Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.25205/18187919-2023-22-4-9-17
E. Girchenko
The article examines the processes of the gradual introduction of cavalry troops based on the “barbarian model” into the Chinese army to counter the nomads near the northwestern borders of the empire. The author gives some examples from the written sources of the Zhanguo and Qin Dynasty periods, presenting the gradual transformation of the role of the horse rider as a separate combat unit, but also in combination with chariots. During the Han dynasty, the immediate threat from the Xiongnu by the borders and the need to secure trade routes to the West were the impetus for the reorganization of the army in general and the cavalry in particular. In order to study the peculiarities of horse use for transport needs and military operations in the north-west of the Western Han empire, besides the chronicles, documents of administrative and commercial content – bamboo slips with characters, hanjian, were being used. They were found in large numbers in border fortresses and can significantly supplement the information from the written sources of the Han period and make it possible to reconstruct not only the specifics of inner workings of the northwestern prefectures of China at the turn of the eras but also the peculiarities of horse use for the needs of postal service, patrols and the internal everyday life of garrisons.
{"title":"The Beginning of Chinese Cavalry and the Use of Horses in Northwest of Han Empire","authors":"E. Girchenko","doi":"10.25205/18187919-2023-22-4-9-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/18187919-2023-22-4-9-17","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the processes of the gradual introduction of cavalry troops based on the “barbarian model” into the Chinese army to counter the nomads near the northwestern borders of the empire. The author gives some examples from the written sources of the Zhanguo and Qin Dynasty periods, presenting the gradual transformation of the role of the horse rider as a separate combat unit, but also in combination with chariots. During the Han dynasty, the immediate threat from the Xiongnu by the borders and the need to secure trade routes to the West were the impetus for the reorganization of the army in general and the cavalry in particular. In order to study the peculiarities of horse use for transport needs and military operations in the north-west of the Western Han empire, besides the chronicles, documents of administrative and commercial content – bamboo slips with characters, hanjian, were being used. They were found in large numbers in border fortresses and can significantly supplement the information from the written sources of the Han period and make it possible to reconstruct not only the specifics of inner workings of the northwestern prefectures of China at the turn of the eras but also the peculiarities of horse use for the needs of postal service, patrols and the internal everyday life of garrisons.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-47-60
E. A. Zavidovskaуa
This paper aims to evaluate textual descriptions of Guizhou ethnic groups found in the Qing dynasty Miao albums as a source for the study of history of large ethnic groups such as Miao, Yizu and Gelao. Two Miao albums about ethnic groups of Guizhou are housed at the library of Saint Petersburg State University, one of them has 72 descriptions with hand-drawn plates, only 28 out of 40 descriptions with plates remain in the other one. Among them are dozens of descriptions of Miao groups, several groups of Yizu, Buyi and Gelao, mainly with information on their costume and customs. Scarce information on history is found only in the descriptions of Yizu, since Yizu had been holding positions of local tusi chieftains and had established their own polities which the Chinese empire was forced to interact with. Rare descriptions of Miao have mentions of historical events. This study traces the historical sources, starting from the Han dynasty, where information was borrowed from, for the Miao albums. The paper restores these pieces of information and provides a commentary. Apparently, the value of Miao albums is presented by their visual images of Guizhou people together with accompanying ethnographic notes rather than the historical accounts.
{"title":"Guizhou Ethnic Groups in the Qing Dynasty Miao Albums: Miao, Yizu, Gelao","authors":"E. A. Zavidovskaуa","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-47-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-47-60","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to evaluate textual descriptions of Guizhou ethnic groups found in the Qing dynasty Miao albums as a source for the study of history of large ethnic groups such as Miao, Yizu and Gelao. Two Miao albums about ethnic groups of Guizhou are housed at the library of Saint Petersburg State University, one of them has 72 descriptions with hand-drawn plates, only 28 out of 40 descriptions with plates remain in the other one. Among them are dozens of descriptions of Miao groups, several groups of Yizu, Buyi and Gelao, mainly with information on their costume and customs. Scarce information on history is found only in the descriptions of Yizu, since Yizu had been holding positions of local tusi chieftains and had established their own polities which the Chinese empire was forced to interact with. Rare descriptions of Miao have mentions of historical events. This study traces the historical sources, starting from the Han dynasty, where information was borrowed from, for the Miao albums. The paper restores these pieces of information and provides a commentary. Apparently, the value of Miao albums is presented by their visual images of Guizhou people together with accompanying ethnographic notes rather than the historical accounts. ","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82705608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-32-46
S. Komissarov, A. I. Solovyev
{"title":"The Jinlianshan Graveyard and Its Role in the Study of the Dong Son – Dian Civilization","authors":"S. Komissarov, A. I. Solovyev","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-32-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-32-46","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80170756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-18-31
M. Kudinova, D. P. Shulg
The materials of elite burial complexes of the Northern Zhou period (557–581) discovered in the 1980–1990s in the vicinity of Guyuan City in the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region of China are analyzed in this article. Due to the epitaphs engraved on stone slabs found inside the tombs, the names of the buried individuals and the exact dates of the complexes are known: the tombs belong to high-ranking officials of Northern Zhou: Yuwen Meng (565), Li Xian (569) and Tian Hong (574). The complexes under consideration demonstrate a high degree of unification of the funeral rite, which is manifested in the similarity of tomb structures, decor and accompanying grave goods. The features of architectural structures and grave goods of these burials continue the traditions of the previous periods of the Sixteen Barbarian States and the Northern Wei. With a general similarity to the synchronous complexes of the Northern Qi (550– 577), the materials of these tombs allow to distinguish specific features of the Northern Zhou funerary practice: the absence of porcelain items, the use of ritual nephrites, and the secular nature of mural paintings. Against the background of the prevailing influence of the Chinese-Han funerary tradition, there are signs of the influence of the steppe (probably Xianbei) funeral and memorial rituals. Prestigious items imported from Iran, Central Asia, Byzantium testify to the significant role of contacts along the Silk Road in the economical and cultural development of Northern Zhou. Despite the available data from written and epigraphic sources, the problem of identifying the ethnicity of the buried has not yet been resolved. However, the version of their non-Chinese origin seems to be the most probable.
{"title":"Three Elite Burials of the Northern Zhou Period from Guyuan in Ningxia, China","authors":"M. Kudinova, D. P. Shulg","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-18-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-18-31","url":null,"abstract":"The materials of elite burial complexes of the Northern Zhou period (557–581) discovered in the 1980–1990s in the vicinity of Guyuan City in the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region of China are analyzed in this article. Due to the epitaphs engraved on stone slabs found inside the tombs, the names of the buried individuals and the exact dates of the complexes are known: the tombs belong to high-ranking officials of Northern Zhou: Yuwen Meng (565), Li Xian (569) and Tian Hong (574). The complexes under consideration demonstrate a high degree of unification of the funeral rite, which is manifested in the similarity of tomb structures, decor and accompanying grave goods. The features of architectural structures and grave goods of these burials continue the traditions of the previous periods of the Sixteen Barbarian States and the Northern Wei. With a general similarity to the synchronous complexes of the Northern Qi (550– 577), the materials of these tombs allow to distinguish specific features of the Northern Zhou funerary practice: the absence of porcelain items, the use of ritual nephrites, and the secular nature of mural paintings. Against the background of the prevailing influence of the Chinese-Han funerary tradition, there are signs of the influence of the steppe (probably Xianbei) funeral and memorial rituals. Prestigious items imported from Iran, Central Asia, Byzantium testify to the significant role of contacts along the Silk Road in the economical and cultural development of Northern Zhou. Despite the available data from written and epigraphic sources, the problem of identifying the ethnicity of the buried has not yet been resolved. However, the version of their non-Chinese origin seems to be the most probable.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83977386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-125-139
Philipp S. Tataurov, K. O. Sopova
Purpose. The main elements of the structure of the funeral rite of the late 19th – early 20th centuries are analyzed based on the materials of the necropolis Yevgashino IV. That necropolis date to 1870–1920 by archaeology materials. The purpose of the study is to identify the main elements of the structure of the Russian funeral rite in the Omsk Irtysh region.Results. The place and features of the burials, the funerary clothing were analyzed in the course of the study. A systematic analysis of the collection of funerary pottery was also carried out. The collection of funerary pottery includes 79 archaeologically intact vessels. Various types of funeral pottery were determined by the method of V. F. Gening. There is also an analysis of the cult copper plastics, such as pectoral crosses, copper diptych. The collection of crosses obtained on the site reflects the process of transition from the “Old Believers” forms of cult casting to stamped products of generally low quality which is an important chronological marker.Conclusion. The results of the research will allow make a chronological scale of Russian funeral rite in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries from the time of the arrival of Russians in the region to the present.
目的。根据考古资料，对19世纪末至20世纪初墓地叶夫加西诺四世(Yevgashino IV)的材料分析了葬礼仪式结构的主要元素。该墓地的历史可追溯到1870-1920年。本研究的目的是确定鄂木斯克额尔齐斯河地区俄罗斯葬礼仪式结构的主要要素。在研究的过程中，分析了墓葬的地点和特征，以及墓葬的服装。对随葬陶器的收藏也进行了系统的分析。这批陪葬陶器包括79件考古学上完好无损的器皿。各种类型的丧葬陶器是用V. F. Gening的方法测定的。还有一种分析膜拜铜塑，如胸十字、铜双连画。现场获得的十字架收藏品反映了从“旧信徒”形式的邪教铸造到普遍低质量的冲压产品的过渡过程，这是一个重要的时间标记。根据研究结果，从19世纪下半叶到20世纪初，从俄罗斯人到达该地区到现在，俄罗斯丧葬仪式将按时间顺序进行排序。
{"title":"The Funeral Rite of the Russians of the Omsk Irtysh Region on a Boundary of the Epochs (1870s – 1920s) and Pottery as an Element of Its Structure","authors":"Philipp S. Tataurov, K. O. Sopova","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-125-139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-125-139","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The main elements of the structure of the funeral rite of the late 19th – early 20th centuries are analyzed based on the materials of the necropolis Yevgashino IV. That necropolis date to 1870–1920 by archaeology materials. The purpose of the study is to identify the main elements of the structure of the Russian funeral rite in the Omsk Irtysh region.Results. The place and features of the burials, the funerary clothing were analyzed in the course of the study. A systematic analysis of the collection of funerary pottery was also carried out. The collection of funerary pottery includes 79 archaeologically intact vessels. Various types of funeral pottery were determined by the method of V. F. Gening. There is also an analysis of the cult copper plastics, such as pectoral crosses, copper diptych. The collection of crosses obtained on the site reflects the process of transition from the “Old Believers” forms of cult casting to stamped products of generally low quality which is an important chronological marker.Conclusion. The results of the research will allow make a chronological scale of Russian funeral rite in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries from the time of the arrival of Russians in the region to the present.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75349554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-140-154
V. A. Burnakov
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to present the characteristics of the horse as a key object in the wedding tradition of Khakass.The chronological framework of the work covers the late 19th – mid 20th centuries. The choice of such time limits is determined by the state of the source base on the research topic. The principle when any cultural phenomenon is considered in development and taking into account a specific situation, the principle of historicism, is leading in the study. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis.Results. In the traditional Khakass culture, the horse and its image play an important role. This animal was extremely in demand due to its utilitarian and sacred significance. In practical terms, it was perceived as the main means of transport and an affordable source of meat. In religious and mythological terms, it acted as a symbolic projection – a “replacement” of the human soul, which had a close connection with the world of ancestors and deities. The image of the horse was steadily associated with the idea of vitality and fertility, being endowed with apotropaic properties. All this naturally contributed to its inclusion in the wedding ceremony.One of the main components of the marriage ritual was the mutual gift exchange. The horse was one of the key objects of it. This animal was an indispensable element of the kalym and all the gifts replacing it, as well as the bride's dowry and the groom's share. At the same time, the gift horse was a kind of pledge and a symbol of the conclusion of an unwritten marriage contract. The possession of a horse and the presence of expensive decorative elements in its ammunition not only emphasized its aesthetic preferences, but also served as a marker of the social status and prestige of the horse owner. This norm was observed in the wedding procession.Conclusion. The role of the horse in the ritual and socionormative practice associated with marriage is one of the components of the multifaceted image of this animal in the Khakass culture. Such a wide functionality of the horse people’s lives obviously may indicate the nomadic roots of the phenomenon of horse veneration.
{"title":"The Horse in the Wedding Ceremony of the Khakass (Late 19th – Mid 20th Century)","authors":"V. A. Burnakov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-140-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-140-154","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The purpose of the article is to present the characteristics of the horse as a key object in the wedding tradition of Khakass.The chronological framework of the work covers the late 19th – mid 20th centuries. The choice of such time limits is determined by the state of the source base on the research topic. The principle when any cultural phenomenon is considered in development and taking into account a specific situation, the principle of historicism, is leading in the study. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis.Results. In the traditional Khakass culture, the horse and its image play an important role. This animal was extremely in demand due to its utilitarian and sacred significance. In practical terms, it was perceived as the main means of transport and an affordable source of meat. In religious and mythological terms, it acted as a symbolic projection – a “replacement” of the human soul, which had a close connection with the world of ancestors and deities. The image of the horse was steadily associated with the idea of vitality and fertility, being endowed with apotropaic properties. All this naturally contributed to its inclusion in the wedding ceremony.One of the main components of the marriage ritual was the mutual gift exchange. The horse was one of the key objects of it. This animal was an indispensable element of the kalym and all the gifts replacing it, as well as the bride's dowry and the groom's share. At the same time, the gift horse was a kind of pledge and a symbol of the conclusion of an unwritten marriage contract. The possession of a horse and the presence of expensive decorative elements in its ammunition not only emphasized its aesthetic preferences, but also served as a marker of the social status and prestige of the horse owner. This norm was observed in the wedding procession.Conclusion. The role of the horse in the ritual and socionormative practice associated with marriage is one of the components of the multifaceted image of this animal in the Khakass culture. Such a wide functionality of the horse people’s lives obviously may indicate the nomadic roots of the phenomenon of horse veneration.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78729843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-155-167
O. Buraeva, E. F. Afanasyeva
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore the naming system of Baunt Evenks – local group of Evenks in Buryatia. For centuries, each nation has developed its own anthroponymicon – a register of personal names, which had its own characteristics in each historical period.Results. We examined this process using the example of the personal names of the Baunt Evenks – a local group of the indigenous people of the Republic of Buryatia, currently living in the Bauntovsky Evenk district. Name played a very important role in an Evenk’s life. It was individual, rarely repeated and perceived as something alive. In the process of research, the original Evenk names of the 17th – 21st centuries, unknown to modern Evenks, have been revealed. It was established that the most common male names among the Baunt Evenks were formed with the suffix -wul. The next in the frequency of use were names ending in -cha, -nay, -nei, -ni, -tu / -ltu, -kta / -to, -no, -nya, -chan, -ko. Most female names were formed with the suffix -k. We have recorded Russian and Buryat names that appeared in the Evenks anthroponymicon as a result of the establishment of cultural relations between peoples. The frequency of their use has been also determined. It has been found that since the end of the 19th century, the Evenks have mainly been using three-word names: first name, patronymic, surname.Conclusion. In the naming system of the Evenks, there were a number of conventions and prohibitions. Firstly, a person could not exist without a name. Secondly, the Evenks treated personal names as something intimate. Thirdly, the naming process was not instantaneous. Fourth, the name of the Evenks was a new word. And fifth, the formation of personal names among the Evenks was subject to certain linguistic norms.
{"title":"The History of Naming among the Baunt Evenks","authors":"O. Buraeva, E. F. Afanasyeva","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-155-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-155-167","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore the naming system of Baunt Evenks – local group of Evenks in Buryatia. For centuries, each nation has developed its own anthroponymicon – a register of personal names, which had its own characteristics in each historical period.Results. We examined this process using the example of the personal names of the Baunt Evenks – a local group of the indigenous people of the Republic of Buryatia, currently living in the Bauntovsky Evenk district. Name played a very important role in an Evenk’s life. It was individual, rarely repeated and perceived as something alive. In the process of research, the original Evenk names of the 17th – 21st centuries, unknown to modern Evenks, have been revealed. It was established that the most common male names among the Baunt Evenks were formed with the suffix -wul. The next in the frequency of use were names ending in -cha, -nay, -nei, -ni, -tu / -ltu, -kta / -to, -no, -nya, -chan, -ko. Most female names were formed with the suffix -k. We have recorded Russian and Buryat names that appeared in the Evenks anthroponymicon as a result of the establishment of cultural relations between peoples. The frequency of their use has been also determined. It has been found that since the end of the 19th century, the Evenks have mainly been using three-word names: first name, patronymic, surname.Conclusion. In the naming system of the Evenks, there were a number of conventions and prohibitions. Firstly, a person could not exist without a name. Secondly, the Evenks treated personal names as something intimate. Thirdly, the naming process was not instantaneous. Fourth, the name of the Evenks was a new word. And fifth, the formation of personal names among the Evenks was subject to certain linguistic norms.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79456306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-05DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-72-84
D. V. Selin, Y. Chemyakin
Purpose. Barsova Gora is a unique archaeological and landscape site located in the Tyumen Region (West Siberia) of the Russian Federation. The technical and technological analysis of Kalinkino ceramics from the Barsov gorodok III/2 settlement (25 vessels) was performed in accordance with the method developed by A. A. Bobrinsky.Results. For the manufacture of vessels at the Barsov gorodok III/2 settlement, ferruginous clays were selected. Five subspecies of clay have been identified, differing in the sandiness degree and natural impurities composition. The most common subspecies of clay is weakly sandy clay with natural inclusions of brown ironstone. Three recipes for molding compond were defined: 1) clay + chamotte (21 vessels); 2) clay + chamotte + sand (3 vessels); 3) clay + sand (1 vessel). Vessels were made using patchwork molding, presumably on a base mold. Surfaces of vessels were processed by mechanical smoothing and glossing. There are 10 variants of combining different tools. The most common variant is smoothing vessel both surfaces using a serrated tool. Firing of pottery could take place in reducing or semireducing gas environment.Conclusion. A comparison of pottery traditions of the Kalinkino culture from the Barsov gorodok III/2 settlement and the Barsova Gora III/20 settlement revealed their similarity. It is manifested in the selection of weakly sandy ferruginous clays for vessels production. The dominant recipe for molding compound on both sites is clay + chamotte. Vessels were made using patchwork overlay. There are differences in the range of artificial additives used in the ceramic production, recipes for molding compound, surface treatment options. Pottery of the Kalinkino culture from the Barsov Gorodok III/2 settlement demonstrates similarity with the Barsovo culture products. The similarity is manifested in the use of weakly sanded ferruginous clays and the use of chamotte as the main mineral impurity. It also converges with the pottery of the Surgut variant of the Kulay cultural-historical community due to use of chamotte and patchwork overlay. However, there are significant differences between ceramics of the Surgut variant of the Kulay cultural-historical community and the Kalinkino culture from the Barsov gorodok III/2 settlement manifested: it lies in the use of shadings and flap veneer in the Kulay pottery.
目的。Barsova Gora是位于俄罗斯联邦秋明地区(西伯利亚西部)的一个独特的考古和景观遗址。采用A. A. bobrinsky的方法对Barsov gorodok III/2(25个容器)的Kalinkino陶瓷进行了技术和工艺分析。为了在Barsov gorodok III/2定居点制造容器，选择了含铁粘土。粘土的五个亚种已被确定，不同的砂度和天然杂质组成。粘土最常见的亚种是带有褐色铁矿天然包裹体的弱砂质粘土。确定了三种成型复合材料配方:1)粘土+灰浆(21个容器);2)粘土+沙土+沙子(3个容器);3)粘土+沙子(1个容器)。容器是用拼接成型的，大概是在一个基础模具上。对容器表面进行机械平滑和上光处理。有10种组合不同工具的变体。最常见的变体是使用锯齿状工具平滑容器的两个表面。在还原性或半还原性气体环境下均可烧制陶器。通过对Barsov gorodok III/2和Barsova Gora III/20定居点的陶器传统的比较，发现了它们的相似性。这表现在为容器生产选择弱砂质含铁粘土上。在这两个地点的主要配方成型化合物是粘土+灰浆。容器是用拼凑的覆盖物制成的。在陶瓷生产中使用的人造添加剂的范围、成型化合物的配方、表面处理选择等方面存在差异。来自Barsov Gorodok III/2聚落的Kalinkino文化陶器显示出与Barsovo文化产品的相似性。相似之处表现在使用弱砂质含铁粘土和使用灰铁作为主要矿物杂质。它也与Kulay文化历史社区的苏尔古特变体的陶器汇合，因为使用了沙莫特和拼凑覆盖。然而，库莱文化历史社区苏尔古特变体的陶瓷与巴尔索夫戈罗多克III/2聚落的卡林基诺文化的陶瓷存在显著差异，表现在库莱陶瓷对遮阳和皮瓣饰面的使用上。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-05DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-99-113
I. Kang
Purpose. The purpose of the work is to search for evidence of the “golden statue of a man for sacrifices to Heaven” existence in the material culture of the early Xiongnu for the subsequent interpretation of this phenomenon.Materials. To achieve this goal, the reports of Chinese historical records on the culture of the early Xiongnu, which contain references to the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” were analyzed. Information from the historical records was compared with archaeological materials of synchronous archaeological cultures with numerous gold items in the territory of Northern Eurasia. Basically, the comparison was made with the “golden culture” of the Sakas of Kazakhstan.Result. It has been established that the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” in the culture of the early Xiongnu did not imply a golden statue, similar to later statues of Buddha, but the tradition of the deceased rulers clothes decorating with gold implements in the process of the ritual exposure of the deceased body. This tradition is widely known from the materials of the Sakas culture of Kazakhstan as a rite of creating a “golden man”. It is suggested that this tradition was borrowed by the Xiongnu in the course of contacts with the Saka population of Kazakhstan in the 4th century BC and existed among the Xiongnu until the 2nd century BC. The contacts between the Xiongnu and the Scythian and Saka nomadic population of Central Asia are confirmed by the excavations materials from the Chikhertyn Zoo burial ground in Mongolia.Conclusion. As a result of the work carried out, it was possible to identify some material and spiritual culture features of the early Xiongnu (4th – 2nd centuries BC).
{"title":"The Phenomenon of the “Golden Statue of a Man for Sacrifices to Heaven” in Xiongnu Culture","authors":"I. Kang","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-99-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-99-113","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The purpose of the work is to search for evidence of the “golden statue of a man for sacrifices to Heaven” existence in the material culture of the early Xiongnu for the subsequent interpretation of this phenomenon.Materials. To achieve this goal, the reports of Chinese historical records on the culture of the early Xiongnu, which contain references to the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” were analyzed. Information from the historical records was compared with archaeological materials of synchronous archaeological cultures with numerous gold items in the territory of Northern Eurasia. Basically, the comparison was made with the “golden culture” of the Sakas of Kazakhstan.Result. It has been established that the “golden statue of a person for sacrifices to Heaven” in the culture of the early Xiongnu did not imply a golden statue, similar to later statues of Buddha, but the tradition of the deceased rulers clothes decorating with gold implements in the process of the ritual exposure of the deceased body. This tradition is widely known from the materials of the Sakas culture of Kazakhstan as a rite of creating a “golden man”. It is suggested that this tradition was borrowed by the Xiongnu in the course of contacts with the Saka population of Kazakhstan in the 4th century BC and existed among the Xiongnu until the 2nd century BC. The contacts between the Xiongnu and the Scythian and Saka nomadic population of Central Asia are confirmed by the excavations materials from the Chikhertyn Zoo burial ground in Mongolia.Conclusion. As a result of the work carried out, it was possible to identify some material and spiritual culture features of the early Xiongnu (4th – 2nd centuries BC).","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86513129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-05DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-49-60
Y. Kurmaniyazov, A. Chekha, R. Darmenov, A. Z. Nazarov
Purpose. In 2020, an expedition of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University under the leadership of A. A. Tazhekeev and Y. S. Kurmaniyazov has examined the surface of the Zhalgyz-agym parking lot and collected archaeological material. Also in the local history and Local lore museum of the Aral Siti, Y. S. Kurmaniyazov has processed a previously unexplored collection of stone artifacts, storing in the funds, from the Zhalgyz-agym site.Results. The Zhalgyz-agym Site is located on the border of the territory of the Aral Karakum Desert and the Aral Sea in the vicinity of Saryshyganak Bay. Like most of the early sites of the Celteminar culture located in the vicinity of Aralsk Siti and st. Saksaulskaya, the Site are confined to the surface of somewhat compacted and humified soil, the layer of which is now exposed by terraces on the slopes of sandy mounds. On the surface of this layer, one can find vertically standing core, piles of flakes, ash residues and osteological materials.The collection of the Zhalgyz-agym Site, both collected and provided by the museum fund, is represented by 547 stone artifacts.The technology of primary knapping contains a number of features that allow these atrifacts to be attributed to the Mesolithic tradition. This is evidenced by both the shapes of the core – end, wedge-shaped, pencil-shaped – and the technology of their production and knapping.Conclusion. The Zhalgyz-agym site can be attributed to the Celteminar culture, but since the collection of archaeological material took place from the surface of the site, its chronological and cultural characteristics were determined only by applying a technical and typological analysis of stone artifacts.
目的。2020年，在A. A. Tazhekeev和Y. S. Kurmaniyazov的领导下，科尔基特·阿塔·基齐洛尔达大学的一支考察队检查了扎尔盖兹-agym停车场的表面，并收集了考古材料。此外，在阿拉尔西蒂的当地历史和当地文化博物馆，Y. S. Kurmaniyazov处理了一组以前未被探索过的石头文物，这些文物储存在基金中，来自扎尔盖兹-agym遗址。扎尔吉兹-阿格姆遗址位于咸海卡拉库姆沙漠和咸海的边界，位于Saryshyganak湾附近。像大多数位于Aralsk Siti和st. Saksaulskaya附近的Celteminar文化的早期遗址一样，该遗址被限制在一些夯实和腐湿土壤的表面，这一层现在被沙丘斜坡上的梯田暴露出来。在这一层的表面，人们可以发现垂直站立的岩心，成堆的薄片，灰烬残留物和骨材料。由博物馆基金收集和提供的扎吉兹广场遗址的藏品有547件石制文物。原始敲击技术包含了许多特征，使这些文物可以归因于中石器时代的传统。这一点可以从芯端、楔形、铅笔形的形状以及它们的制作和捏制技术上得到证明。张吉孜-阿格姆遗址可以归因于Celteminar文化，但由于考古材料的收集是从遗址的表面进行的，因此其时间和文化特征只能通过对石制文物进行技术和类型学分析来确定。
{"title":"Raw Materials Sources and Technical and Typological Characteristics of the Zhalgyz-agym Site in the Northern Aral Sea Region","authors":"Y. Kurmaniyazov, A. Chekha, R. Darmenov, A. Z. Nazarov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-49-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-49-60","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. In 2020, an expedition of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University under the leadership of A. A. Tazhekeev and Y. S. Kurmaniyazov has examined the surface of the Zhalgyz-agym parking lot and collected archaeological material. Also in the local history and Local lore museum of the Aral Siti, Y. S. Kurmaniyazov has processed a previously unexplored collection of stone artifacts, storing in the funds, from the Zhalgyz-agym site.Results. The Zhalgyz-agym Site is located on the border of the territory of the Aral Karakum Desert and the Aral Sea in the vicinity of Saryshyganak Bay. Like most of the early sites of the Celteminar culture located in the vicinity of Aralsk Siti and st. Saksaulskaya, the Site are confined to the surface of somewhat compacted and humified soil, the layer of which is now exposed by terraces on the slopes of sandy mounds. On the surface of this layer, one can find vertically standing core, piles of flakes, ash residues and osteological materials.The collection of the Zhalgyz-agym Site, both collected and provided by the museum fund, is represented by 547 stone artifacts.The technology of primary knapping contains a number of features that allow these atrifacts to be attributed to the Mesolithic tradition. This is evidenced by both the shapes of the core – end, wedge-shaped, pencil-shaped – and the technology of their production and knapping.Conclusion. The Zhalgyz-agym site can be attributed to the Celteminar culture, but since the collection of archaeological material took place from the surface of the site, its chronological and cultural characteristics were determined only by applying a technical and typological analysis of stone artifacts.","PeriodicalId":36462,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Seriya: Istoriya, Filologiya","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79774672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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