Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.149
N. M. Abdul-Aziz
In December of 2002, the Malaysian government sent one very highly opinionated individual with spina bifida to do her PhD on her medical condition at University College London (UCL). Truth be told, in retrospect, during the phone interview with Professor Andrew J. Copp, this particular Malaysian student was not aware that her would-be PhD supervisor at that time most likely may not have considered the extent of the severity of her disability and the extent of having to deal with an individual with needs, different from other postgraduate students. UCL and England, being champions of equal opportunity, the focus during the London-Kuala Lumpur phone interview was entirely on her laboratory experience. The individual knew one thing and one thing alone, that she wanted to be regarded as capable purely on the basis of her academic abilities, and keenness on the topic and that she knew she had a huge plus on her side, that the Malaysian government would finance her studies (being of Bumiputera status by virtue of her mother's ethnicity) and having passed all the relevant exams and that all she needed to do was to make the case to procure a PhD studentship from a top global university.
2002年12月，马来西亚政府派了一位非常固执己见的脊柱裂患者到伦敦大学学院(UCL)攻读她的医学状况博士学位。说实话，回想起来，在与Andrew J. Copp教授的电话采访中，这位马来西亚学生并没有意识到，当时她的博士导师很可能没有考虑到她残疾的严重程度，以及她必须与其他研究生不同的有需要的人打交道的程度。伦敦大学学院和英国都是机会平等的倡导者，在伦敦-吉隆坡的电话采访中，她的重点完全放在了实验室的经历上。个人仅知道一件事情,一件事,她想被视为能够纯粹的基础上她的学术能力,以及敏锐的话题,她知道她有一个巨大的加在了她的一边,马来西亚政府将财政学业(被Bumiputera状态由于她母亲的种族),并通过了所有相关的考试,她需要做的是,采购全球顶尖大学的博士奖学金。
{"title":"I have spina bifida and what this means to Malaysia","authors":"N. M. Abdul-Aziz","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.149","url":null,"abstract":"In December of 2002, the Malaysian government sent one very highly opinionated individual with spina bifida to do her PhD on her medical condition at University College London (UCL). Truth be told, in retrospect, during the phone interview with Professor Andrew J. Copp, this particular Malaysian student was not aware that her would-be PhD supervisor at that time most likely may not have considered the extent of the severity of her disability and the extent of having to deal with an individual with needs, different from other postgraduate students. UCL and England, being champions of equal opportunity, the focus during the London-Kuala Lumpur phone interview was entirely on her laboratory experience. The individual knew one thing and one thing alone, that she wanted to be regarded as capable purely on the basis of her academic abilities, and keenness on the topic and that she knew she had a huge plus on her side, that the Malaysian government would finance her studies (being of Bumiputera status by virtue of her mother's ethnicity) and having passed all the relevant exams and that all she needed to do was to make the case to procure a PhD studentship from a top global university.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.146
P. Khandekar, S. Shenoy, A. Sathe
The neurophysiological response to exercise on cognition is modulated through chemical pathways which involve several neurotrophic factors and the sex of the individual determines this effect. We examined sex differences in the concentration of neural growth factors (NGF); brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF- I) in response to acute high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE). We also evaluated the relationship of NGF with gonadal hormones before and after the HIIE session. Forty healthy young adults (22 males and 18 females) performed HIIE (4 bouts of 4 minutes at 90–95% HR max with 3min active recovery at 70% HRmax). Venous blood was drawn before and immediately after the exercise session and was analyzed for the concentration of serum BDNF, VEGF, IGF-I, cortisol, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, using ELISA method. A significant sex difference (p<0.05) was observed for BDNF concentration in response to HIIE and a significant increase was found in males but not in females. A significant (p<0.005) positive correlation of BDNF with FSH and LH and a significant (p<0.05) negative correlation of BDNF and VEGF with testosterone were found. Other NGFs (VEGF and IGF-I) did not show sex differences in response to HIIE. In conclusion, a single session of HIIE increases the serum concentration of BDNF in males and IGF-I in females and the response of NGF is different in males and females.
{"title":"The effect of an acute bout of high intensity intermittent exercise on neural growth factors in young adults: Sex differences","authors":"P. Khandekar, S. Shenoy, A. Sathe","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.146","url":null,"abstract":"The neurophysiological response to exercise on cognition is modulated through chemical pathways which involve several neurotrophic factors and the sex of the individual determines this effect. We examined sex differences in the concentration of neural growth factors (NGF); brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF- I) in response to acute high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE). We also evaluated the relationship of NGF with gonadal hormones before and after the HIIE session. Forty healthy young adults (22 males and 18 females) performed HIIE (4 bouts of 4 minutes at 90–95% HR max with 3min active recovery at 70% HRmax). Venous blood was drawn before and immediately after the exercise session and was analyzed for the concentration of serum BDNF, VEGF, IGF-I, cortisol, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, using ELISA method. A significant sex difference (p<0.05) was observed for BDNF concentration in response to HIIE and a significant increase was found in males but not in females. A significant (p<0.005) positive correlation of BDNF with FSH and LH and a significant (p<0.05) negative correlation of BDNF and VEGF with testosterone were found. Other NGFs (VEGF and IGF-I) did not show sex differences in response to HIIE. In conclusion, a single session of HIIE increases the serum concentration of BDNF in males and IGF-I in females and the response of NGF is different in males and females.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42482330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.153
Sayali Chandrashekhar Deolankar, Shashanka G Koyangana, Arun H. Patil, Yashwanth Subbannayya, P. K. Modi, T. Prasad
This article describes the data obtained for global post-translational modifications (PTMs) profiled for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) from two distinct human brain regions and one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample. The PTM profiling was performed to identify phosphorylation, O-GluNAcetylation, methylation, acetylation and citrullination using three publicly available LC-MS/MS raw data sets (PRIDE ID: PXD004010, PXD002516, PXD004863). A total of 1,857 PTM harbouring proteins with 4,961 unique post-translationally modified peptides were identified. Among the modified peptides, 75 corresponded uniquely to proteins identified from CSF samples. The data is related to the research article "Dissecting Alzheimer's disease molecular substrates by proteomics and discovery of novel post-translational modifications (PTMs)".
{"title":"Data on multiple post-translational modifications in Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Sayali Chandrashekhar Deolankar, Shashanka G Koyangana, Arun H. Patil, Yashwanth Subbannayya, P. K. Modi, T. Prasad","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.153","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the data obtained for global post-translational modifications (PTMs) profiled for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) from two distinct human brain regions and one cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample. The PTM profiling was performed to identify phosphorylation, O-GluNAcetylation, methylation, acetylation and citrullination using three publicly available LC-MS/MS raw data sets (PRIDE ID: PXD004010, PXD002516, PXD004863). A total of 1,857 PTM harbouring proteins with 4,961 unique post-translationally modified peptides were identified. Among the modified peptides, 75 corresponded uniquely to proteins identified from CSF samples. The data is related to the research article \"Dissecting Alzheimer's disease molecular substrates by proteomics and discovery of novel post-translational modifications (PTMs)\".","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42807686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.125
P. P. Poudel, C. Bhattarai, Arnab Ghosh, S. Kalthur
Granule cells in the cerebellum are derived by the proliferation of cells from the rhombic lips of the metencephalon. Atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1), a protein encoding proneural gene, plays an essential role in the neurogenesis of the cerebellar granule cells. It encodes the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family of transcription factor ATOH1. Expression of the ATOH1 gene in the rhombic lips of the metencephalon results in specification and proliferation of the granule neuron progenitors. Four major signaling pathways- Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, Wingless related integration site (Wnt) and Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) play an essential role in the regulation of the ATOH1 gene. Shh, Notch and Wnt signalings induce expression of the ATOH1 gene for the proliferation of the granule neuron progenitors whereas BMP signaling is involved in the differentiation of the granule neuron progenitors into the granule cells. Aberrant expression and mutation of the ATOH1 gene result in cerebellar medulloblastoma, the phenotype of trembling gait, cerebellar ataxia and hearing loss.
小脑中的颗粒细胞是由后脑的菱形唇细胞增殖而来的。无调性同源物1 (ATOH1)是一种编码原神经基因的蛋白，在小脑颗粒细胞的神经发生中起重要作用。它编码转录因子ATOH1的基本螺旋环螺旋(bHLH)家族。ATOH1基因在后脑的菱形唇部的表达导致颗粒神经元祖细胞的分化和增殖。四个主要的信号通路- Sonic hedgehog (Shh)、Notch、Wingless related integration site (Wnt)和Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)在ATOH1基因的调控中发挥重要作用。Shh、Notch和Wnt信号诱导ATOH1基因的表达，促进颗粒神经元祖细胞的增殖，而BMP信号参与颗粒神经元祖细胞向颗粒细胞的分化。ATOH1基因的异常表达和突变导致小脑髓母细胞瘤、步态颤抖、小脑性共济失调和听力丧失。
{"title":"Expression of ATOH1 gene and activated signaling pathways for the neurogenesis of cerebellar granule cells: A review","authors":"P. P. Poudel, C. Bhattarai, Arnab Ghosh, S. Kalthur","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.125","url":null,"abstract":"Granule cells in the cerebellum are derived by the proliferation of cells from the rhombic lips of the metencephalon. Atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1), a protein encoding proneural gene, plays an essential role in the neurogenesis of the cerebellar granule cells. It encodes the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family of transcription factor ATOH1. Expression of the ATOH1 gene in the rhombic lips of the metencephalon results in specification and proliferation of the granule neuron progenitors. Four major signaling pathways- Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, Wingless related integration site (Wnt) and Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) play an essential role in the regulation of the ATOH1 gene. Shh, Notch and Wnt signalings induce expression of the ATOH1 gene for the proliferation of the granule neuron progenitors whereas BMP signaling is involved in the differentiation of the granule neuron progenitors into the granule cells. Aberrant expression and mutation of the ATOH1 gene result in cerebellar medulloblastoma, the phenotype of trembling gait, cerebellar ataxia and hearing loss.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43963664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.100
Enkhnaran Tumurbaatar, Oyunsuren Jargalsaikhan, Gantsetseg Tumur-Ochir, E. Belovol
Communication via the sense of touch has long been perceived as an important aspect of human development, social comfort, and well-being. Human somatosensory system has in fact two tactile sub-modalities, one providing the well-recognized discriminative touch input to the brain, and the second–the affective or emotional input. C-tactile system is hypothesized to represent the neurobiological substrate for affective and rewarding properties of touch. Lower relationship quality is associated with lower resilience to stressors and can lead to increased vulnerability to mental health disorders. Based on the existing work, we know that social touch can increase well-being and lower state-anxiety. Our goal was to prove content validity for the Mongolian version with the factor structure of the original English version of the TEAQ. We translated, and adapted TEAQ for Mongolian language version. Original TEAQ-117 items were used in the pilot study. In the present study, enrolled 204 participants, age varied between 18 and 57 years (26.9±8.8), 57.8% were female. Validated TEAQ-57 items English version was used, and Exploratory factor analysis confirmed 55 items with 6 component structure. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good consistency and homogeneity of the 6 factor structure of the TEAQ, and satisfactory model fit. Several subscales of the TEAQ revealed positive correlations on quality of life domains, in contrast negative correlations with anxiety and depression. In conclusion, analysed Mongolian version of the TEAQ-55 is a reliable and valid assessment tool of experiences and attitudes towards touch, and similar to component structure for different cultures (Validated British TEAQ-57, and TEAQ-37 RUS). We expected that Mongolian version of the TEAQ might be a helpful tool for screening mental health issues and researchers.
{"title":"Reliability and Validity of the Mongolian version of affective touch questionnaire","authors":"Enkhnaran Tumurbaatar, Oyunsuren Jargalsaikhan, Gantsetseg Tumur-Ochir, E. Belovol","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i2.100","url":null,"abstract":"Communication via the sense of touch has long been perceived as an important aspect of human development, social comfort, and well-being. Human somatosensory system has in fact two tactile sub-modalities, one providing the well-recognized discriminative touch input to the brain, and the second–the affective or emotional input. C-tactile system is hypothesized to represent the neurobiological substrate for affective and rewarding properties of touch. Lower relationship quality is associated with lower resilience to stressors and can lead to increased vulnerability to mental health disorders. Based on the existing work, we know that social touch can increase well-being and lower state-anxiety. Our goal was to prove content validity for the Mongolian version with the factor structure of the original English version of the TEAQ. We translated, and adapted TEAQ for Mongolian language version. Original TEAQ-117 items were used in the pilot study. In the present study, enrolled 204 participants, age varied between 18 and 57 years (26.9±8.8), 57.8% were female. Validated TEAQ-57 items English version was used, and Exploratory factor analysis confirmed 55 items with 6 component structure. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good consistency and homogeneity of the 6 factor structure of the TEAQ, and satisfactory model fit. Several subscales of the TEAQ revealed positive correlations on quality of life domains, in contrast negative correlations with anxiety and depression. In conclusion, analysed Mongolian version of the TEAQ-55 is a reliable and valid assessment tool of experiences and attitudes towards touch, and similar to component structure for different cultures (Validated British TEAQ-57, and TEAQ-37 RUS). We expected that Mongolian version of the TEAQ might be a helpful tool for screening mental health issues and researchers.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43179723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.126
Wael M. Y. Mohamed, S. K. Kutty, A. Khedher, Indranath Chatterjee
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digital health system. Healthcare organizations want to give medical treatment to individuals who live a great distance away. As a result, they are emphasizing the creation of bespoke telemedicine apps. The number of individuals using telemedicine apps is increasing significantly. Increasing technology gives patients healthcare resources. This has been made feasible via a new telemedicine system and by developing a telemedicine app. Patients can use several technologies to communicate with healthcare professionals. For comfort and privacy, you can employ live visual media. The creation of telemedicine apps is the most attractive and practical investment. With the growing availability and usage of technology in PD, the focus of these technologies is gradually turning toward the disease's vast spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms (NMS). The nature of NMS makes them difficult to objectively measure, further development and building on experience gained in other conditions may still result in NMS capture that is feasible. Although it is impossible to offer recommendations for the use of digital technology outcomes for NMS in clinical practise based on currently available data, evidence for these devices is evolving, and such guidance may become accessible in the not-too-distant future. To our knowledge, this is the first telemedicine method of its sort to address cognition as one of the NMS in Malay PD patients. The project will be done on two consecutive phases (1 year each); Phase1 aims to develop the Dementia Coach Mobile App, and Phase2 aims to validation of this app by using PD patients sample from SASMEC. Therefore, we hypothesize that developing a friendly mobile app to assess dementia for PD patients is highly beneficial and could be used for diagnosis of NMS in PD patients.
{"title":"Development of a cognitive-based smartphone application for Malaysian Parkinson's disease patients: Exploring the possibility?","authors":"Wael M. Y. Mohamed, S. K. Kutty, A. Khedher, Indranath Chatterjee","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.126","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digital health system. Healthcare organizations want to give medical treatment to individuals who live a great distance away. As a result, they are emphasizing the creation of bespoke telemedicine apps. The number of individuals using telemedicine apps is increasing significantly. Increasing technology gives patients healthcare resources. This has been made feasible via a new telemedicine system and by developing a telemedicine app. Patients can use several technologies to communicate with healthcare professionals. For comfort and privacy, you can employ live visual media. The creation of telemedicine apps is the most attractive and practical investment. With the growing availability and usage of technology in PD, the focus of these technologies is gradually turning toward the disease's vast spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms (NMS). The nature of NMS makes them difficult to objectively measure, further development and building on experience gained in other conditions may still result in NMS capture that is feasible. Although it is impossible to offer recommendations for the use of digital technology outcomes for NMS in clinical practise based on currently available data, evidence for these devices is evolving, and such guidance may become accessible in the not-too-distant future. To our knowledge, this is the first telemedicine method of its sort to address cognition as one of the NMS in Malay PD patients. The project will be done on two consecutive phases (1 year each); Phase1 aims to develop the Dementia Coach Mobile App, and Phase2 aims to validation of this app by using PD patients sample from SASMEC. Therefore, we hypothesize that developing a friendly mobile app to assess dementia for PD patients is highly beneficial and could be used for diagnosis of NMS in PD patients.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45645366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-27DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.132
Singh Nivrenjeet, S. Mohd-Zin, Singh Nisheljeet, A. Azizi, K. Palaniandy, Mohd Firdaus-Raih, M. H. Muhamad Ariffin, Nicholas Daniel Edward Greene, N. M. Abdul-Aziz
The occurrence of neuroinflammation after the failure of neural tube closure, resulting in spina bifida aperta, is well established but whether or not neuroinflammation contributes to damage to the neuroepithelium prior to and during closure is not known. Neuroinflammation may occur at different time periods after perturbation to the developing spinal cord. Evidence suggests that early neuroinflammation is detrimental, whereas the later chronic phase of neuroinflammation may have useful roles. The role of neuroinflammation in neural tube defects is complex. It is important to make the distinction of whether neuroinflammation is important for neuroprotection or detrimental to the neural tissue. This may directly be influenced by the location, magnitude and duration of the insult, as well as the expression of neurotrophic or neurotoxic molecules. The current understanding remains that the chronic damage to the developing spinal cord is likely due to the chemical and mechanical damage of the exposed neural tissue owing to the aggressive intrauterine environment, described as the “two-hit mechanism”. Astrogliosis in the exposed spinal cord has been described in animal models of spina bifida after the failure of closure during embryonic life. Still, its association with neuroinflammatory processes is poorly understood. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of neuroinflammation in neural tube defects, specifically spina bifida, and highlight inflammation-targeted strategies that may potentially be used to treat this pathophysiological condition.
{"title":"Inflammation in embryology: A review of neuroinflammation in spina bifida","authors":"Singh Nivrenjeet, S. Mohd-Zin, Singh Nisheljeet, A. Azizi, K. Palaniandy, Mohd Firdaus-Raih, M. H. Muhamad Ariffin, Nicholas Daniel Edward Greene, N. M. Abdul-Aziz","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.132","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of neuroinflammation after the failure of neural tube closure, resulting in spina bifida aperta, is well established but whether or not neuroinflammation contributes to damage to the neuroepithelium prior to and during closure is not known. Neuroinflammation may occur at different time periods after perturbation to the developing spinal cord. Evidence suggests that early neuroinflammation is detrimental, whereas the later chronic phase of neuroinflammation may have useful roles. The role of neuroinflammation in neural tube defects is complex. It is important to make the distinction of whether neuroinflammation is important for neuroprotection or detrimental to the neural tissue. This may directly be influenced by the location, magnitude and duration of the insult, as well as the expression of neurotrophic or neurotoxic molecules. The current understanding remains that the chronic damage to the developing spinal cord is likely due to the chemical and mechanical damage of the exposed neural tissue owing to the aggressive intrauterine environment, described as the “two-hit mechanism”. Astrogliosis in the exposed spinal cord has been described in animal models of spina bifida after the failure of closure during embryonic life. Still, its association with neuroinflammatory processes is poorly understood. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of neuroinflammation in neural tube defects, specifically spina bifida, and highlight inflammation-targeted strategies that may potentially be used to treat this pathophysiological condition.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44868001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-05DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.116
Nur Shahirah Md Nor, Nurul Malim, Nur Aqilah Paskhal Rostam, J. J. Thomas, Mohamad A Effendy, Z. Hassan
Analysing and processing the EEG dataset is crucial. Countless actions have been taken to ensure that the researcher in brain studies always achieves informative data and produces notable findings. There are several standard procedures to produce an informative result in analysing the EEG data. However, the techniques used in each standard procedure might be different for the researcher or data analyst because they have their preferences to suit the purpose of their experiments to adapt with the dataset collected. Not only the current manual method is time-consuming, but the main challenges are that researchers need to analyse only a small portion of the brain signals that are the most relevant to be observed through the analysis of several bands such as Very low, Delta, Theta, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2, and Gamma. Therefore, one of the best alternatives is to automate the process of classifying the eight bands and extract the most relevant features. Hence, this paper proposed an automated classification method and feature extraction method through hybridising Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with three different machine learning methods (KNN, SVM, and ANN) that can improve the efficiency of EEG analysis. Based on the result, the FFT + SVM method gives a 100% accuracy and successfully classified the bands into different of eight EEG bands accurately.
{"title":"Automated classification of eight different Electroencephalogram (EEG) bands using hybrid of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with machine learning methods","authors":"Nur Shahirah Md Nor, Nurul Malim, Nur Aqilah Paskhal Rostam, J. J. Thomas, Mohamad A Effendy, Z. Hassan","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.116","url":null,"abstract":"Analysing and processing the EEG dataset is crucial. Countless actions have been taken to ensure that the researcher in brain studies always achieves informative data and produces notable findings. There are several standard procedures to produce an informative result in analysing the EEG data. However, the techniques used in each standard procedure might be different for the researcher or data analyst because they have their preferences to suit the purpose of their experiments to adapt with the dataset collected. Not only the current manual method is time-consuming, but the main challenges are that researchers need to analyse only a small portion of the brain signals that are the most relevant to be observed through the analysis of several bands such as Very low, Delta, Theta, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2, and Gamma. Therefore, one of the best alternatives is to automate the process of classifying the eight bands and extract the most relevant features. Hence, this paper proposed an automated classification method and feature extraction method through hybridising Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with three different machine learning methods (KNN, SVM, and ANN) that can improve the efficiency of EEG analysis. Based on the result, the FFT + SVM method gives a 100% accuracy and successfully classified the bands into different of eight EEG bands accurately.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49099939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.113
Nurul Bayti binti Sumardi, Hui Ying Jong, A. A. Abd Hamid
This study investigates (a) whether there is a functional neural activation at the frontal and temporal brain regions during the comprehension of Malay relative clause (RC), and (b) the differences in the activated areas among native (L1) and non-native (L2) Malay language speakers. The subject relative clause (SRC), object relative clause (ORC), and subject-verb-object (SVO) were used as the study stimuli. Participants were asked to do a sentence-picture matching task during an fMRI measurement. The random-effect analysis (RFX) using two-way ANOVA was conducted for the fMRI data. The main effect of the group at the puncorrected < 0.001, cluster size > 20 voxels found that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had activated frontal and temporal brain regions in L1 and L2. The multiple comparisons of L1>L2 showed a significant difference left-lateralised in the temporo-parietal region. While for L2>L1, the significant activations were indicated as distributed to the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions that lateralised to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: The findings suggested that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had caused the activation at different brain regions amongst L1 and L2 groups. It was also found that both L1 and L2 groups showed their preference in SRC, the mean reaction time showed that they had a faster reaction time to comprehend SRC than ORC. The findings from this study can also be applied in clinical language intervention, and it is expected to benefit children and adults with speech and language disorders.
{"title":"A preliminary fMRI study of relative clause in comprehension among native and non-native Malay language speakers","authors":"Nurul Bayti binti Sumardi, Hui Ying Jong, A. A. Abd Hamid","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.113","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates (a) whether there is a functional neural activation at the frontal and temporal brain regions during the comprehension of Malay relative clause (RC), and (b) the differences in the activated areas among native (L1) and non-native (L2) Malay language speakers. The subject relative clause (SRC), object relative clause (ORC), and subject-verb-object (SVO) were used as the study stimuli. Participants were asked to do a sentence-picture matching task during an fMRI measurement. The random-effect analysis (RFX) using two-way ANOVA was conducted for the fMRI data. The main effect of the group at the puncorrected < 0.001, cluster size > 20 voxels found that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had activated frontal and temporal brain regions in L1 and L2. The multiple comparisons of L1>L2 showed a significant difference left-lateralised in the temporo-parietal region. While for L2>L1, the significant activations were indicated as distributed to the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions that lateralised to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: The findings suggested that the comprehension of Malay relative clauses had caused the activation at different brain regions amongst L1 and L2 groups. It was also found that both L1 and L2 groups showed their preference in SRC, the mean reaction time showed that they had a faster reaction time to comprehend SRC than ORC. The findings from this study can also be applied in clinical language intervention, and it is expected to benefit children and adults with speech and language disorders.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47477718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.109
M. Koh, S. Khor, K. Lim, Si-Lei Fong, Wei-Zhen Low, Li-Ling Yeap, C. Tan
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage were reported in Europe, the United States of America and monoethnic Asian countries such as Korea and Taiwan. However, limited literature is available on the variability of CAM usage patterns among people with epilepsy (PWE) in a multi-racial country in particular Malaysia. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence, types, predictors and impact of CAM use among adult PWE and their adherence to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) treatment.140 patients were recruited, with a median age of 37.5 (IQR,28.0-51.5) years, majority female, had secondary or lower education level, earn
{"title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine among adult with epilepsy - experiences from a single epilepsy center in Malaysia","authors":"M. Koh, S. Khor, K. Lim, Si-Lei Fong, Wei-Zhen Low, Li-Ling Yeap, C. Tan","doi":"10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i1.109","url":null,"abstract":"Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage were reported in Europe, the United States of America and monoethnic Asian countries such as Korea and Taiwan. However, limited literature is available on the variability of CAM usage patterns among people with epilepsy (PWE) in a multi-racial country in particular Malaysia. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence, types, predictors and impact of CAM use among adult PWE and their adherence to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) treatment.140 patients were recruited, with a median age of 37.5 (IQR,28.0-51.5) years, majority female, had secondary or lower education level, earn <USD1077 and seizure frequency of <1 per month. One quarter (25.7%) used CAM for seizure control, of which 94.4% adhered to AEDs treatment while on CAM. Common CAM used were prayers, traditional herbal remedies, massage, and acupuncture. Only 33.3% have discussed CAM usage with their physician. The main reason for CAM usage was patients’ willingness to try other alternatives for seizure control. Although most patients had not used CAM, 20.2% were receptive to using CAM as concomitant treatment. Buddhists were more open to CAM while Muslims uses CAM selectively and avoid amulets, acupuncture, chiropractic, Ayurveda, yoga, and reiki. Logistic regression analysis showed Buddhist’s religion (OR,11.01), Muslims (OR,4.04), ≥1 seizure per month (OR,3.85) and monthly income of ≥USD1077 (OR,2.92) as the predictors for CMA usage. CAM use is common in Malaysia, especially among Buddhists and Muslims, with higher socio-economic status, and uncontrolled seizures. CAM is mostly used to complement but not in replacement of AEDs.","PeriodicalId":36108,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Notes","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45230528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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