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The Digitization of Cultural Heritage under Polish Law and Policy: Challenges Presented by Copyright Law 波兰法律与政策下的文化遗产数字化:版权法带来的挑战
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.025.13028
A. Guss
Digitization in the narrow sense means the conversion of analogue data into digital form. Looking more broadly through the prism of the protection of cultural heritage, digitization of its objects means not only the conversion of analogue objects into their digital version, but is also related to the processing of the obtained material, file management, and finally, but not always, the sharing of digital documentation. It is not a simple procedure because it has many limitations, including those arising from issues of the copyright protection of digitized works. The aim of this article is to present the challenges related to copyright in relation to the digitization of cultural heritage in the light of Polish law and policy. Poland is one of the countries where the process of digitization of cultural heritage is developing dynamically, both through government programmes and grassroots digitization movements. However, there is no separate regulation in the Polish legal system devoted to the digitization of cultural heritage resources. This makes it difficult to ensure the digitization of a significant part of collections due to the limitations resulting from copyright and their relation to works that can potentially be transferred into the digital space.
狭义的数字化是指将模拟数据转换为数字形式。从文化遗产保护的角度来看,文物的数字化不仅意味着将模拟对象转换为数字版本,还涉及到对获得的材料的处理、文件管理,以及最终(但并非总是如此)数字文献的共享。这不是一个简单的程序,因为它有许多限制,包括数字化作品的版权保护问题。本文的目的是根据波兰的法律和政策,提出与文化遗产数字化相关的版权挑战。波兰是文化遗产数字化进程不断发展的国家之一,无论是通过政府计划还是基层数字化运动。然而,波兰法律体系中没有专门针对文化遗产资源数字化的单独规定。由于版权及其与可能被转移到数字空间的作品的关系所造成的限制,这使得确保大量馆藏的数字化变得困难。
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引用次数: 2
What’s in a Name? Museums in the Post-Digital Age 名字里有什么?后数字时代的博物馆
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.015.13018
Claudia S. Quiñones Vilá
This article examines the recently proposed ICOM museum definition and its detractors in order to trace the history of museums and their social purpose as they move from a traditional past into a tumultuous present and uncertain future. As countries begin to reframe the role of arts and culture in shaping a world affected by a global pandemic, museums will need to address not only practical measures – such as social distancing guidelines and limited visitor numbers – but also how these institutions are situated within the greater social context. Technology is particularly useful for museums to share their collections with audiences and transcend geographical boundaries, and it also allows these institutions to reposition themselves as relevant within the ongoing cultural heritage dialogue and context. However, it is debatable whether online and digital offerings classify as museums. Even if there is no consensus on the textbook definition of museum, pinpointing common traits will help establish their evolution and role for current and future generations. Embracing digitization, virtual museums, and other non-traditional frameworks allows for a more expansive and inclusive conception of museums, taking into account their dual role: as custodians of public knowledge and spaces for education and development.
本文考察了最近提出的ICOM博物馆定义及其批评者,以追溯博物馆的历史及其社会目的,因为它们从传统的过去走向动荡的现在和不确定的未来。随着各国开始重新定义艺术和文化在塑造受全球疫情影响的世界中的作用,博物馆不仅需要解决实际措施,如保持社交距离准则和限制游客数量,还需要解决这些机构在更大的社会背景下的地位。技术对博物馆与观众分享藏品和超越地理界限特别有用,也使这些机构能够在正在进行的文化遗产对话和背景下重新定位自己的相关性。然而,在线和数字产品是否属于博物馆还存在争议。即使在博物馆的教科书定义上没有达成共识,找出共同的特征将有助于确定它们的演变以及对当代和后代的作用。采用数字化、虚拟博物馆和其他非传统框架,可以对博物馆进行更广泛和包容的概念,同时考虑到博物馆的双重作用:作为公共知识和教育与发展空间的保管人。
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引用次数: 4
L’art pour l’art, czyli o tzw. kontratypie sztuki 艺术倾注艺术。艺术台面
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.007.12391
Jakub Hanc
L’art pour l’art, or so-called justifications of art The issue of so-called justification of art continues to be debated intensely in the applicable literature. Academic opinion increasingly highlights the need to include international and constitutional regulations regarding freedom of expression, particularly freedom of artistic expression, in the discourse. This article adopts a somewhat different approach and aims to analyze that non-statutory justification in the context of statements by critics, art historians, artists and lawyers. This type of approach makes it possible to assess whether the conditions excluding the unlawfulness of an act proposed in the science of criminal law are useful tools to facilitate the criminal law evaluation of specific factual circumstances by a judge.
所谓艺术的正当性问题在适用的文学中仍然存在激烈的争论。学术意见越来越强调,有必要在讨论中纳入关于言论自由,特别是艺术表达自由的国际和宪法规定。本文采用了一种稍微不同的方法,旨在分析评论家、艺术史学家、艺术家和律师的陈述中的非法定正当性。这种方法可以评估刑法学中提出的排除行为非法性的条件是否是促进法官对特定事实情况进行刑法评估的有用工具。
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引用次数: 0
Zbiory Biblioteki Miejskiej w Bydgoszczy w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. W setną rocznicę powrotu miasta do Polski
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.006.12390
R. Nowicki
The Bydgoszcz Municipal Library’s Collections in the Interwar Period. On the Hundredth Anniversary of the City’s Return to Poland In 1920, after nearly a century and a half of captivity, Bydgoszcz returned to Poland. The Polish authorities took over the Stadtbibliothek Bromberg, founded by the Germans in 1903. The library contained a valuable collection of approximately 75,000 volumes, although Polish books amounted to merely 300 copies. From the mid-1920s until the outbreak of World War II, Witold Bełza served as the director of the Library. He preserved the valuable collection, including items of post-German provenance. Acting during this difficult period for Poland and the city, he obtained collections with Polish provenance and led to the inclusion of the Municipal Library in Bydgoszcz as one of the most important public libraries in the country.
内战时期的毕德哥斯茨市图书馆收藏。在城市回归波兰一百周年之际1920年,在被囚禁了近一个半世纪后,比得哥斯茨回到了波兰。波兰当局接管了1903年由德国人建立的布罗姆贝格图书馆。图书馆收藏了大约75000册的珍贵书籍,尽管波兰语书籍只有300册。从20世纪20年代中期到第二次世界大战爆发,维托尔德·贝扎担任图书馆馆长。他保存了这些珍贵的藏品,包括后德国时期的藏品。在波兰和这座城市的这段困难时期,他获得了来自波兰的藏品,并将比得哥什的市政图书馆列为该国最重要的公共图书馆之一。
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引用次数: 1
Ochrona przysługująca twórcom grafiki artystycznej u mistrzów dawnych 前大师授予平面艺术家的保护
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-09-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.005.12389
Olivia Rybak-Karkosz
Artists’ rights in printmaking during the Old Masters period The aim of this paper is to present a historic view on artists’ rights in printmaking before the advent of modern copyright protections. Previously, privilege was the main form of legal protection. In this paper, matters such as the aim and procedure of protection are described as well as the subjects entitled to receive and release this protection and its extent. It concerns the main countries in Europe specializing in printmaking during the Old Masters’ period of activity, which was between the 16th and 18th centuries. The last section of the article focuses on The Engraving Copyright Act 1734, an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which is stated to be a prototype of modern copyright and its applicability to the historical context.
旧大师时期的版画艺术家权利本文旨在对现代版权保护出现之前的版画艺术家的权利提出一个历史性的观点。以前,特权是法律保护的主要形式。本文介绍了保护的目的和程序等事项,以及有权获得和释放这种保护的主体及其程度。它涉及16世纪至18世纪老大师时期欧洲主要从事版画创作的国家。文章的最后一节重点讨论了英国议会的《1734年雕刻版权法》,该法案被认为是现代版权的原型,并适用于历史背景。
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引用次数: 0
Heritage Science – The Benefits of an Interdisciplinary Approach in Protecting Cultural Heritage (Professor Łukasz Bratasz talks to Ewa Manikowska) 文物科学-以跨学科方法保护文物的好处(Łukasz Bratasz教授与Ewa Manikowska谈话)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.008.13011
Ł. Bratasz
* Łukasz Bratasz is Associate Professor of Heritage Science at the Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków, Poland. He is the former Head of the Sustainable Conservation Lab of the Yale University, USA (2015-2018). He also served as Head of the Laboratory of Analysis and Nondestructive Investigation of Heritage Objects of the National Museum in Kraków (2012-2018). Currently, Professor Bratasz is leader of the Horizon2020 CollectionCare project (https://www.collectioncare.eu) and IPERION-HS (http://www.iperionhs.eu/) and Polish-Norway bilateral GRIEG-Craquelure project (http://heritagescience.edu.pl/en/grieg-2/) funded by Norway Grants and HERIe project supported by Getty Conservation Institute (http://heritagescience.edu.pl/en/nawa-en/). He is laureate of Polish Returns programme of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. He has gained a number of prestigious recognitions of his work, including Certificate of Outstanding Recognition by Yale University for work on energy efficiency in museums and libraries (2018), and the Grand Prix European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards, category: research for project NOAH’S ARK (2009). ** Ewa Manikowska is Associate Professor at the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. She is one of the co-editors of this issue of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review”, and the leader of the Polish team of the DIGIConflict Project. Professor Manikowska is the author of Photography and Cultural Heritage in the Age of Nationalisms. Europe‘s Eastern Borderlands (1867-1945), Bloomsbury–Routledge, London 2019.
* Łukasz Bratasz是位于Kraków的波兰科学院Jerzy Haber催化和表面化学研究所的遗产科学副教授。曾任美国耶鲁大学可持续保护实验室主任(2015-2018)。2012-2018年,担任Kraków国立博物馆文物分析与无损调查研究室主任。目前,Bratasz教授是挪威政府资助的Horizon2020 CollectionCare项目(https://www.collectioncare.eu)、IPERION-HS项目(http://www.iperionhs.eu/)、波兰-挪威双边GRIEG-Craquelure项目(http://heritagescience.edu.pl/en/grieg-2/)和盖蒂保护研究所HERIe项目(http://heritagescience.edu.pl/en/nawa-en/)的负责人。他是波兰国家学术交流机构波兰回国计划的获奖者。他的工作获得了许多着名的认可,包括耶鲁大学在博物馆和图书馆能效工作方面的杰出认可证书(2018年),以及欧盟文化遗产大奖/ Europa Nostra奖,类别:诺亚方舟项目研究(2009年)。** Ewa Manikowska是波兰华沙波兰科学院艺术研究所的副教授。她是本期《桑坦德艺术与文化法律评论》的共同编辑之一,也是digiconconflict项目波兰团队的负责人。Manikowska教授是《民族主义时代的摄影与文化遗产》一书的作者。《欧洲东部边疆(1867-1945)》,布卢姆斯伯里-劳特利奇出版社,伦敦,2019年。
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引用次数: 0
Collecting Digital Designs: Reasons, Definitions, Challenges, and Implications (Natalie Kane talks to Gil Pasternak) 收集数字设计:原因、定义、挑战和影响(Natalie Kane与Gil Pasternak谈话)
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.009.13012
Natalie Kane
Natalie Kane: The V&A has had ambitions to collect digital objects for some time, but it took a few steps to get there before creating a dedicated collecting position. The V&A first made some experiments in exhibition-making as a means to understand digital design within the institution. In 2009, for instance, the museum opened the exhibition Decode, which was curated by Louise Shannon and featured digital design practice current
娜塔莉·凯恩:V&A博物馆有收藏数码物品的野心已经有一段时间了,但在设立一个专门的收藏位置之前,它花了几个步骤来实现这一目标。V&A博物馆首先在展览制作上做了一些实验,作为一种了解机构内部数字设计的手段。例如,2009年,博物馆举办了“解码”展览,由路易丝·香农(Louise Shannon)策划,展示了当前的数字设计实践
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引用次数: 1
The Reform of Italian Law on Cultural Property Export and Its Implications for the “Definitional Debate”: Closing the Gap with the European Union Approach or Cosmetics? Some Systemic Considerations from a Criminal Law Perspective 意大利文化财产出口法的改革及其对“定义辩论”的启示:与欧盟方法或化妆品缩小差距?刑法视野中的一些系统性思考
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.19.018.11566
A. Visconti
The Reform of Italian Law on Cultural Property Export and Its Implications for the “Definitional Debate”: Closing the Gap with the European Union Approach or Cosmetics? Some Systemic Considerations from a Criminal Law Perspective
意大利文化财产出口法律的改革及其对“定义之争”的影响:与欧盟方法或化妆品的差距缩小?刑法视角下的制度思考
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引用次数: 2
Tarnished Treasures: Provenance and the UK’s Waverley Criteria 焦油宝藏:原产地和英国的韦弗利标准
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.19.016.11564
C. Woodhead
The United Kingdom (UK), like other countries, has made strong commitments to tackling the illicit trade in objects and those that were taken during the Nazi Era. Yet, admitting objects with such questionable provenance into the category of UK national treasures and attempting to keep them in the UK by seeking institutional support to make them available to the public would be at odds with these worthy policies. The main analysis in this paper is focused on the issues raised by the 2017 decision in the UK to designate as a national treasure a Meissen figure that was formerly owned by Emma Budge, whose heirs lost possession of her collection during the Nazi Era in a forced sale. Using the trope of “tarnished treasures” this paper argues that admitting objects with tainted provenance into the category of national treasures tarnishes the entire category of national treasures. Recognizing the need to retain the integrity of this special GENERAL ARTICLES * Charlotte Woodhead is an assistant professor and is a non-practising barrister. Charlotte researches in the field of cultural heritage law. Her current project focuses on the ways in which the UK cares for cultural heritage, analysing the way in which notions of heritage are translated into, and out of, law. The other aspect to her work focuses on the restitution and repatriation of objects from museum collections, in particular claims made to the UK’s Spoliation Advisory Panel for Nazi Era cultural objects and claims made against museums for the repatriation of human remains and other contentious objects. Between 2013 and 2019 she served as a member of the UK Museums Association Ethics Committee. ** Thanks are due to my anonymous reviewers and to Alessandro Chechi for his comments, in particular highlighting the relevance of colonial era dispossessions in this context. This paper has been translated into a policy brief by Research Retold and as part of that process, the discussions during which I explained my work also helped me to crystallize some of the more tangible recommendations that I put forward here. As ever, any errors or omissions are the author’s own. Santander Art and Culture Law Review 2/2019 (5): 109-134 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.19.016.11564
联合王国(联合王国)同其他国家一样,已作出强有力的承诺,处理非法买卖物品和纳粹时期掠夺的物品的问题。然而,将来历如此可疑的文物纳入英国国宝的范畴,并试图通过寻求机构支持使其向公众开放来将其留在英国,将与这些有价值的政策相悖。本文的主要分析集中在2017年英国决定将一件迈森雕像指定为国宝所引发的问题,该雕像以前由艾玛·巴奇(Emma Budge)拥有,她的继承人在纳粹时代被迫出售时失去了她的收藏。本文以“污宝”为比喻,认为承认出处有污点的文物为国宝,是对整个国宝范畴的玷污。认识到需要保持这一特殊的诚信*夏洛特伍德黑德是一名助理教授,是一名非执业大律师。夏洛特的研究领域是文化遗产法。她目前的项目主要关注英国保护文化遗产的方式,分析遗产概念如何被转化为法律和法律之外。她工作的另一方面侧重于博物馆藏品的归还和遣返,特别是向英国纳粹时代文物掠夺咨询小组提出的索赔,以及向博物馆提出的人类遗骸和其他有争议的物品的遣返索赔。2013年至2019年,她担任英国博物馆协会道德委员会成员。**感谢我的匿名评论者和亚历山德罗·切希的评论,特别是在这种情况下强调殖民时代剥夺的相关性。这篇论文已经被Research Retold翻译成一份政策简报,作为这个过程的一部分,我解释我的工作的讨论也帮助我明确了我在这里提出的一些更具体的建议。一如既往,任何错误或遗漏都是作者自己的。桑坦德艺术文化法律评论2/2019 (5):109-134 DOI: 10.4467/2450050XSNR.19.016.11564
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引用次数: 1
A Registry for Movable Cultural Property of Significant Importance to Switzerland: Limit to the Cross-Border Movement and Right of Ownership 对瑞士具有重要意义的可移动文化财产的登记:对跨境流动和所有权的限制
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.19.019.11567
C. Simoes
A Registry for Movable Cultural Property of Significant Importance to Switzerland: Limit to the Cross-Border Movement and Right of Ownership
对瑞士具有重要意义的文化动产登记处:对跨境流动和所有权的限制
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Santander Art and Culture Law Review
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