For enough decades now, that many of our junior colleagues may not be aware that it was ever otherwise, we have known that serious mental illnesses (SMIs)–most notably schizophrenia and bipolar disorder–are a manifestation of disordered biochemistry. Before we knew this to be the case, in an earlier, now all-but-forgotten era, a prevalent belief was that these and other syndromes were not reflections of neurotransmitter malfunction, but responses to horrific experiences. In the glow of current scientific knowledge, the long-outdated notion that the major contributor to SMIs was nurture rather than nature may appear at best quaint and at worst terribly misguided. A logical extension of the conclusion that SMIs are biologically-based disorders is that treatment must consequently be biologically based as well. Therefore, the primary intervention approach for these disorders has been pharmacological. Those in treatment for SMIs are routinely told that their disorder is chronic, and that unless they continue taking their medication for the rest of their lives, their symptoms will unquestionably worsen. And because it is widely assumed that people with SMI diagnoses are experiencing the effects of disordered biochemistry, for the most part mental health professionals have stopped
{"title":"Trauma and Serious Mental Illness: Is the Pendulum About to Swing?","authors":"S. Gold","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n02_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n02_01","url":null,"abstract":"For enough decades now, that many of our junior colleagues may not be aware that it was ever otherwise, we have known that serious mental illnesses (SMIs)–most notably schizophrenia and bipolar disorder–are a manifestation of disordered biochemistry. Before we knew this to be the case, in an earlier, now all-but-forgotten era, a prevalent belief was that these and other syndromes were not reflections of neurotransmitter malfunction, but responses to horrific experiences. In the glow of current scientific knowledge, the long-outdated notion that the major contributor to SMIs was nurture rather than nature may appear at best quaint and at worst terribly misguided. A logical extension of the conclusion that SMIs are biologically-based disorders is that treatment must consequently be biologically based as well. Therefore, the primary intervention approach for these disorders has been pharmacological. Those in treatment for SMIs are routinely told that their disorder is chronic, and that unless they continue taking their medication for the rest of their lives, their symptoms will unquestionably worsen. And because it is widely assumed that people with SMI diagnoses are experiencing the effects of disordered biochemistry, for the most part mental health professionals have stopped","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121164339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This article explores the relationship between bipolar disorder and disorders of psychological trauma. While bipolar disorder is generally thought of as a life-long illness, naturalistic studies report that some patients have a self-limited course. Three patients are presented who met diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, responded well to mood stabilizing medication, and were subsequently able to successfully discontinue their mood stabilizing medication once their trauma disorder was treated and significantly improved. Other patients are presented who experienced a more persistent course of bipolar disorder. There is a literature review discussing the relationship between bipolar disorders and disorders of psychological trauma with a focus on the patients presented. Recommendations are made for clinical practice and future research.
{"title":"The Broad Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and Disorders of Psychological Trauma–Time-Limited to Life-Long Need for Mood Stabilizers","authors":"B. Levy","doi":"10.1300/J513V06N02_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513V06N02_07","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This article explores the relationship between bipolar disorder and disorders of psychological trauma. While bipolar disorder is generally thought of as a life-long illness, naturalistic studies report that some patients have a self-limited course. Three patients are presented who met diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, responded well to mood stabilizing medication, and were subsequently able to successfully discontinue their mood stabilizing medication once their trauma disorder was treated and significantly improved. Other patients are presented who experienced a more persistent course of bipolar disorder. There is a literature review discussing the relationship between bipolar disorders and disorders of psychological trauma with a focus on the patients presented. Recommendations are made for clinical practice and future research.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116962544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY While auditory hallucinations are considered a core psychotic symptom, central to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, it has long been recognized that persons who are not psychotic may also hear voices. There is an entrenched clinical belief that distinctions can be made between these groups, typically, on the basis of the perceived location or the ‘third-person’ perspective of the voices. While it is generally believed that such characteristics of voices have significant clinical implications, and are important in the differential diagnosis between dissociative and psychotic disorders, there is no research evidence in support of this. Voices heard by persons diagnosed schizophrenic appear to be indistinguishable, on the basis of their experienced characteristics, from voices heard by persons with dissociative disorders or by persons with no mental disorder at all. On this and other bases outlined in this article, we argue that hearing voices should be considered a dissociative experience, which under some conditions may have pathological consequences. In other words, we believe that, while voices may occur in the context of a psychotic disorder, they should not be considered a psychotic symptom.
{"title":"Auditory Hallucinations: Psychotic Symptom or Dissociative Experience?","authors":"Andrew Moskowitz, D. Corstens","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n02_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n02_04","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY While auditory hallucinations are considered a core psychotic symptom, central to the diagnosis of schizophrenia, it has long been recognized that persons who are not psychotic may also hear voices. There is an entrenched clinical belief that distinctions can be made between these groups, typically, on the basis of the perceived location or the ‘third-person’ perspective of the voices. While it is generally believed that such characteristics of voices have significant clinical implications, and are important in the differential diagnosis between dissociative and psychotic disorders, there is no research evidence in support of this. Voices heard by persons diagnosed schizophrenic appear to be indistinguishable, on the basis of their experienced characteristics, from voices heard by persons with dissociative disorders or by persons with no mental disorder at all. On this and other bases outlined in this article, we argue that hearing voices should be considered a dissociative experience, which under some conditions may have pathological consequences. In other words, we believe that, while voices may occur in the context of a psychotic disorder, they should not be considered a psychotic symptom.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131592039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. L. Casey, M. Berkman, C. Stover, K. Gill, Sasha Durso, S. Marans
ABSTRACT A police-advocate home-visit intervention project was conducted with 204 women who were victims of domestic violence requiring police intervention. These women, who resided with their children at the time of the incident, received law enforcement-advocacy services through a home-visit project conducted by neighborhood patrol officers and battered women's advocates. A comparison group of battered women, receiving the intervention, and a matched group of battered women, receiving standard police intervention, revealed a significant reduction in calls for police service for the intervention group, for a 12-month period following the intervention. Additional investigation is required to fully understand the reason for this difference and the potential utility of this type of domestic violence intervention.
{"title":"Preliminary Results of a Police-Advocate Home-Visit Intervention Project for Victims of Domestic Violence","authors":"R. L. Casey, M. Berkman, C. Stover, K. Gill, Sasha Durso, S. Marans","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n01_04","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A police-advocate home-visit intervention project was conducted with 204 women who were victims of domestic violence requiring police intervention. These women, who resided with their children at the time of the incident, received law enforcement-advocacy services through a home-visit project conducted by neighborhood patrol officers and battered women's advocates. A comparison group of battered women, receiving the intervention, and a matched group of battered women, receiving standard police intervention, revealed a significant reduction in calls for police service for the intervention group, for a 12-month period following the intervention. Additional investigation is required to fully understand the reason for this difference and the potential utility of this type of domestic violence intervention.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124022423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Domestic violence research has been limited by lack of appropriate comparison groups. In the present study, shelter-living, abused women were compared to community-living, abused women, maritally distressed women, and non-distressed non-abused women on relationship characteristics, emotional status, and family problem solving and coping. Shelter-living abused women reported more physical violence in the past year than community-living abused women. Both abused groups reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than non-abused groups. Community-living women reported greater use of aggressive solutions to family problems than other groups. Differences between community-living and shelter-living abused women point to the utility of including appropriate comparison groups in studies of abused women.
{"title":"A Comparison Study of Coping, Family Problem-Solving and Emotional Status in Victims of Domestic Violence","authors":"C. Clements, Richard L. Ogle","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n01_03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Domestic violence research has been limited by lack of appropriate comparison groups. In the present study, shelter-living, abused women were compared to community-living, abused women, maritally distressed women, and non-distressed non-abused women on relationship characteristics, emotional status, and family problem solving and coping. Shelter-living abused women reported more physical violence in the past year than community-living abused women. Both abused groups reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than non-abused groups. Community-living women reported greater use of aggressive solutions to family problems than other groups. Differences between community-living and shelter-living abused women point to the utility of including appropriate comparison groups in studies of abused women.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"43 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113990575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Past research has demonstrated in a variety of contexts that writing about emotional topics can benefit physical health and general well being. Most of this prior research has used the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC, Pennebaker & Francis, 1996), but not global essay ratings, to assess what aspects of written essays might be associated with such benefits. Yet scoring rubrics are commonly used in the field of education to score global aspects of student writing. The current study used a sub-sample of essays from a larger research project on trauma, writing and health to develop a global rating rubric for essays about trauma based on rubrics used in education. The resulting rubric was reliably applied to participants' essays about trauma. Global ratings of essay organization were correlated with improvements in physical and mental health measures at a six-month follow-up. Properties of the rubric and correlations with outcome measures are discussed.
{"title":"Global Ratings of Essays About Trauma: Development of the GREAT Code, and Correlations with Physical and Mental Health Outcomes","authors":"Bridget Klest, J. Freyd","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n01_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n01_01","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Past research has demonstrated in a variety of contexts that writing about emotional topics can benefit physical health and general well being. Most of this prior research has used the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC, Pennebaker & Francis, 1996), but not global essay ratings, to assess what aspects of written essays might be associated with such benefits. Yet scoring rubrics are commonly used in the field of education to score global aspects of student writing. The current study used a sub-sample of essays from a larger research project on trauma, writing and health to develop a global rating rubric for essays about trauma based on rubrics used in education. The resulting rubric was reliably applied to participants' essays about trauma. Global ratings of essay organization were correlated with improvements in physical and mental health measures at a six-month follow-up. Properties of the rubric and correlations with outcome measures are discussed.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129637030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Previous treatment outcome studies from a hospital-based Trauma Program in Texas reported a marked reduction in depression, hopelessness and suicidality during acute inpatient and day hospital treatment. In the current pilot study, the authors measured Beck Depression Inventory scores at admission and discharge from inpatient treatment at a hospital-based Trauma Program in Michigan serving a similar population and employing the same treatment model. The average Beck Depression Inventory Score at admission was 33.3 and at discharge an average of 10.3 days later, it was 13.5. The results of this pilot study indicate that the excellent treatment response at the Texas hospital likely can be replicated at other locations.
{"title":"Acute Stabilization in a Trauma Program: A Pilot Study","authors":"C. Ross, S. Burns","doi":"10.1300/J513v06n01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J513v06n01_02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Previous treatment outcome studies from a hospital-based Trauma Program in Texas reported a marked reduction in depression, hopelessness and suicidality during acute inpatient and day hospital treatment. In the current pilot study, the authors measured Beck Depression Inventory scores at admission and discharge from inpatient treatment at a hospital-based Trauma Program in Michigan serving a similar population and employing the same treatment model. The average Beck Depression Inventory Score at admission was 33.3 and at discharge an average of 10.3 days later, it was 13.5. The results of this pilot study indicate that the excellent treatment response at the Texas hospital likely can be replicated at other locations.","PeriodicalId":360233,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychological Trauma","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124640672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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