Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.027.15272
Karolina Jerzyk
Digitization is an important process taking place within contemporary legal systems, leaving its fingerprints on different branches of law and forcing changes to traditional industries while not sparing the system of cultural heritage protection. Cultural institutions are nowadays facing the challenge of combining mass digitization with public access to works which are part of their collections. At the same time they are struggling with the applicable copyright law. The new EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market addresses those needs, introducing a system of extended licencing granted by Collective Management Organizations (CMO) and facilitating an easier access to works which, due to their unresolved copyright status, were not ready to be publicly displayed. This article addresses the problem of striking a balance between the private and public interests involved in this process by analysing the opt-out procedure to the new licencing scheme, and confronting it with the traditional protection granted to authors based on moral rights. It seeks to answer the question whether the new opt-out system is sufficient to protect an author’s interests arising from his or her moral rights, and whether such interests would also be sufficiently safeguarded after an author’s death (post mortem auctoris).
{"title":"Balance of Rights in Directive 2019/790 on Copyright in the Digital Single Market – Is the Opt-out Clause Sufficient for the Protection of Author’s Moral Rights?","authors":"Karolina Jerzyk","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.027.15272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.027.15272","url":null,"abstract":"Digitization is an important process taking place within contemporary legal systems, leaving its fingerprints on different branches of law and forcing changes to traditional industries while not sparing the system of cultural heritage protection. Cultural institutions are nowadays facing the challenge of combining mass digitization with public access to works which are part of their collections. At the same time they are struggling with the applicable copyright law. The new EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market addresses those needs, introducing a system of extended licencing granted by Collective Management Organizations (CMO) and facilitating an easier access to works which, due to their unresolved copyright status, were not ready to be publicly displayed. This article addresses the problem of striking a balance between the private and public interests involved in this process by analysing the opt-out procedure to the new licencing scheme, and confronting it with the traditional protection granted to authors based on moral rights. It seeks to answer the question whether the new opt-out system is sufficient to protect an author’s interests arising from his or her moral rights, and whether such interests would also be sufficiently safeguarded after an author’s death (post mortem auctoris).","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44927399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.026.15271
Stella Sarapani
In recent decades, there have been many offences against world cultural heritage by terrorist entities aimed not only at damaging the historical past and cultural identity of specific nations, but also at financing their activities through the sale of cultural objects. The European Union (EU) countries have often been the recipients of such cultural goods from conflict-ridden territories. For this reason, the EU has gradually adopted a set of legal measures aimed at reducing the flow of illegal cultural goods from third countries into its territory. Focusing on the North-Eastern Mediterranean boundaries of the EU for geopolitical reasons, this article examines the EU’s legal measures regarding the import of cultural goods from third countries from the perspective of Greece in order to investigate whether the new regulatory measures could be effective in this particular Member State. On one hand this article examines EU Regulation No. 1210/2003, Regulation No. 1332/2013, and Regulation No. 2019/880; and on the other it analyses Article 33 of the Greek Law 3028/2002 regarding the import of cultural goods. As regards the latter, this approach includes not only the law itself but also cases generated under it, its legislative history where applicable, and commentaries and literature on the law that will enable the measurement of the effectiveness of the new measures in Greece. Comparisons are also made herein, albeit to a lesser extent and mainly between the EU import rules and the relevant national rules, as the effects of EU law upon Greek law are yet to be identified.
{"title":"The Import of Cultural Goods under EU and Greek Law – A Critical Outlook","authors":"Stella Sarapani","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.026.15271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.026.15271","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, there have been many offences against world cultural heritage by terrorist entities aimed not only at damaging the historical past and cultural identity of specific nations, but also at financing their activities through the sale of cultural objects. The European Union (EU) countries have often been the recipients of such cultural goods from conflict-ridden territories. For this reason, the EU has gradually adopted a set of legal measures aimed at reducing the flow of illegal cultural goods from third countries into its territory. Focusing on the North-Eastern Mediterranean boundaries of the EU for geopolitical reasons, this article examines the EU’s legal measures regarding the import of cultural goods from third countries from the perspective of Greece in order to investigate whether the new regulatory measures could be effective in this particular Member State. On one hand this article examines EU Regulation No. 1210/2003, Regulation No. 1332/2013, and Regulation No. 2019/880; and on the other it analyses Article 33 of the Greek Law 3028/2002 regarding the import of cultural goods. As regards the latter, this approach includes not only the law itself but also cases generated under it, its legislative history where applicable, and commentaries and literature on the law that will enable the measurement of the effectiveness of the new measures in Greece. Comparisons are also made herein, albeit to a lesser extent and mainly between the EU import rules and the relevant national rules, as the effects of EU law upon Greek law are yet to be identified.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48240119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.021.15266
Eleni Polymenopoulou
Over the last twenty years, a number of high-level policy meetings have emphasized the significance of cultural diversity in all matters related to international cultural cooperation. Instruments negotiated both in the context of the UNESCO and other agencies of the United Nations demonstrate the pervasive interest of the international community in strategies enhancing cultural diversity. Yet the concept of diversity is a particularly broad one, entrenched on a variety of rationales for its protection, such as the promotion of human rights and democratic participation; sustainable and human development; protection of cultural industries vis-à-vis the liberalisation of audio-visual services and free trade; promotion of intercultural and interreligious dialogue; as well as protection of cultural rights and cultural heritage. As this article submits, the promotion of cultural diversity is a laudable cause in and of itself, and a first step towards achieving equality. Its omnipresence, however, taken in conjunction with its imprecise content and function in the cultural market (in accordance with the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Promotion of Cultural Expressions) runs the risk of downplaying its significance and effectiveness.
{"title":"“Cultural Diversity” from the Perspective of Human Rights, Media, and Trade Law: Cross-Fertilization or Conflict?","authors":"Eleni Polymenopoulou","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.021.15266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.021.15266","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last twenty years, a number of high-level policy meetings have emphasized the significance of cultural diversity in all matters related to international cultural cooperation. Instruments negotiated both in the context of the UNESCO and other agencies of the United Nations demonstrate the pervasive interest of the international community in strategies enhancing cultural diversity. Yet the concept of diversity is a particularly broad one, entrenched on a variety of rationales for its protection, such as the promotion of human rights and democratic participation; sustainable and human development; protection of cultural industries vis-à-vis the liberalisation of audio-visual services and free trade; promotion of intercultural and interreligious dialogue; as well as protection of cultural rights and cultural heritage. As this article submits, the promotion of cultural diversity is a laudable cause in and of itself, and a first step towards achieving equality. Its omnipresence, however, taken in conjunction with its imprecise content and function in the cultural market (in accordance with the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Promotion of Cultural Expressions) runs the risk of downplaying its significance and effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45826271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.017.15262
Anna de Jong
This article argues that Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and its implementation will need to be reviewed in order to reach its goals. Regulation (EU) 2019/880 seeks to protect cultural heritage and prevent money laundering and terrorism financing by regulating the import of cultural goods into one of the largest art markets in the world. The Regulation however suffers from several shortcomings with respect to various issues. The article analyses four of these issues, starting with the process of creation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and the main critique of it being based on (too) little evidence. Moreover, attention is paid to the necessary practicalities of the European-wide implementation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880, the complexity caused by the use of the 1970 UNESCO Convention definitions to define cultural goods, as well as the practical ramifications of the use of the concept “country of creation or discovery”. Drawing on these findings the article questions whether this Regulation in its current form is likely to have its intended effects.
{"title":"The Cultural Goods Import Regime of Regulation (EU) 2019/880: Four Potential Pitfalls","authors":"Anna de Jong","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.017.15262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.017.15262","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and its implementation will need to be reviewed in order to reach its goals. Regulation (EU) 2019/880 seeks to protect cultural heritage and prevent money laundering and terrorism financing by regulating the import of cultural goods into one of the largest art markets in the world. The Regulation however suffers from several shortcomings with respect to various issues. The article analyses four of these issues, starting with the process of creation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and the main critique of it being based on (too) little evidence. Moreover, attention is paid to the necessary practicalities of the European-wide implementation of Regulation (EU) 2019/880, the complexity caused by the use of the 1970 UNESCO Convention definitions to define cultural goods, as well as the practical ramifications of the use of the concept “country of creation or discovery”. Drawing on these findings the article questions whether this Regulation in its current form is likely to have its intended effects.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43060343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.023.15268
Hanna Schreiber
The 1970 UNESCO Convention is the key international instrument to protect movable cultural heritage. States Parties to this treaty undertake to adopt measures to prohibit and prevent the illicit trade in such objects, as well as those designed to stop the import of unlawfully exported cultural goods. The EU, as an important UNESCO partner and a powerful regional organization, has been urged since the 2000s by many international actors as well as its own institutions to curb the illicit transfer of cultural goods within its boundaries, especially in the light of the influx of cultural material illicitly removed from conflict-ridden territories. Regulation (EU) 2019/880 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods may be seen as providing a long-awaited legal framework that would promote and strengthen the operation of 1970 UNESCO Convention, both in Europe and globally. Thus, there is a significant interplay between the UNESCO and the EU cultural goods import regimes, which this note endeavours to analyse.
{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2019/880 and the 1970 UNESCO Convention – A Note on the Interplay between the EU and UNESCO Import Regimes","authors":"Hanna Schreiber","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.023.15268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.023.15268","url":null,"abstract":"The 1970 UNESCO Convention is the key international instrument to protect movable cultural heritage. States Parties to this treaty undertake to adopt measures to prohibit and prevent the illicit trade in such objects, as well as those designed to stop the import of unlawfully exported cultural goods. The EU, as an important UNESCO partner and a powerful regional organization, has been urged since the 2000s by many international actors as well as its own institutions to curb the illicit transfer of cultural goods within its boundaries, especially in the light of the influx of cultural material illicitly removed from conflict-ridden territories. Regulation (EU) 2019/880 on the introduction and the import of cultural goods may be seen as providing a long-awaited legal framework that would promote and strengthen the operation of 1970 UNESCO Convention, both in Europe and globally. Thus, there is a significant interplay between the UNESCO and the EU cultural goods import regimes, which this note endeavours to analyse.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43061131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.025.15270
Kristin Hausler
This Note considers the Conclusions on EU Approach to Cultural Heritage in Conflicts and Crises, which were adopted by the Council of the European Union on 21 June 2021. It starts by analysing the shift in the way cultural heritage has been perceived since the introduction of cultural heritage within the EU’s external relations’ strategy. It then considers how the role of cultural heritage as a vector of peace and development could be strengthened and consolidated through a better articulation of its linkages with climate change.
{"title":"The EU Approach to Cultural Heritage in Conflict and Crisis: An Elephant in the Room?","authors":"Kristin Hausler","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.025.15270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.025.15270","url":null,"abstract":"This Note considers the Conclusions on EU Approach to Cultural Heritage in Conflicts and Crises, which were adopted by the Council of the European Union on 21 June 2021. It starts by analysing the shift in the way cultural heritage has been perceived since the introduction of cultural heritage within the EU’s external relations’ strategy. It then considers how the role of cultural heritage as a vector of peace and development could be strengthened and consolidated through a better articulation of its linkages with climate change.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44526872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.002.14591
P. Horosz, Agnieszka Grzesiok-Horosz
The right to one’s image in an information society This article is focused on selected aspects of the right to one’s image. The authors would like to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the legal nature of the right to one’s image. In our opinion, it is not adequate to meet the requirements presented by an information society. Concepts derived from analog techniques are inadequate to meet the requirements of the digital field. The commercialisation of images also means that rights of a personal nature (moral rights) as set by the law are treated as economic ones, which is accepted partially by the legal doctrine and recognized in jurisprudence. The conducted research is supported by the critical analysis of binding legal regulations (Articles 81 and 83 of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights) and followed by de lege ferenda proposals.
{"title":"Prawo do wizerunku w społeczeństwie informacyjnym","authors":"P. Horosz, Agnieszka Grzesiok-Horosz","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.002.14591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.002.14591","url":null,"abstract":"The right to one’s image in an information society This article is focused on selected aspects of the right to one’s image. The authors would like to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the legal nature of the right to one’s image. In our opinion, it is not adequate to meet the requirements presented by an information society. Concepts derived from analog techniques are inadequate to meet the requirements of the digital field. The commercialisation of images also means that rights of a personal nature (moral rights) as set by the law are treated as economic ones, which is accepted partially by the legal doctrine and recognized in jurisprudence. The conducted research is supported by the critical analysis of binding legal regulations (Articles 81 and 83 of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights) and followed by de lege ferenda proposals.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70995690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.013.14602
W. Górny, A. Kozień
{"title":"VII Konferencja Naukowa z cyklu „Prawne formy ochrony zabytków i opieki nad zabytkami” pt. „Metody oraz formy ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego, zabytków i zieleni”","authors":"W. Górny, A. Kozień","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.013.14602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.013.14602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70995995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.006.14595
W. Szafrański
New regulations to counteract money laundering in the trading of works of art. Between the implementation of AMLD V and the systemic solution Implementing the 5th AML (Anti-Money Laundering) Directive in the form of a 2021 amendment to the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Poland is of fundamental importance for the market. It will be binding upon entities such as entrepreneurs operating in the field of trading in works of art, collectors’ items, and antiques covered by transactions worth at least 10,000 euros. The AML Directive presents a fragmentation of the Polish legal regulations on trade and thus the obligations imposed on intermediaries in the art market, depending on whether the regulations are developed based on cultural heritage protection regulations or economic and financial regulations. It shows the incompatibility of concepts used in both fields and the range of meanings of legal concepts that are directly relevant for the law’s application, and the specification of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs specialized in the trade of what is broadly understood as cultural goods. The essential elements of AML, crucial for entities operating in the art market, were presented. Attention was also paid to further work on trading regulations based on the due diligence model.
{"title":"Nowe regulacje dotyczące przeciwdziałania praniu pieniędzy w obrocie dziełami sztuki. Między implementacją V AMLD a rozwiązaniem systemowym","authors":"W. Szafrański","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.006.14595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.006.14595","url":null,"abstract":"New regulations to counteract money laundering in the trading of works of art. Between the implementation of AMLD V and the systemic solution Implementing the 5th AML (Anti-Money Laundering) Directive in the form of a 2021 amendment to the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Poland is of fundamental importance for the market. It will be binding upon entities such as entrepreneurs operating in the field of trading in works of art, collectors’ items, and antiques covered by transactions worth at least 10,000 euros. The AML Directive presents a fragmentation of the Polish legal regulations on trade and thus the obligations imposed on intermediaries in the art market, depending on whether the regulations are developed based on cultural heritage protection regulations or economic and financial regulations. It shows the incompatibility of concepts used in both fields and the range of meanings of legal concepts that are directly relevant for the law’s application, and the specification of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs specialized in the trade of what is broadly understood as cultural goods. The essential elements of AML, crucial for entities operating in the art market, were presented. Attention was also paid to further work on trading regulations based on the due diligence model.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70995850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.001.14590
Olgierd Jakubowski
Criminal Threats to the National Heritage – an Analysis of the Events of 2019 There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and help develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of several such case studies, it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against national cultural heritage in a much more appropriate manner and minimise its occurrence. This paper presents selected cases of crimes against cultural heritage that occurred in 2019.
{"title":"Zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością – analiza wydarzeń w 2019 roku","authors":"Olgierd Jakubowski","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.001.14590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.001.14590","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal Threats to the National Heritage – an Analysis of the Events of 2019 There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the period of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and help develop methods of counteracting similar crimes in the future. Based on the results of several such case studies, it is then possible to assess the risk of crime against national cultural heritage in a much more appropriate manner and minimise its occurrence. This paper presents selected cases of crimes against cultural heritage that occurred in 2019.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70995542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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