A change in the normal routine at a factory, which produced a cellulose-based product, necessitated taking the individual blocks of material from a hot curing process (ca. 200 C) and packing them before they had cooled to an appreciable extent. Spontaneous ignition took place in the packaged material some hours later. Considerable damage to buildings and other losses were incurred. The ambient temperature within the store was not sufficiently high to cause thermal ignition. The problem proved to be a special but not necessarily unusual case in which the onset of ignition was governed by the initial temperature of assembly of the packaged material. These circumstances have been recognized in the fiberboard manufacturing industry for example, such that US legislation requires the cooling of newly manufactured boards below a specified temperature before stacking takes place. The authors discuss the theoretical background to this type of problem, based on an adaptation of thermal ignition theory with conductive heat transport (Frank-Kamenetskii conditions). They obtained the appropriate kinetic and thermochemical parameters for exothermic reaction in a cellulosic material in order to apply the theory. They were then able to calculate a maximum packing temperature to expedite safe but efficient storage or transport. Themore » numerical calculations to solve the spatial and time dependent energy conservation equations by use of the finite difference method required a three dimensional grid, set up as 20{sup 3} mesh points, equivalent to cube-shaped, packaged material in the practical application. Most of the calculations were performed on a personal computer.« less
{"title":"The prediction of spontaneous ignition hazards resulting from the hot stacking' of process materials","authors":"J. Griffiths, W. Kordylewski","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110211","url":null,"abstract":"A change in the normal routine at a factory, which produced a cellulose-based product, necessitated taking the individual blocks of material from a hot curing process (ca. 200 C) and packing them before they had cooled to an appreciable extent. Spontaneous ignition took place in the packaged material some hours later. Considerable damage to buildings and other losses were incurred. The ambient temperature within the store was not sufficiently high to cause thermal ignition. The problem proved to be a special but not necessarily unusual case in which the onset of ignition was governed by the initial temperature of assembly of the packaged material. These circumstances have been recognized in the fiberboard manufacturing industry for example, such that US legislation requires the cooling of newly manufactured boards below a specified temperature before stacking takes place. The authors discuss the theoretical background to this type of problem, based on an adaptation of thermal ignition theory with conductive heat transport (Frank-Kamenetskii conditions). They obtained the appropriate kinetic and thermochemical parameters for exothermic reaction in a cellulosic material in order to apply the theory. They were then able to calculate a maximum packing temperature to expedite safe but efficient storage or transport. Themore » numerical calculations to solve the spatial and time dependent energy conservation equations by use of the finite difference method required a three dimensional grid, set up as 20{sup 3} mesh points, equivalent to cube-shaped, packaged material in the practical application. Most of the calculations were performed on a personal computer.« less","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132714405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The forthcoming Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) Guidelines for Effective Handling of Emergency Release Effluents includes the methodology for defining effluent flow rates and characteristics during emergency pressure relief events. The intent is to provide the user with enough information to do the required calculations on roughly 95% of the relief systems in a typical process unit without requiring expert assistance or access to other documents. Cases requiring special design training and methodology due to combinations of multi-phase, multi-component, reactive, geometric and thermodynamic complexities are identified and illustrated in the Guidelines. However, the complete design technology for such cases is beyond the scope of these Guidelines; reference is given to applicable documents.
{"title":"Relief system design scope of CCPS effluent handling guidelines","authors":"J. Huff","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110208","url":null,"abstract":"The forthcoming Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) Guidelines for Effective Handling of Emergency Release Effluents includes the methodology for defining effluent flow rates and characteristics during emergency pressure relief events. The intent is to provide the user with enough information to do the required calculations on roughly 95% of the relief systems in a typical process unit without requiring expert assistance or access to other documents. Cases requiring special design training and methodology due to combinations of multi-phase, multi-component, reactive, geometric and thermodynamic complexities are identified and illustrated in the Guidelines. However, the complete design technology for such cases is beyond the scope of these Guidelines; reference is given to applicable documents.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116182553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many companies are developing and implementing Process Safety Management (PSM) systems. Various PSM models, including those by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) and OSHA have emerged to guide the design, development and installation of these systems. These models represent distillations of the practices, methods and procedures successfully used by those who believed that a strong correlation exists between sound PSM practices and achieving reductions in the frequency and severity of process incidents. This paper describes the progress of CCPS research toward developing a PSM performance measurement model. It also provides a vision for future CCPS research to define effectiveness indices.
{"title":"Measuring process safety management","authors":"J. Sweeney","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110213","url":null,"abstract":"Many companies are developing and implementing Process Safety Management (PSM) systems. Various PSM models, including those by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) and OSHA have emerged to guide the design, development and installation of these systems. These models represent distillations of the practices, methods and procedures successfully used by those who believed that a strong correlation exists between sound PSM practices and achieving reductions in the frequency and severity of process incidents. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper describes the progress of CCPS research toward developing a PSM performance measurement model. It also provides a vision for future CCPS research to define effectiveness indices.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117103366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Powder handling and electrostatics: Understanding and preventing hazards,” by Thomas B. Jones and Jack L. King, available from Lewis publishers, 121 south main street, Chelsea, Michigan, 48118. 103 pp. (1992)","authors":"L. G. Britton","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114387603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many hazardous industrial chemicals are stored as liquidfied compressed gases. To evaluate the possible consequences of a pipeline rupture, hose break, or tank puncture, the safety or process engineer needs a means to estimate the two-phase (liquid and gas) flow rate. Recent technical advances by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Design Institute of Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) have produced methods that can be used to compute the two-phase flow rate. These methods are simple and can be completed using a personal computer and a standard spreadsheet program such as Excel (Macintosh) or Lotus (DOS based). This paper presents the two-phase flow rate calculation method and shows how spreadsheets can be used for these calculations.
{"title":"The use of spreadsheets in modelling accidental releases of toxic chemicals","authors":"R. Freeman, D. A. Shaw","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110210","url":null,"abstract":"Many hazardous industrial chemicals are stored as liquidfied compressed gases. To evaluate the possible consequences of a pipeline rupture, hose break, or tank puncture, the safety or process engineer needs a means to estimate the two-phase (liquid and gas) flow rate. Recent technical advances by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Design Institute of Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) have produced methods that can be used to compute the two-phase flow rate. These methods are simple and can be completed using a personal computer and a standard spreadsheet program such as Excel (Macintosh) or Lotus (DOS based). This paper presents the two-phase flow rate calculation method and shows how spreadsheets can be used for these calculations.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122851119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reaction kinetics models, which were originally developed to define safe process designs for potentially hazardous batch aminations of nitroaromatics, are being applied on-line for advisory control. The simulation takes as input live time-temperature data, and calculates variables such as, conversions, heat-release rates and pressure profiles. Results are continuously compared to measured data to ensure no unusual safety behavior throughout the reaction cycles. Model outputs also are employed to predict end-of-batch conditions to minimize processing times and yield uniform quality products.
{"title":"On-line modeling of thermally hazardous batch processes","authors":"M. D. Gordon","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720110215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720110215","url":null,"abstract":"Reaction kinetics models, which were originally developed to define safe process designs for potentially hazardous batch aminations of nitroaromatics, are being applied on-line for advisory control. The simulation takes as input live time-temperature data, and calculates variables such as, conversions, heat-release rates and pressure profiles. Results are continuously compared to measured data to ensure no unusual safety behavior throughout the reaction cycles. Model outputs also are employed to predict end-of-batch conditions to minimize processing times and yield uniform quality products.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129249193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An in-depth hazards review and subsequent field work on a 20-year-old ammonia tank are discussed, as well as a new method used to change tank valves. Included are a risk assessment of critical piping and a fracture mechanic study of the tank.
{"title":"An ammonia storage tank study","authors":"R. Squire","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100408","url":null,"abstract":"An in-depth hazards review and subsequent field work on a 20-year-old ammonia tank are discussed, as well as a new method used to change tank valves. Included are a risk assessment of critical piping and a fracture mechanic study of the tank.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116794747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This new technique, which meets interacting design criteria of a 1,800-MTPD ammonia project, offers special safety features and withstands a detailed HAZOP study.
{"title":"HAZOP-proof ammonia plant: A new way of defining a safe and reliable design","authors":"G. Großmann, D. Fromm","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100410","url":null,"abstract":"This new technique, which meets interacting design criteria of a 1,800-MTPD ammonia project, offers special safety features and withstands a detailed HAZOP study.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133956358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The probability of fracture of an ammonia storage vessel due to stress cracking can be calculated based on the vessel's likelihood of failure.
基于储氨容器的失效可能性，可以计算储氨容器因应力开裂而发生断裂的概率。
{"title":"Ammonia vessel integrity program: A modern approach","authors":"M. Conley, Sture Angelsen, David Williams","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100406","url":null,"abstract":"The probability of fracture of an ammonia storage vessel due to stress cracking can be calculated based on the vessel's likelihood of failure.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132861581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing media visibility, public concern, and restrictive legislation over the effects of chemicals in use by society is creating a range of problems and liabilities that many local jurisdictions are currently unprepared to cope with. Communities around the nation are struggling to develop cost effective, sustainable internal systems to manage their responsibilities for hazardous chemicals which are used, stored, manufactured or transported within their areas of responsibilities. Within the past few years, federal and state legislation has mandated new local responsibilities for management of chemical hazards. The sheer volume of statutes, regulations, guidance and advice available from public and private sources on how to manage these new responsibilities and liabilities can be overwhelming.
{"title":"Management of hazardous materials at the local community level","authors":"W. Keffer","doi":"10.1002/PRSB.720100405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PRSB.720100405","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing media visibility, public concern, and restrictive legislation over the effects of chemicals in use by society is creating a range of problems and liabilities that many local jurisdictions are currently unprepared to cope with. Communities around the nation are struggling to develop cost effective, sustainable internal systems to manage their responsibilities for hazardous chemicals which are used, stored, manufactured or transported within their areas of responsibilities. Within the past few years, federal and state legislation has mandated new local responsibilities for management of chemical hazards. The sheer volume of statutes, regulations, guidance and advice available from public and private sources on how to manage these new responsibilities and liabilities can be overwhelming.","PeriodicalId":364732,"journal":{"name":"Plant\\/operations Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125893659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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