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The Migrant Priests of the Tamil Diaspora Hindu Temples: Caste, Profiles, Circulations and Agency of Transnational Religious Actors 泰米尔流散印度教寺庙的移民牧师:跨国宗教行为者的种姓、简介、流通和代理
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-16 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.7062
P. Trouillet
Based on biographic interviews conducted in Mauritius and Toronto, this article proposes to shed light on the Hindu temple priests who migrate from South India and Northern Sri Lanka to meet the ritual needs of the overseas Tamil communities. It is argued that paying a specific interest in these “migrant priests” makes it possible not only to get to know these transnational ritual specialists better, but also to identify some important trends and concrete mechanisms of the transnationalization of Hinduism. Most of these migrant priests belong to the same Brahman subcaste (the Śivācāryas), which echoes the broader trends of Brahmanization of global Tamil Hinduism on the one hand, and of duplication of existing specific temples, on the other. Yet, all these priests have neither the same migration profile nor the same social status: they can either be economic migrants salaried by overseas temple committees, religious entrepreneurs managing their own temples, or political refugees. The migrations of the latter testify to the influence of Sri Lanka’s civil war on the transnationalization of Hinduism, whereas those of economic migrants reveal a major change in the representations of migrations from the perspective of Brahmans, who have long avoided travels outside India. Similarly, the upward social mobility of entrepreneur priests who preside over their own temple abroad confirms the opportunities for empowerment offered by transnational migration to this caste of priests. Finally, alongside the overseas temple committees, the gurus of (agamic) schools of priests, and the state of the host countries that regulates minority religions and the presence of foreign religious actors on their territory, these migrant priests actively take part to the structuring of diaspora temples’ life, but also, more broadly, to a large part of transnational Tamil Hinduism.
本文通过在毛里求斯和多伦多进行的传记采访,试图了解从南印度和斯里兰卡北部移民来满足海外泰米尔社区仪式需求的印度教寺庙牧师。有人认为,关注这些“移民牧师”不仅可以更好地了解这些跨国仪式专家,还可以确定印度教跨国化的一些重要趋势和具体机制。这些移民牧师中的大多数都属于同一个婆罗门分支(湿婆教),这一方面呼应了全球泰米尔印度教的婆罗门化趋势,另一方面也呼应了现有特定寺庙的复制趋势。然而,所有这些牧师既没有相同的移民背景,也没有相同的社会地位:他们要么是受海外寺庙委员会薪水的经济移民,要么是管理自己寺庙的宗教企业家,要么是政治难民。后者的移民证明了斯里兰卡内战对印度教跨国化的影响,而经济移民的移民则从长期避免印度境外旅行的婆罗门的角度揭示了移民代表的重大变化。同样,在国外主持自己寺庙的企业家牧师的社会流动性向上证实了跨国移民为这一牧师阶层提供的赋权机会。最后,这些移民牧师与海外寺庙委员会、牧师学校的大师、管理少数民族宗教的东道国以及外国宗教行为者在其领土上的存在一起,积极参与海外寺庙生活的构建,但更广泛地说,也参与了跨国泰米尔印度教的很大一部分。
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引用次数: 1
Regional Charisma: The Making of a Student Leader in a Himalayan Hill Town 地区魅力:喜马拉雅山城学生领袖的塑造
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6503
Leah Koskimaki
This article explores the production of “regional charisma” in youth politics in hill towns of Uttarakhand, India. Focusing largely on the narratives and experiences of a group of forward caste student leaders in the hills in the years after statehood (November 2000), the article offers an ethnography of political aspiration. Student leaders worked to cultivate regional charisma through drawing on their caste affiliations and political genealogies, demonstrating localized knowledge, and referring to regional idioms of place. They fashioned themselves as appealing and caring moral leaders, orienting their political practices toward sacrifice and service, while disassociating themselves from perceived corruption in adult party politics. In this way, the article argues that regional charisma is a quality that is sutured in, rather than contradictory to, transactional political repertoires.
本文探讨了印度北阿坎德邦(Uttarakhand)山城青年政治中“地区魅力”的产生。这篇文章主要聚焦于印度建国后(2000年11月)一群种姓学生领袖在山区的叙述和经历,提供了一种政治抱负的民族志。学生领袖通过利用他们的种姓关系和政治家谱,展示当地知识,以及引用地方习语,努力培养地区魅力。他们把自己塑造成有吸引力、有爱心的道德领袖,将自己的政治实践导向牺牲和服务,同时与成年人政党政治中的腐败行为划清界限。通过这种方式,本文认为,地区魅力是一种与事务性政治技巧紧密相连而非相互矛盾的品质。
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引用次数: 4
How Campuses Mediate a Nationwide Upsurge against India’s Communalization. An Account from Jamia Millia Islamia and Shaheen Bagh in New Delhi 校园如何调解全国范围内反对印度社区化的热潮。Jamia Millia Islamia和Shaheen Bagh在新德里报道
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6516
Jean‐Thomas Martelli, Kristina Garalytė
We return to the notion of generational communities introduced in this special issue in light of the ongoing pan-Indian protests spearheaded by students against the Indian government’s initiative to define accession to citizenship on religious lines. Applicable to individuals who entered India prior to 2014; the recent Act of Parliament permits the authorities to grant citizenship to “persecuted minorities” from three neighboring countries while making Muslim migrants ostensibly ineligible. T...
我们回到本期特刊中引入的代际社区概念,因为学生们正在发起泛印度抗议活动,反对印度政府根据宗教界限定义加入公民身份的倡议。适用于2014年之前进入印度的个人;最近的《议会法案》允许当局授予来自三个邻国的“受迫害少数民族”公民身份,同时表面上使穆斯林移民没有资格。T
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引用次数: 1
Patronage, Populism, and Protest: Student Politics in Pakistani Punjab 赞助、民粹主义与抗议:巴基斯坦旁遮普的学生政治
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6497
Hassan Javid
Despite the over three decades of repression in Pakistan under the regimes of General Zia-ul-Haq and General Musharraf Student, student politics began its revival with the emergence of student-led activist groups during the anti-Musharraf movement of 2007. While formal student “unions” remain banned in the country, student and “youth” collectives aligned with various political parties have started to play an increasingly visible and vocal role in everyday politics and mobilization. This paper seeks to contrast three of the main student organizations currently operating in Punjab, namely the PML-N Youth Wing (PYW), the PTI’s Insaf Student Federation (ISF), and the left-wing Democratic Students Alliance (DSA). By focusing on the broader social and political context, characterized by state repression and systematic efforts to undermine student politics, in which these organizations operate, this paper argues that efforts by mainstream political parties to cultivate support amongst young people today reinforce patterns of political engagement and contestation that perpetuate the depoliticization of Pakistan’s students and further entrench the country’s framework of centralized patronage politics. This is particularly true for the PYW, whose approach works to incorporate students within the workings of its parent party, and the ISF, whose populist appeals have, over time, given way to a pragmatic politics bearing considerable resemblance to that of the PYW. The exception here is the DSA, an avowedly progressive and radical organization that remains committed to activism, but whose impact is limited by the constraints imposed by the wider political framework.
尽管在齐亚·哈克将军和穆沙拉夫学生将军的统治下,巴基斯坦经历了30多年的镇压,但随着2007年反穆沙拉夫运动期间学生领导的激进团体的出现,学生政治开始复兴。尽管该国仍禁止正式的学生“工会”,但与各政党结盟的学生和“青年”集体已开始在日常政治和动员中发挥越来越明显和响亮的作用。本文试图对比目前在旁遮普运作的三个主要学生组织,即PML-N青年翼(PYW)、PTI的Insaf学生联合会(ISF)和左翼民主学生联盟(DSA)。通过关注更广泛的社会和政治背景,以国家镇压和有系统地破坏这些组织运作的学生政治为特征,本文认为,主流政党在当今年轻人中培养支持的努力强化了政治参与和竞争模式,使巴基斯坦学生的非政治化永久化,并进一步巩固了该国的中央庇护政治框架。PYW和ISF尤其如此,前者的方法是将学生纳入其母党的运作中,后者的民粹主义诉求随着时间的推移,已经被与PYW相当相似的务实政治所取代。这里的例外是DSA,这是一个公开的进步和激进组织,仍然致力于激进主义,但其影响受到更广泛的政治框架的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Student Politics in British India and Beyond: The Rise and Fragmentation of the All India Student Federation (AISF), 1936–1950 英属印度及其后的学生政治:全印度学生联合会(AISF)的兴起与分裂,1936-1950
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6488
Tom Wilkinson
This article will examine the rise and fragmentation of the All India Student Federation (AISF), 1936–1950. The AISF initially represented a successful attempt at consolidating the existing student organizations in colonial India and a dramatic indication of student power at the national level. This student movement became an arena for the negotiation of political and religious youth identities during the final decade of the British Raj. Indian students and their student leaders responded to wider political change, especially the power configuration of political parties, with a search for distinct political spaces for youth. The struggle for control and secessions from the organization, however, brought about its fragmentation. During WWII, student and adult political leaders competed to mobilize the splintered student movements for the purposes of civil defense, social service and for the Quit India movement. I will also argue these AISF groups became the convergence point for the colonial and early-post colonial state’s coercive network.
本文将考察1936年至1950年全印度学生联合会(AISF)的兴起和分裂。AISF最初代表了巩固殖民地印度现有学生组织的成功尝试,也是国家层面学生力量的显著标志。在英国统治的最后十年,这场学生运动成为了政治和宗教青年身份谈判的舞台。印度学生及其学生领袖对更广泛的政治变革,特别是政党的权力配置做出了回应,为年轻人寻找独特的政治空间。然而,争夺控制权和脱离该组织的斗争导致了该组织的分裂。二战期间,学生和成人政治领导人为了民防、社会服务和“退出印度”运动的目的,竞相动员分裂的学生运动。我还认为,这些AISF团体成为殖民地和后殖民地早期国家胁迫网络的汇合点。
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引用次数: 0
Generational Communities: Student Activism and the Politics of Becoming in South Asia 代际社群:南亚的学生行动主义与成长政治
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6486
Jean‐Thomas Martelli, Kristina Garalytė
The wide resonance of the aphorism, “from shadows to the stars,” closing the 2016 suicide letter of lower caste student activist Rohith Vemula suggests broken hopes for South Asian educated youth. It points at the tragic obstacles to political change and social upliftment experienced by many young people, reflecting a characteristic desire for individual and collective change. The astounding protests that ensued from Rohith’s suicide in India are now contributing to the revival of scholarly i...
“从阴影到星星”这句格言在2016年低种姓学生活动家罗希特·维穆拉的自杀信结尾引起了广泛共鸣,这表明南亚受教育青年的希望破灭了。它指出了许多年轻人在政治变革和社会提升方面遇到的悲剧性障碍,反映出他们渴望个人和集体变革的特点。罗希特在印度自杀后引发的令人震惊的抗议活动,现在正在为学术界的复兴做出贡献。。。
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引用次数: 4
Symbolic Boundaries and Moral Demands of Dalit Student Activism 达利特学生激进主义的象征边界与道德诉求
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6511
Kristina Garalytė
Emerging literature on Dalit student activism explores the ways Dalit students position themselves with regard to other student groups and the broader caste structure. However, less attention has been paid to intragroup relations and dynamics within the community of Scheduled Caste (SC) students. This article explores the emerging differentiation and boundary-making among the SC students, thus contributing to the ongoing discussion on differences and divisions within the larger Dalit community. Focusing on symbolic boundaries, morality and socio-political backgrounds, I discuss the actual conflict between two SC students, in which they debated the moral dictate of the Dalit movement of “paying back to society.” Though both students seem to have internalized the moral demand, their perspectives on how to implement it differed. One student I shall call Raju advocated that paying back should be done through political action; the other student, Devan, argued that artistic expression is an equally legitimate way to “pay back to society.” The two protagonists also had substantively different relations with regard to the Dalit student organizations that advocated for political activism and “paying back to society.” For Raju, Dalit political activism served as a main avenue for personal upward social mobility, while Devan viewed political activism as a restrictive imposition limiting other legitimate means for “paying back to society.” I argue that symbolic boundaries between students cannot be reduced to class or caste distinctions, but rather that they are based on differing ideological and moral alignments. While acknowledging the influence of Ambedkarite ideology in forming students’ moral views, this case study shows that SC students do not espouse a single ideology or moral stance regarding modes of political activism, which brings out tensions that arise at the intersection between Dalit movement’s ethics and multiple individual moralities. The paper also describes two different ways students may imagine their social mobility.
关于达利特学生激进主义的新兴文献探讨了达利特学生相对于其他学生群体和更广泛的种姓结构的定位方式。然而,对在册种姓(SC)学生社区内的群体内关系和动态关注较少。本文探讨了SC学生之间正在出现的分化和边界划分,从而有助于对更大的达利特社区内的差异和分裂进行持续的讨论。围绕象征边界、道德和社会政治背景,我讨论了两名SC学生之间的实际冲突,在这场冲突中,他们就“回报社会”的达利特运动的道德要求进行了辩论。尽管两名学生似乎都内化了道德要求,但他们对如何实施道德要求的看法不同。我称之为拉朱的一名学生主张,应该通过政治行动来偿还;另一名学生德万(Devan)认为,艺术表达是“回报社会”的一种同样合法的方式。两位主角与倡导政治激进主义和“回馈社会”的达利特学生组织也有着本质上不同的关系。对拉朱来说,达利特政治激进术是个人向上社会流动的主要途径,而德万认为,政治激进主义是一种限制性的强加,限制了其他“回报社会”的合法手段。我认为,学生之间的象征性界限不能简化为阶级或种姓差异,而是基于不同的意识形态和道德取向。在承认Ambedkarite意识形态在形成学生道德观方面的影响的同时,本案例研究表明,SC学生在政治激进主义模式方面并不支持单一的意识形态或道德立场,这引发了达利特运动的伦理与多种个人道德之间的交叉点上出现的紧张关系。论文还描述了学生想象自己社会流动性的两种不同方式。
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引用次数: 3
The Spillovers of Competition: Value-based Activism and Political Cross-fertilization in an Indian Campus 竞争的溢出:基于价值的激进主义与印度校园的政治互动
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6501
Jean‐Thomas Martelli
The recent spur of student-led mobilizations in India led to the portrayal of select public universities as the epitome of resistance, dissent and countercultural politics. Departing from essentialist approaches to student politics, this article outlines the processes by which campus spaces activate the formation of political attitudes among participants. It builds on an archival and ethnographic account of educated youth politics in one of the most politicized universities in the country, Jawaharlal Nehru University. I suggest that everyday political competition among student organizations is a central condition for the development of dissonant political participation, as it enables both inter-cohort political socialization and the spilling over of ideological idioms to the sociologically diverse student groups on campus. I argue that mechanisms of political outbidding sustained by politically enterprising student collectives nurture value-based dissent by continually emulating political counter-narratives while fostering ideational cross-fertilization.
最近,印度学生主导的动员运动促使一些公立大学被描绘成抵抗、异见和反文化政治的缩影。本文从本质主义的学生政治方法出发,概述了校园空间激活参与者政治态度形成的过程。它建立在对该国最政治化的大学之一贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学受过教育的青年政治的档案和民族志描述的基础上。我认为,学生组织之间的日常政治竞争是不和谐政治参与发展的核心条件,因为它既能实现群体间的政治社会化,又能将意识形态习语渗透到校园中社会学多样的学生群体中。我认为,政治上有进取心的学生集体所维持的政治出价过高的机制,通过不断模仿政治反叙事,同时培养思想上的交叉融合,培养了基于价值的异议。
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引用次数: 5
Crisis of the “Nehruvian Consensus” or Pluralization of Indian Politics? Aligarh Muslim University and the Demand for Minority Status “尼赫鲁共识”危机还是印度政治多元化?阿里加尔穆斯林大学与对少数民族地位的需求
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6493
Laurence Gautier
This article focuses on the campaign for AMU’s minority status (1965–1981), at the intersection of student politics and Muslim politics. What started in 1965 as an internal university dispute on student quotas soon transformed into a central Muslim issue. The campaign crystallized mounting resentment against the government and provided a common platform to heterogeneous forces–students, teachers, as well as Muslim organizations of different shades and hues–who all claimed to serve Muslim interests. This campaign thus played a key role in the reconfiguration of Muslim politics in the 1960s. It contributed to the re-emergence of the demand for Muslim minority rights, largely delegitimized after partition. It provided a platform for an increasingly assertive Muslim leadership which claimed to represent the Muslim community. Finally, it constituted a laboratory for issue-based coalitions, which, in the absence of a strong Muslim political party, became a dominant feature of Muslim politics, especially in North India. These changes must be read in the wider context of the post-Nehruvian period. The campaign participated in the emergence of counter-narratives, which questioned Congress’s “hegemonic” discourse on secular nationalism. Through student mobilization and issue-based coalitions, it also facilitated the emergence of contentious voices outside party structures. As such, the campaign participated in the larger pluralization of Indian politics, marked by the erosion of Congress’s dominance, much before the post-Emergency crisis.
本文聚焦于争取AMU少数民族地位的运动(1965–1981),处于学生政治和穆斯林政治的交叉点。始于1965年的大学内部关于学生配额的争议很快演变成了穆斯林的核心问题。这场运动体现了对政府日益增长的不满,并为各种各样的力量——学生、教师以及不同肤色和肤色的穆斯林组织——提供了一个共同的平台,他们都声称为穆斯林利益服务。因此,这场运动在20世纪60年代穆斯林政治的重组中发挥了关键作用。它促成了对穆斯林少数民族权利的需求重新出现,这些权利在分治后基本上被剥夺了合法性。它为自称代表穆斯林社区的日益自信的穆斯林领导层提供了一个平台。最后,它构成了基于问题的联盟的实验室,在没有强大的穆斯林政党的情况下,这种联盟成为穆斯林政治的主要特征,尤其是在北印度。这些变化必须放在后尼赫鲁时期更广泛的背景下解读。这场运动参与了反叙事的出现,这些反叙事质疑国会关于世俗民族主义的“霸权”话语。通过学生动员和基于问题的联盟,它还促进了政党结构之外有争议的声音的出现。因此,早在后紧急状态危机之前,这场运动就参与了印度政治的大规模多元化,其标志是国会主导地位的削弱。
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引用次数: 1
A Campus in Context: East Pakistan’s “Mass Upsurge” at Local, Regional, and International Scales 背景下的校园:东巴基斯坦在地方、区域和国际尺度上的“群众高潮”
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.4000/samaj.6491
Samantha Christiansen
This article considers student activism at Dhaka University in the 1960s as a case study for considering student politics at multiple scales: local, regional, and international. In addition to providing a historical narrative of Dhaka’s engagement in the Mass upsurge campaign that led to the end of the Ayub Kahn regime, it also considers the ways this movement was informed by a sense of student power that extended beyond national borders.
本文以20世纪60年代达卡大学的学生激进主义为例,研究了多个尺度上的学生政治:地方、区域和国际。除了提供达卡参与导致阿尤布·卡恩政权终结的群众运动的历史叙述外,它还考虑了这场运动是如何被超越国界的学生力量所影响的。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
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