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Unveiling the blackbox within ESG ratings' blackbox: Toward a framework for analyzing AI adoption and its impacts 揭开 ESG 评级黑箱中的黑箱:建立分析人工智能应用及其影响的框架
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70038
Felipe Suárez Giri, Teresa Sánchez Chaparro

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming entire industries at an unprecedented pace. Yet, established technology adoption theories offer limited tools for characterizing business AI integration and analyzing its effects. These primarily focus on the factors facilitating or hindering adoption, rather than on adoption patterns and impacts. This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework to address this key gap and applies it to the case of the ESG rating industry. ESG raters play a pivotal role in sustainable finance, providing metrics that guide investment decisions globally. However, little is known about the extent and nature of their AI usage and its implications. Through a mixed-methods approach combining the analysis of job postings, patent filings, research publications, and corporate websites, we examine AI adoption among major ESG raters. Our investigation explores the specific AI technologies employed, their functional applications, the innovations developed, the intensity of AI integration, and the potential impacts of raters' AI adoption. Our results reveal widespread and growing AI adoption across the industry. Our findings show that raters extensively leverage Natural Language Processing to streamline data collection, processing, and analysis. Furthermore, they have pioneered Machine Learning innovations that significantly expand their sustainability assessment capabilities in various domains. These findings mark a considerable departure from prior academic and gray literature that characterized major ESG raters as having minimal AI use, prompting critical questions regarding the implications of this technological transformation for ESG ratings' reliability, transparency, and potential biases.

人工智能(AI)正以前所未有的速度改变着整个行业。然而,既有的技术采用理论在描述企业人工智能整合的特征和分析其影响方面提供的工具有限。这些理论主要侧重于促进或阻碍采用的因素,而不是采用模式和影响。本文引入了一个新颖的概念框架来解决这一关键问题,并将其应用于 ESG 评级行业。环境、社会和公司治理评级机构在可持续金融领域发挥着举足轻重的作用,为全球投资决策提供指导性指标。然而,人们对他们使用人工智能的程度和性质及其影响知之甚少。我们采用混合方法,结合对招聘信息、专利申请、研究出版物和企业网站的分析,研究了主要 ESG 评级机构采用人工智能的情况。我们的调查探讨了所采用的具体人工智能技术、其功能应用、开发的创新、人工智能整合的强度以及评级机构采用人工智能的潜在影响。我们的研究结果表明,人工智能在整个行业的应用非常广泛,而且还在不断增长。我们的研究结果表明,评级机构广泛利用自然语言处理技术来简化数据收集、处理和分析。此外,他们还率先进行了机器学习创新,大大扩展了他们在各个领域的可持续性评估能力。这些发现与之前的学术和灰色文献有很大不同,之前的学术和灰色文献将主要的 ESG 评级机构描述为极少使用人工智能,这就引发了一些关键问题,即这一技术变革对 ESG 评级的可靠性、透明度和潜在偏差的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic management of employee churn: Leveraging machine learning for sustainable development and competitive advantage in emerging markets 员工流失的战略管理:利用机器学习促进新兴市场的可持续发展和竞争优势
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70039
Poorva Agrawal, Seema Ghangale, Bablu Kumar Dhar, Nilesh Nirmal

Employee churn or attrition presents significant challenges, especially in emerging markets, where it can disrupt business operations and inflate recruitment costs. This research leverages machine learning techniques to predict employee churn, focusing on developing sustainable and inclusive retention strategies that enhance business competitiveness. By analyzing a range of predictive algorithms and key variables associated with churn, the study identifies the most effective models for predicting attrition. A comprehensive exploratory data analysis was conducted using an indigenous machine learning model, offering practical insights for human resource management in emerging markets. The findings align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), promoting decent work, and economic growth. This study contributes to business strategy by proposing data-driven solutions for workforce stability and sustainable development.

员工流失或减员带来了巨大的挑战,尤其是在新兴市场,它可能会扰乱企业运营并增加招聘成本。本研究利用机器学习技术预测员工流失,重点是制定可持续的包容性留任战略,以增强企业竞争力。通过分析一系列预测算法和与流失相关的关键变量,本研究确定了预测流失的最有效模型。研究使用本土机器学习模型进行了全面的探索性数据分析,为新兴市场的人力资源管理提供了实用的见解。研究结果与可持续发展目标(SDGs)、促进体面工作和经济增长相一致。本研究通过提出数据驱动的劳动力稳定和可持续发展解决方案,为企业战略做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate sustainability commitment in the Middle East and North Africa region: Impact on innovation and firm performance 中东和北非地区企业的可持续发展承诺:对创新和公司业绩的影响
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70025
Hanen Sdiri, Ines Ammar

This study examines the effects of corporate sustainability factors (CSFs)—specifically gender diversity, energy practices, and environmental practices—on innovation and their subsequent impact on firm performance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. By integrating Absorptive Capacity Theory, we explore how these CSFs drive innovation, contributing to broader sustainable development goals. We analyze the impact of innovation on firm performance using the resource-based view (RBV). Utilizing secondary data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), we employ a two-stage instrumental variable regression (IV-2SLS) to address endogeneity and establish causal relationships. Our findings reveal that stakeholder engagement through gender diversity, energy practices, and environmental practices significantly enhances innovation, which, in turn, drives firm performance. Diverse leadership fosters creativity and innovation, while energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable practices reduce costs, improve brand reputation, and align with sustainable development goals. These insights underscore essential policy implications for promoting environmental policy, clean production, and sustainable innovation ecosystems. Encouraging MENA firms to engage stakeholders and adopt sustainable practices can drive economic prosperity and contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

本研究探讨了企业可持续发展因素(CSFs)--特别是性别多样性、能源实践和环境实践--对中东和北非(MENA)地区创新的影响及其对企业绩效的后续影响。通过整合吸收能力理论,我们探讨了这些 CSF 如何推动创新,从而为更广泛的可持续发展目标做出贡献。我们采用基于资源的观点(RBV)分析了创新对企业绩效的影响。利用世界银行企业调查(WBES)的二手数据,我们采用了两阶段工具变量回归(IV-2SLS)来解决内生性问题并建立因果关系。我们的研究结果表明,利益相关者通过性别多元化、能源实践和环保实践的参与能显著提高创新能力,进而推动公司业绩。多元化的领导力促进了创造力和创新,而节能和环境可持续实践则降低了成本,提高了品牌声誉,并符合可持续发展目标。这些见解强调了促进环境政策、清洁生产和可持续创新生态系统的重要政策意义。鼓励中东和北非地区的企业让利益相关者参与进来并采用可持续的做法,可以推动经济繁荣并为联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond aroma: A sustainability performance analysis of Italian coffee roasting companies 超越香气:意大利咖啡烘焙公司的可持续性绩效分析
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70033
Sara Triachini, Francesca Romana Giannini, Valentina Bramanti, Stella Gubelli, Ettore Capri

Coffee consumption is becoming increasingly prevalent among a growing number of consumers worldwide. Despite ranking seventh in coffee consumption, Italy is the global coffee export leader, with almost 1000 coffee roasting companies across the country. As a product subject to increasing interest in sustainability, numerous studies address the economic, social and environmental challenges affecting coffee production. However, only a few evaluate the sustainability performance of roasting companies in consuming countries. This study examines the integration of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in business strategy to provide an overview of sustainability performance among Italian roasting companies. The analysis encompasses 78 sustainability practices across 49 businesses and assesses their communication to stakeholders. Furthermore, factors such as company size and specialty coffee sale were investigated for their influence on sustainability performance. The findings reveal a low commitment to sustainability within the Italian coffee sector, with 83.7% of companies in the first two stages of the five-stage CSR assessment model. Although there is an interest in addressing product safety, quality, and consumer relations, responsible sourcing is often relegated to suppliers or voluntary sustainability standards. Communication is not effective, as more than half of the companies did not provide sustainability information on their websites. In this sample, the commitment to sustainability was directly related to the size of the business, and the same relationship was observed for roasters selling specialty coffees.

咖啡消费在全球越来越多的消费者中变得越来越普遍。尽管意大利的咖啡消费量排名第七,但它却是全球咖啡出口大国,全国有近 1000 家咖啡烘焙公司。作为一种可持续性日益受到关注的产品,许多研究都涉及影响咖啡生产的经济、社会和环境挑战。然而,只有少数研究对消费国烘焙公司的可持续发展绩效进行了评估。本研究探讨了企业社会责任(CSR)在企业战略中的整合情况,为意大利烘焙企业的可持续发展绩效提供了一个概览。分析涵盖了 49 家企业的 78 项可持续发展实践,并评估了它们与利益相关者的沟通情况。此外,还调查了公司规模和特种咖啡销售等因素对可持续发展绩效的影响。研究结果显示,意大利咖啡行业对可持续发展的承诺程度较低,83.7%的企业处于企业社会责任五阶段评估模型的前两个阶段。虽然企业对解决产品安全、质量和消费者关系问题很感兴趣,但负责任的采购往往被归结为供应商或自愿性可持续发展标准。由于半数以上的公司没有在其网站上提供可持续发展信息,因此沟通效果不佳。在这个样本中,对可持续发展的承诺与企业规模直接相关,销售特种咖啡的烘焙商也有同样的关系。
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引用次数: 0
ESG risk, CEO education and gender: Evidence from Southeast Asia 环境、社会和公司治理风险、首席执行官教育和性别:来自东南亚的证据
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70034
Desi Adhariani, Doddy Setiawan, Iman Harymawan, Winda Wulansari, Ahmad Hambali

This study explores the impact of a CEO's educational background from a top university on reducing corporate ESG risk and the potential moderating role of CEO gender. Using the QS World University Rankings (QS WUR) to define reputable universities, the research focuses on companies in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, known for elevated ESG risks. Through Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis, the results show that CEOs educated at top universities reduce ESG risk, while CEO gender does not moderate this relationship. The findings represent the importance of reputable universities as habitus to support the globalization of business and responsible management education, regardless the gender. The results also highlight the influence of educational background on corporate ESG performance, with significant implications for corporate strategy and CEO appointments.

本研究探讨了首席执行官的顶尖大学教育背景对降低企业环境、社会和治理风险的影响,以及首席执行官性别的潜在调节作用。研究使用 QS 世界大学排名(QS WUR)来定义知名大学,重点关注东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN)国家的公司,这些国家因环境、社会和公司治理风险较高而闻名。通过普通最小二乘法(OLS)回归分析,结果表明,在顶尖大学接受过教育的首席执行官会降低环境、社会和公司治理风险,而首席执行官的性别并不影响这种关系。研究结果表明,无论性别如何,知名大学都是支持商业全球化和负责任管理教育的重要习惯。研究结果还强调了教育背景对企业环境、社会和公司治理绩效的影响,对企业战略和首席执行官的任命具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond financials: Examining the impact of customer focus, internal processes, and learning & growth on the sustainable performance of commercial banks—Moderating role of management commitment 超越财务:考察以客户为中心、内部流程以及学习与成长对商业银行可持续绩效的影响--管理层承诺的调节作用
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70030
Nathenael Fentaw Ayele, Manjit Singh

This study examines the key factors influencing sustainable performance in commercial banks, focusing on the impact of non-financial metrics—customer focus, internal processes, and learning and growth—within the Balanced Scorecard framework on the performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Additionally, it examines the moderating role of management commitment in this relationship, grounded in organizational learning theory, upper echelons theory, and the balanced scorecard model. The study adopts an explanatory research design, utilizing covariance-based structural equation modeling and interaction-term analysis. A multi-stage sampling technique, followed by systematic random sampling, was employed, with Soper's formula used to determine a sample size of 480 from a total population of 4990. Mahalanobis distance was applied to identify and remove biased responses. The findings reveal that non-financial metrics—customer focus, internal processes, and learning and growth—positively affect commercial banks' sustainable performance, and management commitment strengthens this effect. Furthermore, the results empirically validate the proposed hypotheses, emphasizing the value of incorporating non-financial metrics into performance measurement and highlighting the essential role of management commitment in ensuring their success. This research fills a gap in the literature on sustainable performance measurement within the Ethiopian banking sector and provides actionable insights for managers and policymakers.

本研究探讨了影响商业银行可持续绩效的关键因素,重点研究了平衡计分卡框架下的非财务指标--以客户为中心、内部流程以及学习与成长--对埃塞俄比亚商业银行绩效的影响。此外,研究还以组织学习理论、高层理论和平衡计分卡模型为基础,探讨了管理承诺在这一关系中的调节作用。本研究采用解释性研究设计,利用基于协方差的结构方程模型和交互项分析。研究采用了多阶段抽样技术,然后是系统随机抽样,并使用索珀公式从 4 990 个样本中确定了 480 个样本量。采用马哈罗诺比距离法来识别和去除有偏差的回答。研究结果表明,非财务指标--以客户为中心、内部流程、学习与成长--对商业银行的可持续绩效有积极影响,而管理层的承诺则加强了这种影响。此外,研究结果从实证角度验证了提出的假设,强调了将非财务指标纳入绩效衡量的价值,并突出了管理承诺在确保其成功方面的重要作用。这项研究填补了埃塞俄比亚银行业可持续绩效衡量方面的文献空白,为管理者和决策者提供了可行的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Critical factors to adopt sustainable agrifood supply chain management in developing countries: The case of Ethiopian coffee industry 发展中国家采用可持续农业食品供应链管理的关键因素:埃塞俄比亚咖啡业的案例
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70032
Adem M. Habib, Jun Ren, Ben Matellini, Ian Jenkinson, Dimitrios Paraskevadakis

Global agrifood supply chains are under increasing pressure to address sustainability issues due to growing concerns. However, numerous organizations within the agrifood industry are struggling to incorporate sustainable supply chain management practices and address the concerns. Therefore, this research is designed to identify the key critical factors, such as drivers, enablers, and barriers to adopting sustainable practices. This study considers the Ethiopian coffee industry, which is an important sector not only for the Ethiopian economy but also for the global agrifood supply chain. To accomplish the objectives of this study, we applied a systematic literature review and empirical survey. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify critical factors for adopting sustainability in agrifood supply chains. An empirical survey was then undertaken in the Ethiopian coffee industry to rank the key critical factors. Hence, the study has revealed that economic and productivity improvement, cost effectiveness and improvement in the overall performance, and difficulty in mindset and cultural changes as the key critical factors that determine the adoption of sustainability initiatives from the perspectives of the Ethiopian coffee supply chain. The findings can be used as input by government regulatory bodies and policymakers to craft strategies and policies to adopt sustainability initiatives and ensure sustainable development. Furthermore, the research is expected to contribute to the existing literature by bringing in the perspective of suppliers in developing countries.

由于人们日益关注可持续发展问题,全球农业食品供应链面临着越来越大的压力。然而,农业食品行业中的许多组织都在努力采用可持续供应链管理实践,以解决这些问题。因此,本研究旨在确定关键因素,如采用可持续做法的驱动因素、促进因素和障碍。本研究考虑的是埃塞俄比亚咖啡业,该行业不仅是埃塞俄比亚经济的重要部门,也是全球农业食品供应链的重要部门。为了实现本研究的目标,我们进行了系统的文献综述和实证调查。我们进行了系统的文献综述,以确定在农业食品供应链中采用可持续性的关键因素。然后在埃塞俄比亚咖啡行业进行了实证调查,对关键因素进行排序。因此,研究显示,从埃塞俄比亚咖啡供应链的角度来看,经济和生产率的提高、成本效益和整体绩效的改善以及思维和文化变革的难度是决定采用可持续发展举措的关键因素。政府监管机构和政策制定者可将研究结果用作制定战略和政策的参考,以采用可持续发展措施,确保可持续发展。此外,通过引入发展中国家供应商的视角,这项研究有望为现有文献做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of board of directors attributes, environmental committee and institutional ownership on carbon disclosure quality 董事会属性、环境委员会和机构所有权对碳信息披露质量的影响
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70023
Abbas Abdelrahman Adam Abdalla, Zalailah Salleh, Hafiza Aishah Hashim, Wan Zuriati Wan Zakaria, Waleed M. Al-ahdal

This study assesses the effect of the board of directors' attributes, environmental committee (EC), and institutional ownership (IO) on carbon disclosure quality (CDQ) from the perspectives of legitimacy and agency theories in Malaysia. This study collects and analyzes data based on 1000 observations of firms from carbon-intensive industries from 2015 to 2019. The effect of the board of directors' attributes, EC, and IO on the CDQ was observed using a panel data regression model. The study revealed a significant positive relationship between board independence, board size, female representation, EC, IO, and CDQ. These findings suggest that carbon disclosure awareness is rising in Malaysia as firms have gradually integrated corporate governance (CG) best practices into their business strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the factors that influence CDQ in Malaysian businesses. This study identified firms with a higher CDQ using a new global reporting initiative-based carbon reporting index. This expands the literature on carbon disclosures. This study focuses on carbon-intensive industries, which might not reflect Malaysia's current CDQ situation. Thus, future research should focus on other sectors to fully grasp the current state of the CDQ in Malaysia and offer new perspectives on emerging markets. The findings may benefit a vast group of regulatory bodies in assessing Malaysian firms' responses to local and international carbon guidelines.

本研究从合法性理论和代理理论的角度评估了马来西亚董事会属性、环境委员会(EC)和机构所有权(IO)对碳信息披露质量(CDQ)的影响。本研究收集并分析了 2015 年至 2019 年碳密集型行业 1000 家企业的观测数据。采用面板数据回归模型观察了董事会属性、EC和IO对CDQ的影响。研究发现,董事会独立性、董事会规模、女性代表比例、EC、IO 和 CDQ 之间存在明显的正相关关系。这些研究结果表明,随着企业逐渐将公司治理(CG)最佳实践纳入其业务战略,马来西亚的碳披露意识正在不断提高。据我们所知,这是首次研究影响马来西亚企业碳排放权的因素。本研究利用基于全球报告倡议的新碳报告指数,确定了具有较高 CDQ 的企业。这拓展了有关碳披露的文献。本研究的重点是碳密集型行业,这可能无法反映马来西亚目前的 CDQ 情况。因此,未来的研究应侧重于其他行业,以全面掌握马来西亚碳排放权调查的现状,并为新兴市场提供新的视角。研究结果可能有利于广大监管机构评估马来西亚企业对当地和国际碳准则的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific mapping of green organizational culture: Main schools of thought and topical trends 科学绘制绿色组织文化图:主要思想流派和热点趋势
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70031
Truong Thi Hue, Luong Dinh-Hai

The green transition is increasingly viewed as a path to prosperity, or even survival, for organizations. In several countries, greening is vigorously pursued across various organizational activities, including organizational culture, which has garnered significant scholarly attention. However, there appears to be no comprehensive literature review on green organizational culture (GOC) indexed by reputable databases like Scopus. This paper aims to provide a bibliometric overview of GOC. A total of 558 documents from Scopus, spanning 1996–2023, were analyzed using bibliometric methods. The study examines the research performance on GOC, including volume growth trajectory, document types, contributing countries, international collaboration, research groups, influential authors, and prominent sources in GOC research. Notably, it identifies five main schools of thought and two topical trends in GOC literature. This may be the first effort to review GOC literature using Scopus data, highlighting performance and mapping the scientific landscape of this field.

绿色转型日益被视为组织走向繁荣甚至生存的途径。在一些国家,包括组织文化在内的各种组织活动都在大力推行绿色化,这引起了学术界的极大关注。然而,在 Scopus 等著名数据库中,似乎还没有关于绿色组织文化(GOC)的全面文献综述。本文旨在提供有关 GOC 的文献计量概览。采用文献计量学方法分析了 Scopus 中的 558 篇文献,时间跨度为 1996-2023 年。研究考察了 GOC 的研究绩效,包括 GOC 研究中的文献量增长轨迹、文献类型、贡献国、国际合作、研究团体、有影响力的作者和重要来源。值得注意的是,该研究确定了 GOC 文献中的五大流派和两大主题趋势。这可能是首次使用 Scopus 数据对 GOC 文献进行评述,突出了该领域的表现并描绘了该领域的科学前景。
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引用次数: 0
ESG and firm performance: The effects of foreigners on board and export orientation ESG与公司业绩:董事会中的外国人和出口导向的影响
IF 4.8 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/bsd2.70029
Chen-Hui Wu, Thi-Kim-Tuyen Nguyen

This study investigates whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures enhance industry-adjusted firm performance and whether the presence of foreigners on board and export orientation affect this relationship. The Taiwan dataset from 2013 to 2020 indicates that ESG practices positively affect accounting- and market-based performance (i.e., adjusted Tobin's Q and adjusted MTB ratio). However, ESG has no significant relationship with purely market-based performance (i.e., adjusted Jensen Alpha and adjusted FF3). The results illustrate a significant joint effect of ESG with foreigners on board and export experience on accounting and market-based performance. The findings provide deeper insight into the complex relationship between sustainability practices, ownership structures, and international businesses. Our findings remain consistent when using alternative estimation methods to account for endogeneity and selection bias.

本研究探讨了环境、社会和治理(ESG)信息披露是否会提高行业调整后的企业绩效,以及董事会中是否有外籍人士和出口导向是否会影响这种关系。2013 年至 2020 年的台湾数据集显示,ESG 实践对基于会计和市场的绩效(即调整后托宾 Q 和调整后 MTB 比率)有积极影响。然而,ESG与纯粹的市场绩效(即调整后的詹森阿尔法和调整后的FF3)并无显著关系。结果表明,ESG、董事会中的外籍人士和出口经验共同对会计和市场绩效产生了重大影响。这些发现让我们更深入地了解了可持续发展实践、所有权结构和国际企业之间的复杂关系。当使用其他估计方法来考虑内生性和选择偏差时,我们的研究结果仍然保持一致。
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引用次数: 0
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Business Strategy and Development
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