Fault tree analysis evaluates the relationship between overall process risk and human failure probabilities. Based on this information, most critical areas of operator training and/or need for automatic systems are determined.
{"title":"Sensitivity of process risk to human error in an ammonia plant","authors":"W. J. Delboy, R. F. Dubnansky, S. A. Lapp","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100407","url":null,"abstract":"Fault tree analysis evaluates the relationship between overall process risk and human failure probabilities. Based on this information, most critical areas of operator training and/or need for automatic systems are determined.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125255038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extreme overexposure to ammonia can cause irreversible pulmonary damage. There is, however, no credible evidence that inhaling a small amount of ammonia leads to chronic lung impairment.
过度暴露在氨中会造成不可逆的肺损伤。然而，没有可靠的证据表明吸入少量氨会导致慢性肺损伤。
{"title":"Health effects of ammonia","authors":"J. Ryer-Powder","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100411","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme overexposure to ammonia can cause irreversible pulmonary damage. There is, however, no credible evidence that inhaling a small amount of ammonia leads to chronic lung impairment.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116310168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On March 20, 1989 a tank started to leak spilling large quantities of ammonia which evaporated and caught fire. A layer of warm, unstable ammonia that had accumulated at the bottom of the tank exploded because of the hydrostatic pressure.
{"title":"An accident at a lithuanian fertilizer plant","authors":"B. Andersson","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100409","url":null,"abstract":"On March 20, 1989 a tank started to leak spilling large quantities of ammonia which evaporated and caught fire. A layer of warm, unstable ammonia that had accumulated at the bottom of the tank exploded because of the hydrostatic pressure.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131011069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inappropriate combinations of moisture, alloy and mercury can accelerate corrosion and form explosive compounds. Are there ways of preventing these potential hazards?
水分、合金和汞的不适当组合会加速腐蚀并形成爆炸性化合物。有没有办法预防这些潜在的危害?
{"title":"The effect of elemental mercury on engineering materials used in ammonia plants","authors":"S. Wilhelm","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100404","url":null,"abstract":"Inappropriate combinations of moisture, alloy and mercury can accelerate corrosion and form explosive compounds. Are there ways of preventing these potential hazards?","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133624815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A description of the experiments conducted, the results from the experiments and conclusions reached on the basis thereof.
对所进行的实验、实验结果和据此得出的结论的说明。
{"title":"Explosion isolation systems used in conjunction with explosion vents","authors":"K. Chatrathi, R. DeGood","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100309","url":null,"abstract":"A description of the experiments conducted, the results from the experiments and conclusions reached on the basis thereof.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132219446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current methods to determine the thermodynamic energy of explosion are based on the Helmholtz free energy. The Helmholtz free energy represents the maximum work available from a system during a constant temperature process. For many real explosions, the material is initially at a temperature or pressure higher than the ambient environment. Thus, the Helmholtz free energy does not account for all of the energy sources. The thermodynamic availability provides a general approach to determine the maximum work available from any process. Furthermore, the availability provides a much more formal and structured method for performing the calculations. This paper provides the formal basis, demonstrates the application of availabilty using a number of examples, and provides a table of availability data.
{"title":"Using thermodynamic availability to determine the energy of explosion","authors":"D. Crowl","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100306","url":null,"abstract":"Current methods to determine the thermodynamic energy of explosion are based on the Helmholtz free energy. The Helmholtz free energy represents the maximum work available from a system during a constant temperature process. For many real explosions, the material is initially at a temperature or pressure higher than the ambient environment. Thus, the Helmholtz free energy does not account for all of the energy sources. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The thermodynamic availability provides a general approach to determine the maximum work available from any process. Furthermore, the availability provides a much more formal and structured method for performing the calculations. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper provides the formal basis, demonstrates the application of availabilty using a number of examples, and provides a table of availability data.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122967868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the often dangerous nature of large-scale chemical and petroleum-based processes, corporations which operate plants in the hydrocarbon industry must make safety their first priority.
考虑到大规模化学和石油加工过程的危险性，在碳氢化合物工业中经营工厂的公司必须把安全放在首位。
{"title":"Process simulators for safety","authors":"M. Ferney","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100305","url":null,"abstract":"Given the often dangerous nature of large-scale chemical and petroleum-based processes, corporations which operate plants in the hydrocarbon industry must make safety their first priority.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123101881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cryogenic charcoal adsorber used to purify helium for cylinder filling exploded on August 26, 1988 at an Air Products facility in Belgium. Although the feed gas contained only 1.4% oxygen, calculations confirm that a liquid phase containing approximately 85% oxygen could have formed at the inlet to the bed and soaked into the charcoal. This potent explosive mixture (up to 7 times more powerful than TNT) was probably ignited by the flow surge when the bed depressurized to allow change-over from a full to an empty bank of cylinders. Parts of the vessel were recovered up to 250 meters from the installation and windows were cracked by the shock wave at approximately 60 meters. These consequences are consistent with the calculated energy available (approximately 40 lb TNT). Fortunately no one was injured. Two other recent explosions in the industry further emphasize the potential concerns of carbon bed cryogenic purifiers of oxygen containing gases.
{"title":"Explosion within a helium purifier","authors":"J. W. Hempseed, Robert W. Ormsby","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100312","url":null,"abstract":"A cryogenic charcoal adsorber used to purify helium for cylinder filling exploded on August 26, 1988 at an Air Products facility in Belgium. Although the feed gas contained only 1.4% oxygen, calculations confirm that a liquid phase containing approximately 85% oxygen could have formed at the inlet to the bed and soaked into the charcoal. This potent explosive mixture (up to 7 times more powerful than TNT) was probably ignited by the flow surge when the bed depressurized to allow change-over from a full to an empty bank of cylinders. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Parts of the vessel were recovered up to 250 meters from the installation and windows were cracked by the shock wave at approximately 60 meters. These consequences are consistent with the calculated energy available (approximately 40 lb TNT). Fortunately no one was injured. Two other recent explosions in the industry further emphasize the potential concerns of carbon bed cryogenic purifiers of oxygen containing gases.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116831166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of hydrogen peroxide in the chemical processing industry is increasing rapidly, both in volume and types of application. The properties of hydrogen peroxide, which make it such a useful material, can also give rise to serious hazards. This paper reviews some of the ways in which hazards may arise in organic processes using hydrogen peroxide. Some incidents are also described.
{"title":"Considerations for the safe design of processes using hydrogen peroxide and organics","authors":"J. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100310","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hydrogen peroxide in the chemical processing industry is increasing rapidly, both in volume and types of application. The properties of hydrogen peroxide, which make it such a useful material, can also give rise to serious hazards. This paper reviews some of the ways in which hazards may arise in organic processes using hydrogen peroxide. Some incidents are also described.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128912829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recently enacted Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 [1] and the proposed OSHA Process Safety Management Standard [2] both require that hazard evaluations be completed on all facilities that handle hazardous chemicals. Reports of the hazard evaluations must be kept on file and will be subject to inspection during an OSHA compliance audit. This paper outlines those concepts that are important in the preparation of the documentation of a Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) study.
{"title":"Documentation of hazard and operability studies","authors":"R. Freeman","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100308","url":null,"abstract":"The recently enacted Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 [1] and the proposed OSHA Process Safety Management Standard [2] both require that hazard evaluations be completed on all facilities that handle hazardous chemicals. Reports of the hazard evaluations must be kept on file and will be subject to inspection during an OSHA compliance audit. This paper outlines those concepts that are important in the preparation of the documentation of a Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) study.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116596700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：