Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-1-05-12
T. Azizova, M. B. Moseeva, K. Briks
Introduction. Nuclear accidents are rare, however, today they cannot be entirely excluded. Thereupon the wealth of global experience is of particular value for prediction of outcomes that potentially follow short-term exposures to ionizing radiation at high dose rates.The objective is to describe clinical simptoms and signs in workers exposed to acute gamma-neutron radiation.Methodology. This paper considers healths effects after radiation exposure due to a critical accident that happened on January, 2 1958 during operations with an experimental flask containing uranium nitrate solution at the Mayak PA. During accident four workers were exposed to short-term gamma-neutron radiation and subsequently suffered from acute radiation syndrome of different severity degree.Results and discussion. Symptoms of the initial response, development of disorders in various organs and systems and the course of the acute radiation syndrome in exposed individuals are described.Conclusion. Multiple organs or tissues are involved in severe acute radiation syndrome at an early period after acute exposure, at that cardiovascular collapse is the most critical physiological state. Multiple organs or tissues failure in the longtrem period after acute exposure is a secondary manifestation both of the primary nonspecific response to radiation and specific radiation-induced direct damage of highly sensitive cells
{"title":"Acute radiation sickness due to critical accidents at a nuclear production facility","authors":"T. Azizova, M. B. Moseeva, K. Briks","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-1-05-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-1-05-12","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Nuclear accidents are rare, however, today they cannot be entirely excluded. Thereupon the wealth of global experience is of particular value for prediction of outcomes that potentially follow short-term exposures to ionizing radiation at high dose rates.The objective is to describe clinical simptoms and signs in workers exposed to acute gamma-neutron radiation.Methodology. This paper considers healths effects after radiation exposure due to a critical accident that happened on January, 2 1958 during operations with an experimental flask containing uranium nitrate solution at the Mayak PA. During accident four workers were exposed to short-term gamma-neutron radiation and subsequently suffered from acute radiation syndrome of different severity degree.Results and discussion. Symptoms of the initial response, development of disorders in various organs and systems and the course of the acute radiation syndrome in exposed individuals are described.Conclusion. Multiple organs or tissues are involved in severe acute radiation syndrome at an early period after acute exposure, at that cardiovascular collapse is the most critical physiological state. Multiple organs or tissues failure in the longtrem period after acute exposure is a secondary manifestation both of the primary nonspecific response to radiation and specific radiation-induced direct damage of highly sensitive cells","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82605307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-66-75
E. V. Bobrinev, A. A. Kondashov, E. Udavtsova, V. Putin
Relevance. Road accidents are one of the main causes of death and injury among the EMERCOM of Russia personnel.The objective is to analyze the circumstances of road traffic occupational injuries and deaths of the Federal Fire Service (FFS) personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia within 2010 to 2021.Methods. The level of occupational injuries in road accidents from 2010 to 2021, depending on the type of transport, type of activity, day of the week and month of the year, was calculated for 10 thousand firefighters, the level of deaths in the line of duty - for 100 thousand firefighters. Arithmetic averages and their errors (M ± m) are presented.Results and discussion. The level of accident-caused injuries of the Russian EMERCOM FFS personnel was (1.52 ± 0.20) cases per 10 thousand people. The dynamics shows a decrease by 3.4 times in the statistics of injuries over 12 years. The rate of accident-caused deaths among the Russian EMERCOM FFS personnel was (2.06 ± 0.28) cases per 100 thousand people. The dynamics of the last two years demonstrates an increase in the statistics of injuries.The road accident injuries constitute 13.2% of the total number of industrial injuries among Russian firefighters. The rate of fatalities caused by road accidents is 25.8% of the total number of firefighters killed in the line of duty.Conclusion. The analysis of the circumstances of accident-caused injuries among the EMERCOM FFS personnel contributes to improved prevention of occupational firefighter injuries and reduces the on-duty firefighter death rate.
{"title":"Study of road traffic injuries and deaths among the Federal Fire Service personnnel of the EMERCOM of Russia","authors":"E. V. Bobrinev, A. A. Kondashov, E. Udavtsova, V. Putin","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-66-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-66-75","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Road accidents are one of the main causes of death and injury among the EMERCOM of Russia personnel.The objective is to analyze the circumstances of road traffic occupational injuries and deaths of the Federal Fire Service (FFS) personnel of the EMERCOM of Russia within 2010 to 2021.Methods. The level of occupational injuries in road accidents from 2010 to 2021, depending on the type of transport, type of activity, day of the week and month of the year, was calculated for 10 thousand firefighters, the level of deaths in the line of duty - for 100 thousand firefighters. Arithmetic averages and their errors (M ± m) are presented.Results and discussion. The level of accident-caused injuries of the Russian EMERCOM FFS personnel was (1.52 ± 0.20) cases per 10 thousand people. The dynamics shows a decrease by 3.4 times in the statistics of injuries over 12 years. The rate of accident-caused deaths among the Russian EMERCOM FFS personnel was (2.06 ± 0.28) cases per 100 thousand people. The dynamics of the last two years demonstrates an increase in the statistics of injuries.The road accident injuries constitute 13.2% of the total number of industrial injuries among Russian firefighters. The rate of fatalities caused by road accidents is 25.8% of the total number of firefighters killed in the line of duty.Conclusion. The analysis of the circumstances of accident-caused injuries among the EMERCOM FFS personnel contributes to improved prevention of occupational firefighter injuries and reduces the on-duty firefighter death rate.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76344684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-31-39
N. A. Sokolovich, A. A. Saunina, E. S. Mikhailova, I. Soldatov
Relevance. Caries and premature loss of teeth is among the causes of the development of malocclusion. Caries develops with greater frequency on proximal and occlusal surfaces of mandibular first molars, which increases the risk of periapical complications due to late diagnosis of tooth decay. Students of the Russian Ministry of Defense schools for comprehensive education belong to reserve units of law enforcement authorities, agencies and services. Therefore, prevention and sustaining their good health, including dental health, is a top priority.The paper objective is to evaluate the frequency of carious lesions of various surfaces of mandibular molars and their complications in students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.Methods. We examined 30 first year students with class II malocclusion (K07.20 according to ICD-10) aged 11-12 years, using basic (clinical examination and probing) and additional (questionnaires, photo protocol, radiography) research methods. All patients underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in natural occlusion with a resolution of 17Ч15.Results and discussion. 45 % of the examined students revealed latent carious lesions of the enamel below the level of the equator, predominantly localized on the tooth medial surface. At the same time, carious lesions communicating with the tooth cavity in 60.9 % of cases were localized on the contact surfaces (Class II according to Black), in 39.1% - on the chewing surface (Class I according to Black). Periapical foci of destruction were found in 38.3 % of cases.Conclusion. When diagnosing and planning orthodontic treatment of malocclusion in students of the Russian Ministry of Defense institutions, it is important to refer the patient to CBCT in order to timely detect hidden carious lesions of the enamel below the equator and prevent the transition of uncomplicated caries into complicated cases.
{"title":"Prevalence of focal odontogenic infection in patients with class II malocclusion studying at Russian Ministry of Defense institutions of comprehensive education","authors":"N. A. Sokolovich, A. A. Saunina, E. S. Mikhailova, I. Soldatov","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-31-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-31-39","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Caries and premature loss of teeth is among the causes of the development of malocclusion. Caries develops with greater frequency on proximal and occlusal surfaces of mandibular first molars, which increases the risk of periapical complications due to late diagnosis of tooth decay. Students of the Russian Ministry of Defense schools for comprehensive education belong to reserve units of law enforcement authorities, agencies and services. Therefore, prevention and sustaining their good health, including dental health, is a top priority.The paper objective is to evaluate the frequency of carious lesions of various surfaces of mandibular molars and their complications in students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.Methods. We examined 30 first year students with class II malocclusion (K07.20 according to ICD-10) aged 11-12 years, using basic (clinical examination and probing) and additional (questionnaires, photo protocol, radiography) research methods. All patients underwent cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in natural occlusion with a resolution of 17Ч15.Results and discussion. 45 % of the examined students revealed latent carious lesions of the enamel below the level of the equator, predominantly localized on the tooth medial surface. At the same time, carious lesions communicating with the tooth cavity in 60.9 % of cases were localized on the contact surfaces (Class II according to Black), in 39.1% - on the chewing surface (Class I according to Black). Periapical foci of destruction were found in 38.3 % of cases.Conclusion. When diagnosing and planning orthodontic treatment of malocclusion in students of the Russian Ministry of Defense institutions, it is important to refer the patient to CBCT in order to timely detect hidden carious lesions of the enamel below the equator and prevent the transition of uncomplicated caries into complicated cases.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87931276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-104-111
I. Shantyr, G. G. Rodionov, S. Dudarenko, M. Sannikov, E. V. Svetkina, E. A. Kolobova, O. A. Ezhova, E. S. Saryan
Relevance. Individuals of stressful professions, including the emergency response officers (firefighters and rescuers) of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, are prone to the early onset of circulatory system diseases (CSD). At in-depth examinations the CSD detection rate in EMERCOM response officers is above 10%. Earlier studies report that CSD risk factors are widespread among EMERCOM of Russia response officers. Therefore, it is relevant to identify the predisposition to CSD as soon as possible in order to maintain good health and longevity among highly qualified professionals of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.The pathophysiological mechanism underlying progression of atherosclerosis affects complicated interactions between vasculature, immune system and lipid metabolism. Evidence shows that intestinal microbiome exacerbates all compound risk factors for atherosclerosis, both directly and indirectly, thus playing an important role in CSD development.Numerous studies revealed that elevated levels of plasma homocysteine and other aminothiols strongly correlate with manifestations of vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and thrombosis, which makes it possible to isolate homocysteine as an independent risk factor for CSD progression.Our objective is to evaluate intestinal microbiome metabolism indicators and plasma aminothiols as early CVD risk markers in emergency response officers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.Methodology. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination was performed in 96 emergency response male officers of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations at a regular medical check-up in the outpatient center of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, St. Petersburg. The average age of response officers was (35.9 ± 0.8) years, with average work experience in the EMERCOM of Russia of (8.8 ± 0.5) years. All emergency response officers were split in 3 groups: group 1 included 56 practically healthy males, group 2 - 20 males with risk of CVD development, group 3 - 20 males with established CVD diagnosis. Chromatography with mass-spectrometric determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and aminothiols was performed in plasma samples from all examined patients.Results and analysis. TMAO level was elevated by 30 % in group 3 compared to group 1. Acetic acid level decrease by 32 % was found in group 2 and by 45 % in group 3 compared to group 1.Plasma valeric and butyric acids were decreased by 1.9 and 2.5 times respectively in group 3 compared to group 1, as well as by 2 times in group 3 compared to group 2. It was found that in group 3 cystine concentration was decreased by 30 % compared to group 1 and reduced glutathione was elevated by 2 times compared to group 2.Conclusion. The revealed changes in the level of SCFA, aminothiols and TMAO in emerge
{"title":"Diagnostic significance of the level of short chain fatty acids and aminothiols in the EMERCOM of Russia response officers with risk factors for circulatory system diseases","authors":"I. Shantyr, G. G. Rodionov, S. Dudarenko, M. Sannikov, E. V. Svetkina, E. A. Kolobova, O. A. Ezhova, E. S. Saryan","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-104-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-104-111","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Individuals of stressful professions, including the emergency response officers (firefighters and rescuers) of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, are prone to the early onset of circulatory system diseases (CSD). At in-depth examinations the CSD detection rate in EMERCOM response officers is above 10%. Earlier studies report that CSD risk factors are widespread among EMERCOM of Russia response officers. Therefore, it is relevant to identify the predisposition to CSD as soon as possible in order to maintain good health and longevity among highly qualified professionals of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.The pathophysiological mechanism underlying progression of atherosclerosis affects complicated interactions between vasculature, immune system and lipid metabolism. Evidence shows that intestinal microbiome exacerbates all compound risk factors for atherosclerosis, both directly and indirectly, thus playing an important role in CSD development.Numerous studies revealed that elevated levels of plasma homocysteine and other aminothiols strongly correlate with manifestations of vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and thrombosis, which makes it possible to isolate homocysteine as an independent risk factor for CSD progression.Our objective is to evaluate intestinal microbiome metabolism indicators and plasma aminothiols as early CVD risk markers in emergency response officers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.Methodology. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination was performed in 96 emergency response male officers of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations at a regular medical check-up in the outpatient center of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, St. Petersburg. The average age of response officers was (35.9 ± 0.8) years, with average work experience in the EMERCOM of Russia of (8.8 ± 0.5) years. All emergency response officers were split in 3 groups: group 1 included 56 practically healthy males, group 2 - 20 males with risk of CVD development, group 3 - 20 males with established CVD diagnosis. Chromatography with mass-spectrometric determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and aminothiols was performed in plasma samples from all examined patients.Results and analysis. TMAO level was elevated by 30 % in group 3 compared to group 1. Acetic acid level decrease by 32 % was found in group 2 and by 45 % in group 3 compared to group 1.Plasma valeric and butyric acids were decreased by 1.9 and 2.5 times respectively in group 3 compared to group 1, as well as by 2 times in group 3 compared to group 2. It was found that in group 3 cystine concentration was decreased by 30 % compared to group 1 and reduced glutathione was elevated by 2 times compared to group 2.Conclusion. The revealed changes in the level of SCFA, aminothiols and TMAO in emerge","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78047302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-76-82
S. Bychkov, D. P. Zverev, I. Klenkov, A. M. Yarkov, Z. M. Israfilov
Relevance. Diving equipment and diving launch techniques witness continuous improvements, which allow individuals to more effectively perform various tasks underwater. A controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather has been used in amateur diving in our country for more than 20 years. It is therefore necessary to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers wearing deep sea diving equipment to ensure its safety and functionality in professional diving and the activities of dedicated departmental structures.The objective is to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers in controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather, with a similar level of intravascular decompression gas formation under the influence of aquatic environment factors.Methods. During the study, 9 blood biochemical parameters were evaluated using the Fujifilm DRI-CHEM NX500 apparatus in 6 divers before and after deep-sea descents. In total, 14 diving descents were performed in a controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather to depths from 60 to 100 m. Also, after each diving descent, the level of intravascular decompression gas formation was assessed using ultrasonic location with the constant-wave Doppler effect.Results and Discussion. As a result of these studies, a significant increase in the values of transaminases (ALT, AST) and urea was established, associated with increased partial pressure of oxygen in hyperbaric aquatic environment. The results of the analysis revealed that indicators of the CNS oxygen intoxication correlated with K+ ions concentration and glucose levels; a correlation between Na+ ions and Cl- ions concentration was established, as well as the inverse relationship between the concentration of urea and creatinine and the level of intravascular decompression gas formation. It is noteworthy that a correlation was found between the level of intravascular decompression gas formation and the CNS oxygen intoxication, whereby an increase in the CNS oxygen intoxication leads to increased levels of intravascular decompression gas formation.Conclusion. The studied blood biochemical parameters did not go beyond the reference values and had slight individual variations, which confirms the safety of the technology of descents in diving breathing apparatus with a controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather at depths of more than 60 m. The results of the correlation analysis revealed changes in carbohydrate and water-electrolyte metabolism in the body of divers after a deep-sea descent due to the action of an increased partial pressure of oxygen and intravascular decompression gas formation.
{"title":"Biochemical effects in deep-sea divers exposed to aquatic environmental factors","authors":"S. Bychkov, D. P. Zverev, I. Klenkov, A. M. Yarkov, Z. M. Israfilov","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-76-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-76-82","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Diving equipment and diving launch techniques witness continuous improvements, which allow individuals to more effectively perform various tasks underwater. A controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather has been used in amateur diving in our country for more than 20 years. It is therefore necessary to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers wearing deep sea diving equipment to ensure its safety and functionality in professional diving and the activities of dedicated departmental structures.The objective is to assess the biochemical effects in deep-sea divers in controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather, with a similar level of intravascular decompression gas formation under the influence of aquatic environment factors.Methods. During the study, 9 blood biochemical parameters were evaluated using the Fujifilm DRI-CHEM NX500 apparatus in 6 divers before and after deep-sea descents. In total, 14 diving descents were performed in a controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather to depths from 60 to 100 m. Also, after each diving descent, the level of intravascular decompression gas formation was assessed using ultrasonic location with the constant-wave Doppler effect.Results and Discussion. As a result of these studies, a significant increase in the values of transaminases (ALT, AST) and urea was established, associated with increased partial pressure of oxygen in hyperbaric aquatic environment. The results of the analysis revealed that indicators of the CNS oxygen intoxication correlated with K+ ions concentration and glucose levels; a correlation between Na+ ions and Cl- ions concentration was established, as well as the inverse relationship between the concentration of urea and creatinine and the level of intravascular decompression gas formation. It is noteworthy that a correlation was found between the level of intravascular decompression gas formation and the CNS oxygen intoxication, whereby an increase in the CNS oxygen intoxication leads to increased levels of intravascular decompression gas formation.Conclusion. The studied blood biochemical parameters did not go beyond the reference values and had slight individual variations, which confirms the safety of the technology of descents in diving breathing apparatus with a controlled electronic closed circuit rebreather at depths of more than 60 m. The results of the correlation analysis revealed changes in carbohydrate and water-electrolyte metabolism in the body of divers after a deep-sea descent due to the action of an increased partial pressure of oxygen and intravascular decompression gas formation.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77454350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-55-65
Y. Shapkin, P. Seliverstov, N. Y. Stekolnikov, V. V. Ashevskiy
Relevance. Bleeding and hemorrhagic shock are the leading cause of potentially preventable deaths in combat casualties. The concept of pre-hospital injury control Remote Damage Control Resuscitation is becoming an integral part of care in the wounded with shock in the field. The significance of prehospital care provision according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation is increasing in future “multidomain battlefield”.The objective is to consider the effectiveness and features of prehospital care provision according to the principles of DCR in armed conflicts of the last two decades (in Afghanistan, Iraq, Africa, the Middle East).Methodology. A search was made for scientific articles in the PubMed database and the Scientific Electronic Library (eLIBRARY.ru), published from 2017 to 2022.Results and Discussion. Prehospital care according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation includes temporary arrest of bleeding, infusion therapy as part of hemostatic resuscitation and permissive hypotension, adequate respiratory support, prevention and elimination of hypothermia, and prompt evacuation to the stage of surgical care. Effective means to stop bleeding in combat casualties are modern hemostatic tourniquets, pelvic bandage, hemostatic dressings with koalin and chitosan. Resuscitation endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is recognized as a promising method for stopping internal bleeding. The basis of hemostatic resuscitation on the battlefield is the earlier transfusion of blood or its components in combination with the introduction of tranexamic acid and calcium preparations. Group O (I) whole blood with low titer anti-A and anti-B antibodies, lyophilized plasma and fibrinogen concentrate offer logistical advantages for combat use.Conclusion. Pre-hospital care according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation is effective and can significantly reduce mortality among those injured in combat operations.
{"title":"Prehospital care according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation in the conditions of modern warfare (literature review)","authors":"Y. Shapkin, P. Seliverstov, N. Y. Stekolnikov, V. V. Ashevskiy","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-55-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-55-65","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Bleeding and hemorrhagic shock are the leading cause of potentially preventable deaths in combat casualties. The concept of pre-hospital injury control Remote Damage Control Resuscitation is becoming an integral part of care in the wounded with shock in the field. The significance of prehospital care provision according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation is increasing in future “multidomain battlefield”.The objective is to consider the effectiveness and features of prehospital care provision according to the principles of DCR in armed conflicts of the last two decades (in Afghanistan, Iraq, Africa, the Middle East).Methodology. A search was made for scientific articles in the PubMed database and the Scientific Electronic Library (eLIBRARY.ru), published from 2017 to 2022.Results and Discussion. Prehospital care according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation includes temporary arrest of bleeding, infusion therapy as part of hemostatic resuscitation and permissive hypotension, adequate respiratory support, prevention and elimination of hypothermia, and prompt evacuation to the stage of surgical care. Effective means to stop bleeding in combat casualties are modern hemostatic tourniquets, pelvic bandage, hemostatic dressings with koalin and chitosan. Resuscitation endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is recognized as a promising method for stopping internal bleeding. The basis of hemostatic resuscitation on the battlefield is the earlier transfusion of blood or its components in combination with the introduction of tranexamic acid and calcium preparations. Group O (I) whole blood with low titer anti-A and anti-B antibodies, lyophilized plasma and fibrinogen concentrate offer logistical advantages for combat use.Conclusion. Pre-hospital care according to the principles of Damage Control Resuscitation is effective and can significantly reduce mortality among those injured in combat operations.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83701289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-112-117
A. Sokolovskaya, O. V. Kazaeva
The relevance of the paper is due to the growing need for qualified personnel in rescue teams qualified to effectively fulfill their professional duties, as well as due to modern trends to upgrade the system of secondary vocational education, which is bound to affect the training of future rescue technicians.The objective is to assess the risk preparedness among college students specializing in Emergency Protection within different courses of study.Methods. Individual risk preparedness assessment was carried out among 1st to 4th year college students utilizing the method by G. Schubert.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, significant difference in risk preparedness score was identified between 1st and 4th year students: 1st year students are less inclined to take risks compared to their 4th year fellows.Conclusion. Enrollment of new recruits requires that educational organizations exercise professional discretion and provide medical counseling throughout professional training across various disciplines to ensure that future rescuers successfully undergo professional adaptation, acquiring appropriate models of behavior and psychological risk preparedness from as early as their 1st academic year.
{"title":"Assessment of risk susceptibility score in future rescue technicians","authors":"A. Sokolovskaya, O. V. Kazaeva","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-112-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-112-117","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the paper is due to the growing need for qualified personnel in rescue teams qualified to effectively fulfill their professional duties, as well as due to modern trends to upgrade the system of secondary vocational education, which is bound to affect the training of future rescue technicians.The objective is to assess the risk preparedness among college students specializing in Emergency Protection within different courses of study.Methods. Individual risk preparedness assessment was carried out among 1st to 4th year college students utilizing the method by G. Schubert.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, significant difference in risk preparedness score was identified between 1st and 4th year students: 1st year students are less inclined to take risks compared to their 4th year fellows.Conclusion. Enrollment of new recruits requires that educational organizations exercise professional discretion and provide medical counseling throughout professional training across various disciplines to ensure that future rescuers successfully undergo professional adaptation, acquiring appropriate models of behavior and psychological risk preparedness from as early as their 1st academic year.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75384813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-83-103
V. Evdokimov
Relevance: Large-scale emergencies (LSE) cause critical disruption in routine activities, while the elimination requires profound redeployment of workforce and resources.The objective is to analyse the dynamics and risks of large-scale emergencies, as well as their social and biomedical consequences in a few individual countries and globally over the past 10 years (2012-2021).Methods: The study is based on global large-scale emergency indicators as reported in the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT: OFDA/CRED) [https://www.emdat.be/]. All emergencies are split in two generalized groups - natural (natural disasters) and man-made. Risks of social and biomedical consequences of emergencies were calculated for 1 million people (10-6). Medians, upper and lower quartiles for LSE indicators and their consequences (Me [q25; q75]) are specified. The data is dynamically presented as a set of polynomial trends of the 2nd order.Results and discussion. According to EM-DAT, 5533 large-scale emergencies were recorded worldwide in 2012-2021, including 3807 (67.2%) natural and 1814 (32.8%) man-made events. It turned out that the global risks of exposure to emergencies, death, injury (illness) and homelessness were higher in natural emergencies than in man-made ones. The origin of large-scale natural emergencies was as follows: geophysical - 301 (7.9 %), meteorological - 1238 (32.5 %), climatological -272 (7.1 %), hydrological - 1780 (46.9 %) and biological - 215 (5.6 %). Most of the victims were observed during hydrological emergencies, median - 34.8 million people or 0.45 % of the world's population. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in meteorological emergencies (risk of death 0.55 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 2.38 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in case of hydrological and meteorological emergencies (risk of homelessness 35,8 • 10-6 and 16.1 • 10-6 respectively), economic consequences were most serious in climatological and meteorological emergencies (average economic loss of 1 large scale emergency makes 1 billion 727 million and 1 billion 600 million USA dollars respectively). Large-scale man-made emergencies included 225 industry-related (13.1%), 1206 transport (70%) and 291 domestic (16.9 %) events. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in transport emergencies (risk of death 0.54 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 0.25 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in domestic emergencies (risk of homelessness 1.12 • 10-6). All large-scale emergencies included 648 (11.7 %) reported for Europe, 2281 (41.2 %) for Asia, 1167 (21.1 %) for the Americas, 1279 (23.1 %) for Africa and 158 (2.1 %) for Australia. As a rule, risks of biomedical and social consequences of large-scale emergencies in leading countries under consideration (China, Germany, India, Japan and the USA) were lower than global risks. Information on domestic large-scale emergencies obtained by Russian experts and EM-DAT staff requires fu
{"title":"Large-scale emergencies, risks of social and biomedical consequences in the leading countries and globally (2012—2021)","authors":"V. Evdokimov","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-83-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-83-103","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance: Large-scale emergencies (LSE) cause critical disruption in routine activities, while the elimination requires profound redeployment of workforce and resources.The objective is to analyse the dynamics and risks of large-scale emergencies, as well as their social and biomedical consequences in a few individual countries and globally over the past 10 years (2012-2021).Methods: The study is based on global large-scale emergency indicators as reported in the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT: OFDA/CRED) [https://www.emdat.be/]. All emergencies are split in two generalized groups - natural (natural disasters) and man-made. Risks of social and biomedical consequences of emergencies were calculated for 1 million people (10-6). Medians, upper and lower quartiles for LSE indicators and their consequences (Me [q25; q75]) are specified. The data is dynamically presented as a set of polynomial trends of the 2nd order.Results and discussion. According to EM-DAT, 5533 large-scale emergencies were recorded worldwide in 2012-2021, including 3807 (67.2%) natural and 1814 (32.8%) man-made events. It turned out that the global risks of exposure to emergencies, death, injury (illness) and homelessness were higher in natural emergencies than in man-made ones. The origin of large-scale natural emergencies was as follows: geophysical - 301 (7.9 %), meteorological - 1238 (32.5 %), climatological -272 (7.1 %), hydrological - 1780 (46.9 %) and biological - 215 (5.6 %). Most of the victims were observed during hydrological emergencies, median - 34.8 million people or 0.45 % of the world's population. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in meteorological emergencies (risk of death 0.55 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 2.38 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in case of hydrological and meteorological emergencies (risk of homelessness 35,8 • 10-6 and 16.1 • 10-6 respectively), economic consequences were most serious in climatological and meteorological emergencies (average economic loss of 1 large scale emergency makes 1 billion 727 million and 1 billion 600 million USA dollars respectively). Large-scale man-made emergencies included 225 industry-related (13.1%), 1206 transport (70%) and 291 domestic (16.9 %) events. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in transport emergencies (risk of death 0.54 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 0.25 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in domestic emergencies (risk of homelessness 1.12 • 10-6). All large-scale emergencies included 648 (11.7 %) reported for Europe, 2281 (41.2 %) for Asia, 1167 (21.1 %) for the Americas, 1279 (23.1 %) for Africa and 158 (2.1 %) for Australia. As a rule, risks of biomedical and social consequences of large-scale emergencies in leading countries under consideration (China, Germany, India, Japan and the USA) were lower than global risks. Information on domestic large-scale emergencies obtained by Russian experts and EM-DAT staff requires fu","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"338 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85440616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-40-54
I. Ushakov, A. O. Pyatibrat
Relevance. Professionals working in extreme environments (army officers, police officers, pilots, divers, firefighters, rescue workers, etc.) are susceptible to overstraining their functional reserves, causing occupational overexposure or even death. It is therefore pivotal to optimize the functional condition of individuals working in extreme occupational environment.The objective is to analyse the prospects for xenon medical application, including to promote functional optimization and occupational resilience in professionals working in extreme occupational environment.Methods. The authors studied the research papers published in the Russian Science Citation Index [https://elibrary.ru/] and PubMed [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] over the last decade.Results and Discussion. Current research analysis has revealed numerous investigations regarding xenon application in addiction medicine, treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders, and improvement of physiological reserve and occupational resilience, as well as in anesthesiology. Regrettably, our review of Russian and international publications has failed to answer the pivotal issue regarding pharmacological mechanisms behind xenon action. A few research papers hypothesized without evidence that ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA-receptors) might be involved in antinociceptive effects.Conclusion. Xenon is a promise and can be appropriately applied in the treatment and rehabilitation of individuals working in extreme occupational environments.
{"title":"Prospects of Xenon Application in Functional Recovery and Rehabilitation of Patients Working in Extreme Occupational Environments","authors":"I. Ushakov, A. O. Pyatibrat","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-40-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-40-54","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Professionals working in extreme environments (army officers, police officers, pilots, divers, firefighters, rescue workers, etc.) are susceptible to overstraining their functional reserves, causing occupational overexposure or even death. It is therefore pivotal to optimize the functional condition of individuals working in extreme occupational environment.The objective is to analyse the prospects for xenon medical application, including to promote functional optimization and occupational resilience in professionals working in extreme occupational environment.Methods. The authors studied the research papers published in the Russian Science Citation Index [https://elibrary.ru/] and PubMed [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] over the last decade.Results and Discussion. Current research analysis has revealed numerous investigations regarding xenon application in addiction medicine, treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders, and improvement of physiological reserve and occupational resilience, as well as in anesthesiology. Regrettably, our review of Russian and international publications has failed to answer the pivotal issue regarding pharmacological mechanisms behind xenon action. A few research papers hypothesized without evidence that ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA-receptors) might be involved in antinociceptive effects.Conclusion. Xenon is a promise and can be appropriately applied in the treatment and rehabilitation of individuals working in extreme occupational environments.","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"624 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77621111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-05-30
S. Aleksanin, V. Evdokimov, V. Rybnikov
Relevance. The job of Federal Fire-Fighting Service (FFS) officers of the State Fire-Fighting Service of the EMERCOM of Russia is among the global top 10 occupations with evident risk of health functional reserves depletion, prevalence of early occupational diseases, injuries and even death. Traditionally, investigators focus on circulatory diseases and how they affect firefighters’ occupational health.The objective is to provide research-based evidence showing that musculoskeletal and connective tissue parameters provide a reliable estimate of the health status in Russian Federal Fire-Fighting Service officers.Methodology. The authors analyzed the research papers included in the Russian Science Citation Index mostly within the last 10 years and the studies carried out at the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine and at the All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of the EMERCOM of Russia. Morbidity was calculated in ppm (‰), industrial injury and primary disability rates were estimated per 10,000 (×104), mortality (deaths) – per 100,000 (×105) people. The indicators dynamics was estimated based on dynamic sets of data applying the 2nd order polynomial trend; the Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to verify consistency of the trends.Results and analysis. In 2003–2015 the average annual incidence rate of cases with labor losses (across all ICD-10 chapters of diseases) among the EMERCOM Federal Fire Service officers was (407.0 ± 30.4) ‰ which was statistically significantly lower than among the Russian armed forces officers (508.5 ± 35.6) ‰ (p < 0.05); the number of lost workdays was higher, i.e. (5139 ± 402) and (4174 ± 123) ‰ respectively (p < 0.05). Consistency in the dynamics of case number, rate of lost workdays, and day/incident ratio among firefighters and military officers is low and negative, potentially due to the impact of different factors on lost workdays rate. Assuming the macrosocial factors are identical, organisational and/or occupational factors could be the key contributors to labor losses. Rates of injuries, poisoning and other external impacts (chapter XIX in ICD-10), as well as musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (chapter XIII) play the leading role in morbidity dynamics among firefighters. The mortality rate among the Russian EMERCOM FFS officers with chapter XIX injuries was 8.5 times lower than that among the Russian male population, although the population cohort was 2.5 times more numerous. Occupational injury rate of (14.66 ± 2.01) • 10–4 of injuries/(firefighter • year) and firefighter fatalities (8.53 ± 0.83) • 10–5 deaths/(firefighter • year) in 2006–2020 were statistically significantly lower than among economically active working male population in Russia: (22.73 ± 2.8) • 10–4 (p < 0.01) and (13.23 ± 1.12) • 10–5 (p < 0.05) respectively. Considering the work schedule of firefighters, the annual amount of work in extreme environments was carried out within 6
{"title":"Significance of musculoskeletal and connective tissue parameters as health indicators in Federal Fire-Fighting Service officers of the State Fire-Fighting Service of the EMERCOM of Russia","authors":"S. Aleksanin, V. Evdokimov, V. Rybnikov","doi":"10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-05-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2022-0-4-05-30","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. The job of Federal Fire-Fighting Service (FFS) officers of the State Fire-Fighting Service of the EMERCOM of Russia is among the global top 10 occupations with evident risk of health functional reserves depletion, prevalence of early occupational diseases, injuries and even death. Traditionally, investigators focus on circulatory diseases and how they affect firefighters’ occupational health.The objective is to provide research-based evidence showing that musculoskeletal and connective tissue parameters provide a reliable estimate of the health status in Russian Federal Fire-Fighting Service officers.Methodology. The authors analyzed the research papers included in the Russian Science Citation Index mostly within the last 10 years and the studies carried out at the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine and at the All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of the EMERCOM of Russia. Morbidity was calculated in ppm (‰), industrial injury and primary disability rates were estimated per 10,000 (×104), mortality (deaths) – per 100,000 (×105) people. The indicators dynamics was estimated based on dynamic sets of data applying the 2nd order polynomial trend; the Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to verify consistency of the trends.Results and analysis. In 2003–2015 the average annual incidence rate of cases with labor losses (across all ICD-10 chapters of diseases) among the EMERCOM Federal Fire Service officers was (407.0 ± 30.4) ‰ which was statistically significantly lower than among the Russian armed forces officers (508.5 ± 35.6) ‰ (p < 0.05); the number of lost workdays was higher, i.e. (5139 ± 402) and (4174 ± 123) ‰ respectively (p < 0.05). Consistency in the dynamics of case number, rate of lost workdays, and day/incident ratio among firefighters and military officers is low and negative, potentially due to the impact of different factors on lost workdays rate. Assuming the macrosocial factors are identical, organisational and/or occupational factors could be the key contributors to labor losses. Rates of injuries, poisoning and other external impacts (chapter XIX in ICD-10), as well as musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (chapter XIII) play the leading role in morbidity dynamics among firefighters. The mortality rate among the Russian EMERCOM FFS officers with chapter XIX injuries was 8.5 times lower than that among the Russian male population, although the population cohort was 2.5 times more numerous. Occupational injury rate of (14.66 ± 2.01) • 10–4 of injuries/(firefighter • year) and firefighter fatalities (8.53 ± 0.83) • 10–5 deaths/(firefighter • year) in 2006–2020 were statistically significantly lower than among economically active working male population in Russia: (22.73 ± 2.8) • 10–4 (p < 0.01) and (13.23 ± 1.12) • 10–5 (p < 0.05) respectively. Considering the work schedule of firefighters, the annual amount of work in extreme environments was carried out within 6 ","PeriodicalId":36526,"journal":{"name":"Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77443474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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