正义的要求
Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2018-18-2-5-21
Ioannis A. Tassopoulos
Starting from Hobbes’s silver rule of impartiality “quod tibi fiery non vis, alteri ne feceris” the paper discusses the constitutional tensions between claims of justice, which ground their impartiality on the equality between men, regarding their dependence on basic needs; and claims for justice, which are also made in the name of impartiality, but are grounded on liberty and responsibility, resulting out of the common capability of men to pursue their interest as rational planners. Their difference, in terms of impartiality, is that the former present redistribution, for purposes of guaranteeing equal opportunities for all, as a matter of procedural impartiality, while the latter take distribution to be a matter of personal responsibility, falling primarily within the ambit of proportional equality and distributive justice. The paper discusses the corresponding constitutional forms and sociopolitical implications, depending on the prevailing conception of impartiality. Each notion of impartiality has its proper power structure, for the realization of the respective constitutional ends: the focus of the former is on legislation providing for social rights; the focus of the latter is on individual rights and judicial review. But the interplay between claims of justice and claims for justice cannot be settled once and forever. Constitutional democracy, to overcome their friction and tension without undermining political liberalism, has to disprove Hobbes’s pessimism on rhetoric and public deliberation; for this to happen, however, it is necessary to recognize that impartiality is more than a matter of prudence; rather it is a virtue associated with civility.
本文从霍布斯关于公正的银律“无所不见,无所不见”出发,讨论了正义主张之间的宪法张力,这些正义主张将其公正建立在人与人之间的平等之上,而它们依赖于基本需要;对正义的要求,也是以公正的名义提出的,但却是建立在自由和责任的基础上的,这是由于人们作为理性的计划者追求自己利益的共同能力而产生的。就公正性而言,它们的不同之处在于,前者为了保证所有人的平等机会而把再分配视为程序上的公正性问题,而后者则把分配视为个人责任问题,主要属于比例平等和分配正义的范围。本文讨论了相应的宪法形式和社会政治的影响,取决于普遍的概念公正性。每一种公正理念都有其适当的权力结构,以实现各自的宪法目的:前者的重点是立法提供社会权利;后者的重点是个人权利和司法审查。但正义诉求与正义诉求之间的相互作用不可能一劳永逸地解决。宪政民主要在不损害政治自由主义的前提下克服二者之间的摩擦和张力,就必须反驳霍布斯关于修辞和公共审议的悲观主义;然而,要做到这一点,有必要认识到,公正不仅仅是谨慎的问题;相反,它是一种与文明有关的美德。
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引用次数: 0
The Practice of ‘Fraternal Correction’: Theological Grounds and Confessional-Cultural Specificity “兄弟矫正”的实践:神学依据与忏悔文化特殊性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2022-22-2-116-127
M. Korzo
Fraternal correction (“correctio/correptio fraterna”), or love-motivated edification of the sin­ner, aimed at his repentance and correction based on the gospel fragment Matt. 18:15–17, was a part of everyday practices in early Christian and monastic communities; later it re­ceived theological interpretation and justification in the writings of Augustine, Alexander of Hales, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Jean Gerson, of early Modern scholastics. The theological and canonical thought of different epochs turned to this topic often in con­nection with specific socio-political circumstances or events of church life. Despite the di­versity of points of view, fraternal correction was understood as a positive prescription, for the fulfillment of which certain conditions are necessary: their absence makes it possible to refrain from edifying the sinner; in some situations, it is even morally unacceptable to re­sort to this procedure. In the literature for the laity, a positive prescription for fraternal cor­rection has appeared since the 13th century; over the next centuries, this prescription be­comes more and more categorical, in the early Modern times, it turns into an uncondi­tional duty: failure to fulfill this duty was regarded as a sin and was subject to confession. The procedure described in Matt. 18:15–17 also becomes one of the forms of horizontal moral reform in early modern societies, is used by different Protestant denominations to jus­tify the practice of censorship of morals and the activities of church courts (consistories), is also used to give legitimacy to certain situations of denunciation in both Catholic and Protestant communities.
兄弟惩戒(“correctio/correptio fraterna”),或以爱为动机的对罪人的教诲,目的是根据福音片段马太福音18:15-17,他的悔改和纠正,是早期基督教和修道院社区日常实践的一部分;后来,奥古斯丁、亚历山大·黑尔斯、托马斯·阿奎那、威廉·奥卡姆、让·格尔森等早期现代经院学者的著作对它进行了神学解释和论证。不同时代的神学和正典思想往往与特定的社会政治环境或教会生活事件联系在一起,转向这个话题。尽管观点不同,兄弟的纠正被理解为一个积极的处方,为实现某些条件是必要的:它们的缺失使我们有可能避免造就罪人;在某些情况下,重新排序这种程序在道德上甚至是不可接受的。在俗人的文学作品中,自13世纪以来就出现了一种积极的兄弟矫正处方;在接下来的几个世纪里,这一规定变得越来越明确,在近代早期,它变成了一种无条件的义务:不履行这一义务被视为一种罪恶,需要忏悔。马太福音18:15-17中描述的程序也成为早期现代社会中横向道德改革的一种形式,被不同的新教教派用来证明道德审查和教会法庭活动的合理性,也被用来为天主教和新教社区中的某些谴责情况提供合法性。
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引用次数: 0
Christian August Crusius and His Ethics 克鲁修斯和他的伦理学
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2022-22-2-141-146
Anastasia V. Povecherova
Due to the enormous importance of Kantian ethics for the development of the entire Western European philosophy, it is worth asking about the origins of its formation. A possible answer to this question can be the entire German tradition preceding Kant in relation to theoretical and practical philosophical constructions, called the era of the German Enlightenment. Chri­stian Augustus Crusius, one of the brightest philosophers of this time, has long been consid­ered by researchers as a probable source of many later characteristic features of Kant’s moral philosophy. However, there are still very few works devoted to the work of this thinker. In addition, almost all of them are aimed at his polemic with Christian Wolf regarding the law of sufficient reason. Crusius himself is also considered in conjunction with other thinkers of the era of the German Enlightenment. There are practically no detailed studies of moral teaching at all. This state of affairs indicates the undeserved oblivion of Crusius, which is expressed, among other things, in the absence of translations of Crusius into Russian. The article, prefixed to the translation of an important chapter from the treatise on ethics, ex­amines the main features of Crusius’ practical philosophy, highlights common aspects of Cru­sian and Kantian ethics based on the analysis of the texts of both philosophers and the simi­larity of some basic terms, and makes assumptions about the influence. The reasoning is based on the concept of virtue, which both Crusius and Kant accept as central. In addition, the stages in the formation of the ethics of Crusius himself are briefly revealed, the differ­ences from Crusius that allowed Kant to develop his own moral teaching are indicated.
由于康德伦理学对整个西欧哲学的发展具有巨大的重要性,因此它的形成起源值得一问。这个问题的一个可能的答案是,在康德之前的整个德国传统,与理论和实践哲学建构有关,被称为德国启蒙时代。克里斯汀·奥古斯都·克鲁修斯,这个时代最聪明的哲学家之一,长期以来一直被研究人员认为是康德道德哲学的许多特征的可能来源。然而,仍然有很少的作品致力于这位思想家的工作。此外,几乎所有这些都是针对他与克里斯蒂安·沃尔夫关于充分理性法则的争论。克鲁修斯本人也被认为与德国启蒙时代的其他思想家在一起。实际上根本没有关于道德教育的详细研究。这种事态表明克鲁修斯不应该被遗忘,这在其他事情中表现为没有将克鲁修斯翻译成俄文。本文在翻译《伦理学论》重要章节的基础上,分析了克鲁修斯实践哲学的主要特征,通过对克鲁修斯和康德伦理学文本的分析和一些基本术语的相似性,突出了克鲁修斯和康德伦理学的共同之处,并对其影响进行了假设。推理的基础是美德的概念,克鲁修斯和康德都认为美德是核心。此外,简要地揭示了克鲁修斯自身伦理学形成的各个阶段,指出了康德与克鲁修斯的不同之处,这些不同之处使康德得以发展自己的道德教学。
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引用次数: 0
Our Common Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Future: A Return to “Normal” or a Creation of the New “Normal”? 我们共同的后covid -19大流行未来:回归“正常”还是创造新“常态”?
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2022-22-1-112-123
P. Čičovački, N. S. Lima
The goal of this paper is to reflect on our common post-Covid-19 future. To do so, we first examine our present pandemic situation in terms of the pairs of the correlated concepts: peace and war, and the normal and the abnormal. We then proceed to analyze the dual aspect of the concept of normal: its descriptive as well as its normative side. In doing so, we con­sider the ethical views of Immanuel Kant, Nicolai Hartmann, Fritz Jahr, and Paul Ricoeur; their views help but do not lead to the solution we find satisfactory. Upon further examina­tion, we come to the realization that our problems with understanding our present and with anticipating our future seem to be ultimately related to our struggle to establish a ground on which both the descriptive and normative aspects of the concept of “normal” can be satisfac­torily founded. Our suggestion is that this problem may be solved by understanding what is normal in terms of health, understood as balance and as finding a proper measure in every­thing we do. Our common post-Covid-19 future should be centered on our renewed commit­ment to the promotion of physical and mental, as well as individual, social, and environmen­tal health. We thus set a stage for further development of an ethics of health.
本文的目标是思考我们在2019冠状病毒病后共同的未来。为此,我们首先从和平与战争、正常与异常这对相关概念的角度来审查我们目前的流行病情况。然后,我们继续分析常态概念的双重方面:它的描述性和规范性方面。在此过程中,我们考虑了伊曼努尔·康德、尼古拉·哈特曼、弗里茨·雅尔和保罗·里科尔的伦理学观点;他们的意见有帮助,但没有导致我们感到满意的解决办法。经过进一步的考察,我们认识到,我们在理解我们的现在和预测我们的未来方面的问题,似乎最终与我们努力建立一个基础有关,在这个基础上,“正常”概念的描述性和规范性方面都可以令人满意地建立起来。我们的建议是,这个问题可以通过理解什么是健康的正常,理解为平衡,并在我们所做的每件事中找到适当的衡量标准来解决。2019冠状病毒病后的共同未来应以我们再次致力于促进身心健康以及个人、社会和环境健康为中心。因此,我们为进一步发展健康伦理奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Anthroprostasia (Protection of a Human Being) is an Ethical Core of Humanism 保护人类是人文主义的伦理核心
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2019-19-1-141-156
N. Rozov
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引用次数: 2
Cosmopolitanism, sovereignty and human rights – In defense of critical universalism 世界主义、主权和人权——捍卫批判的普遍主义
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2019-19-1-20-35
Elena Namli
What is a reasonable understanding of the relationship between human rights protection, on the one hand, and respect for people’s sovereignty, on the other? In order to address this question this article utilizes the distinction between political cosmopolitanism on the one side, and moral cosmopolitanism on the other. Political cosmopolitanism implies that some form of global citizenship is needed for universal protection of human rights. Critics of this position stress the importance of self-governance and state sovereignty. In this article, it is claimed that rejection of political cosmopolitanism can be combined with embracement of moral cosmopolitanism, i.e. embracement a global moral community where respect for human dignity and therefore recognition of human rights of each individual is not limited by national citizenship and borders. In this article, I defend a non-violent form of moral cosmopolitanism. Such a cosmopolitanism demands a modification of universalism of human rights. I distinguish between descriptive and epistemological universalism on the one hand and pure normative universalism on the other. Descriptive and epistemological universalism, I demonstrate, are aggressive forms of universalism that tend to legitimize domination. Critical universalism, which is a form of pure normative universalism, is justified in that it inspires political liberation within different traditions without legitimizing cultural monopolism and violence of the Global North.
对人权保障与尊重人民主权之间关系的合理理解是什么?为了解决这个问题,本文运用了政治世界主义与道德世界主义的区别。政治世界主义意味着,为了普遍保护人权,需要某种形式的全球公民身份。批评这一立场的人强调自治和国家主权的重要性。在这篇文章中,有人声称,拒绝政治世界主义可以与拥抱道德世界主义结合起来,即拥抱一个全球道德共同体,在这个共同体中,对人的尊严的尊重以及因此对每个人的人权的承认不受国家国籍和边界的限制。在这篇文章中,我为非暴力形式的道德世界主义辩护。这种世界主义要求对人权的普遍主义进行修改。我区分了描述性和认识论的普遍主义和纯粹规范性的普遍主义。我证明,描述性和认识论的普遍主义是侵略性的普遍主义形式,倾向于使统治合法化。批判普遍主义是纯粹规范普遍主义的一种形式,它之所以合理,是因为它激发了不同传统中的政治解放,而没有使全球北方的文化垄断和暴力合法化。
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引用次数: 0
The Mechanisms of the Golden Rule of Morality and the Economic Policy of Today’s Russia 道德黄金法则的机制与当今俄罗斯的经济政策
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2074-4870-2022-22-1-51-67
L. Zhukovskaya
The article analyzes the interaction of national economic, legal and social macrosystems as a complex metasystem, justifies and solves the problem of their balance (equilibrium) based on the Berger equilibrium concept, which is a mathematical reflection of the Golden Rule of Morality. The influence of morality, understood in the sense of Kant’s imperative or the Golden Rule of Morality, close to it, on the process of strategic decision-making in the national complex metasystem is considered. A Nash equilibrium model of the three considered macrosystems is described as a reflection of the currently applied neoliberal economic doctrine. Using systems theory and game theory an alternative to it moral-philo­sophical economic doctrine (based on the Golden Rule of Morality) is substantiated. Rele­vant is the description of the model of system equilibrium of the complex metasystem on the basis of the Golden Rule of Morality to determine effective strategic decisions under conditions of uncertainty in the social sphere, which reflects the ideas of building a social state. The research is multidisciplinary as it uses synthesis of scientific approaches of sys­tems analysis, philosophical ethics, economics, law, sociology, game theories, manage­ment and systems.
本文分析了国家经济、法律和社会宏观系统作为一个复杂的元系统的相互作用,并以道德黄金法则的数学反映——伯杰均衡概念为基础,论证并解决了它们之间的平衡问题。在康德的命令或道德黄金法则的意义上理解的道德,接近它的影响,在国家复杂的元系统的战略决策过程中被考虑。这三个宏观系统的纳什均衡模型被描述为当前应用的新自由主义经济学说的反映。利用系统理论和博弈论,一个替代它的道德哲学经济学说(基于道德的黄金法则)被证实。相关的是基于道德黄金法则的复杂元系统系统均衡模型的描述,以确定社会领域不确定条件下的有效战略决策,这反映了构建社会国家的思想。这项研究是多学科的,因为它综合了系统分析、哲学伦理学、经济学、法学、社会学、博弈论、管理和系统的科学方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Ethical Thought
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