Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-102-124
Prokhorov D.
A B S T R A C T. The article discusses the beginning of academic research on Crimean Karaites in the 19 th — early 20 th centuries: of their history, everyday life, and culture. It analyzes the Karaite population’s legal status granted by the state under the governmental policy to integrate the “inorodtsy” (ethnic minorities) into Russian cultural and linguistic space. The article examines ethno-confessional traditions, main occupations, and the life of the Karaites residing in the Crimean Peninsula, focusing on their place and role in the multi-ethnic society of the Russian Empire. The earliest academic studies of the history and culture of Crimean Jewish communities developed at the same time when Russian “inorodtsy” acquired legal status and in relation to the discussion about the origins of the Crimean Karaites. The second half of the 19th century saw the increased interest of the scientific community in the problems of ethnogenesis, history, and culture of the Karaites. The growing local history movement gave a significant impetus to the research on this issue. The article traces the stages in the formation of ethnographic and museum collections devoted to the history and culture of the Crimean Karaites. The paper describes the most historically and artistically significant museum artifacts and analyzes the current state of museum collections. The author argues for preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the autochthonous peoples of Crimea by introducing archaeographic, archaeological, epigraphic, ethnographic, and other materials into scientific circulation.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-125-142
Mordasov M., Smirnova A., Vlakhov A.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-2(20)-139-162
E. Petrosyan, R. Hovsepyan
ing and rain-stopping rituals in the light of Indo-European mythology. It draws on the ethnographic materials collected in the Yezidi villages in Armenia. In these rituals, Buka Barane (the rain’s bride), presented as a ritual doll, is interpreted as a bride and the personification of Mother-Earth, and the Rain-Mamarash is the personification of the Thunder-Bearer. The ritual involves singing a procession song damning the rain, which tore off the bride’s veil; the song also mentions the wedding that started on Friday but did not continue on Saturday as it was supposed to. According to the texts of these songs, the bride was punished for some action and drowned in the river; therefore, the “heavenly wedding” was canceled. In the rain-stopping ritual, the namesake boys drive an iron stake into the ground with a wooden hammer to disperse the clouds. These boys personify the divine twin blacksmiths; their actions stem from the idea of the cosmic intercourse of heaven and earth. The twin blacksmiths’ narrative also corresponds to the “sons of heaven” notion in the creation myth. According to Yezidi’s beliefs, not only the Thunder-Bearer god controls the weather but also his opponent from the world beyond. This is a dead man or his fetish, a tombstone. The Thunder-Bearer’s relationship with its opponent corresponds to the mythologem “the duel between the God of Storm and its Antagonist.” The game of kele-mele imitates thundering (the acoustic code): the players strike sparks by hitting two stones against each other. Young males play the game on cloudy days, in the evenings, to induce rain. The characteristics and the mythical-poetic complex of the Yezidi rain-making and rain-stopping rituals allow us to conclude that all mythologemes correspond to the scheme of the central Indo-European myth of the creation of the world. K E Y W O R D S : ritual, Rain’s Bride, Thunder-Bearer, Opponent, twins, “heavenly wedding” F O R C I T A T I O N : Petrosyan E., Hovsepyan R. Yezidi Rain-Making and Rain-Stopping Rituals in Armenia: Semantics of Mythological Motifs. Etnografia. 2023. 2(20): 139–162: (In Russian). doi 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-2(20)-139-162 141 Петросян Э. Х., Овсепян Р. А. Семантика мифологических мотивов...
在印欧神话的背景下进行的祈祷和防雨仪式。它借鉴了在亚美尼亚雅兹迪村庄收集的民族志材料。在这些仪式中，Buka Barane(雨的新娘)，作为仪式玩偶呈现，被解释为新娘和大地母亲的人格化，而雨玛玛拉什是雷手的人格化。仪式包括唱一首诅咒雨的游行歌曲，雨会撕下新娘的面纱;这首歌还提到了周五开始的婚礼，但没有按计划在周六继续举行。根据这些歌曲的文本，新娘因为一些行为而受到惩罚，被淹死在河里;因此，“天婚”被取消了。在防雨仪式中，同名男孩用木锤将一根铁桩打入地下，以驱散云。这些男孩是神圣的孪生铁匠的化身;他们的行为源于天地间宇宙交往的观念。双胞胎铁匠的叙述也与创造神话中的“天子”概念相对应。根据雅兹迪人的信仰，不仅雷手神控制天气，而且他的对手也来自外面的世界。这是一个死人或者他的恋物，墓碑。雷手与其对手的关系对应于神话中的“风暴之神与其对手之间的决斗”。kele- melee游戏模仿雷声(声音代码):玩家通过相互撞击两块石头来产生火花。年轻的雄性在阴天的晚上玩这个游戏，以诱导降雨。雅兹迪人造雨和止雨仪式的特点和神话诗意情结使我们能够得出这样的结论:所有的神话都与印欧中部创造世界的神话体系相对应。[K . E. Y . O . R. D . S .]仪式，雨的新娘，雷手，对手，双胞胎，“天上的婚礼”[F . R. C . I . A . T . I . O . N . Petrosyan, E. Hovsepyan R. Yezidi .]Etnografia》2023。2(20): 139-162(俄文)。doi 10.31250 / 141(20) 139 - 162 2618-8600-2023-2ПетросянЭ。Х。， Овсепян Р。А。Семантика мифологических мотивов…
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-2(20)-6-25
Udk, T. Lewit, Т. Левит, Мельбурнский университет
tural environment; and new religions, religious practices and taboos. In this context, the nexus between humans and animals changed in several distinct ways. The development of the new discipline of zooarchaeology over the past two decades offers new possibilities for investigating these changes. The trauma of environmental change and migrations of new groups into the former Roman Empire significantly impacted practices of animal husbandry. The migrations of these new populations from central Asia, eastern and central Europe and Arabia brought with them transformations in the socio-political symbolism and mythology associated with different animals, particularly the horse. The growth of the religion of Christianity and the spread of Christian monasteries in Europe introduced new dietary taboos associated with religious practice. Different taboos operated within the religious and ethnocultural traditions of Jewish communities in Europe, and the conquest of parts of Europe by the Islamic Empire also brought religious and ethnocultural taboos. The early Middle Ages were a time of change in the human-animal nexus in which migration, identity, religion, and ethnocultural heritage all played a central part. K E Y W O R D S : early Middle Ages, early medieval migration, animal husbandry, monastic diet, Jewish diet, Islamic diet F O R C I T A T I O N : Lewit T. Humans and Animals in the Early Middle Ages: Traumas, transformations and taboos. Etnografia. 2023. 2 (20): 6–25: . (In English). doi 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-2(20)-6-25 7 Lewit T. Humans and Animals in the Early Middle Ages... Т. Левит Мельбурнский университет
tural环境;还有新的宗教，宗教习俗和禁忌。在这种背景下，人类与动物之间的关系以几种不同的方式发生了变化。过去二十年来，动物考古学这门新学科的发展为研究这些变化提供了新的可能性。环境变化的创伤和新群体向前罗马帝国的迁移极大地影响了畜牧业的实践。这些来自中亚、东欧和中欧以及阿拉伯的新人口的迁徙，带来了与不同动物(尤其是马)相关的社会政治象征和神话的转变。基督教的发展和基督教修道院在欧洲的传播引入了与宗教活动有关的新的饮食禁忌。不同的禁忌在欧洲犹太社区的宗教和民族文化传统中运作，伊斯兰帝国对欧洲部分地区的征服也带来了宗教和民族文化禁忌。中世纪早期是人类与动物关系发生变化的时期，移民、身份、宗教和民族文化遗产都在其中发挥了核心作用。K E Y W O R D S:中世纪早期，中世纪早期移民，畜牧业，修道院饮食，犹太饮食，伊斯兰饮食F O R C I T A T I O N: lewitt T.中世纪早期的人类和动物:创伤，转变和禁忌。Etnografia》2023。2(20): 6-25。(用英语)。[3][参考文献]lewitt T.中世纪早期的人类和动物。Т。Левит Мельбурнский университет
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-6-44
Golovnev A.
of the amount of empirical and theoretical work performed, its methodological tools, and the breadth of the covered sources. In the 18th century, the conceptual palette of ethnogenesis became one of the first accomplishments of the emerging science of ethnography in Russia. During periods of crisis, for example, at the height of the persecution of ethnography campaign in the early 1930s, the platform of ethnogenesis served as a refuge for the Russian science of ethnicity. Until now, the topic of ethnogenesis has not lost its relevance at the personal, regional, or global levels. The earliest hypotheses, often considered naive and outdated, are of particular value. According to hermeneutics and phenomenology, these ideas are closer to the “spirit” of the era under study. These theories and scenarios are somewhat reminiscent of a solitaire card game: this is not just a set of guesses but a layout that can be arranged in a composition. The metaphor of the solitaire game also holds because ethnogenesis is not about dissembling but about assembling, not isolating the people but finding a place for them in a multinational community, in an ethnocenosis. There is no such thing as a sole ethnogenesis — it is always multi-ethnic. It is more correctly to see ethnogenesis not as a divergence but as a convergence. At the same time, convergence should be understood not as a unification but as the distribution of living and activity space among peoples while maintaining and even strengthening their ethnic identity. In other words, the content of ethnogenesis is the formation of a stable ethnocenosis with the distribution of ethnocultural niches and roles. K E Y W O R D S : ethnogenesis, ethnocenosis, Samoyeds, Ugrians, multi-nationality F O R C I T A T I O N : Golovnev A. Ethnogenesis as Solitaire Game: On the Origin of Samoyeds and Ugrians. Etnografia. 2023. 3 (21): 6–44. (In Russian). doi 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-6-44 8 ЭТНОГРАФИЯ / ETNOGRAFIA. 2023. No 3 (21) Страсть историков к поиску древних корней М. Блок называл «идолом истоков», «манией происхождения» и «эмбриогеническим наваждением»; пагубность этой страсти состоит в том, что она подменяет происхождением суть явлений (Блок 1986: 19–20). Б. Малиновский, в свою очередь, считал исторические реконструкции бесполезными, потому что они остаются гипотезами и ничего не объясняют в теперешнем положении вещей: «Реконструкция прошлого, будучи интересной в историческом и теоретическом аспектах, не содержит практических указаний для настоящего и будущего» (Малиновский 2004: 51). Если западные антропологи ведут речь об элементах культуры, то российские этнографы претендуют на изучение происхождения целых народов. Здесь проходит водораздел между западной антропологией и российской этнографией: главным героем первой выступает универсальный человек (и человечество как сообщество людей), второй — народ (и человечество как сообщество народов). Российское народо ведение сложилось в XVIII в., на век раньше западной
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-143-168
Bereznitsky S.
conversations with respondents, during the author’s work at ethnic cultural centers, and at several ethnographic museums, and the museums of local history organized by the Nanai peoples of Khabarovsk region who live in Troitskoe, Naikhin, Daerga, Low Manoma, Sikachi-Alan, Low Tambovka, and Kondon villages. The study draws on the following theoretical concepts: 1) the concept of ethno-cultural heritage as a worldview basis of identity, 2) the notion of ethno-cultural projections, and 3) the idea that a person can transfer real or mythical events to the present in order to strengthen the authority of their clan or ethnos.
{"title":"Ethnocultural Projections of Nanai Identity: The Use of Symbols of Ancestral Belonging","authors":"Bereznitsky S.","doi":"10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-143-168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2023-3(21)-143-168","url":null,"abstract":"conversations with respondents, during the author’s work at ethnic cultural centers, and at several ethnographic museums, and the museums of local history organized by the Nanai peoples of Khabarovsk region who live in Troitskoe, Naikhin, Daerga, Low Manoma, Sikachi-Alan, Low Tambovka, and Kondon villages. The study draws on the following theoretical concepts: 1) the concept of ethno-cultural heritage as a worldview basis of identity, 2) the notion of ethno-cultural projections, and 3) the idea that a person can transfer real or mythical events to the present in order to strengthen the authority of their clan or ethnos.","PeriodicalId":36118,"journal":{"name":"Etnografia","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31250/2618-8600-2023-1(19)-183-202
C. A.
{"title":"Traditional Russian Culture in Space and Time: A Comparison of Original and Migrant Traditions (Identity, Historical Memory, and Ethnocultural Boundaries)","authors":"C. A.","doi":"10.31250/2618-8600-2023-1(19)-183-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2023-1(19)-183-202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36118,"journal":{"name":"Etnografia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69658116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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