Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.004.16394
W. Kowalski
Recovery of cultural heritage objects from the sea in light of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage In this article, the author argues that the 2001 UNESCO Convention introduced for the first time in the evolution of the law of the sea more radical solutions aimed at the protection of underwater heritage. One of them is a far-reaching limitation of the legal possibility to recover cultural heritage objects from international waters. According to the Convention’s provisions, such an option will constitute merely an exception to the general principle of their preservation in situ, i.e. the place where they have been located for at least 100 years. Recovery is acceptable only on the condition that leaving these objects in the sea will not fulfill the objectives of the Convention and will bring about detrimental effects in practice. It is also possible for the purpose of scientific studies. In all such cases, the methods and techniques used must be as non-destructive as possible and recovered objects shall be deposited, conserved and managed in a manner that ensures their long-term future preservation. At the legal level, they receive the special status of res extra commercium, which means they shall not be traded, sold, bought or bartered as commercial goods. The author ends his article concluding that measures of prevention and sanctions adopted in the Convention also demonstrate its strength and positive development, especially in comparison with the previous legal situation. Their enforcement provides a real chance that the principles of the Convention will be followed properly by States to ensure and strengthen the protection of underwater cultural heritage and will help stop the unauthorized exploitation of historical wrecks. Przyjęta w 2001 r. Konwencja UNESCO o ochronie podwodnego dziedzictwa kulturowego jest pierwszym instrumentem prawa międzynarodowego, który wprowadził skuteczne rozwiązania ochrony tego dziedzictwa. Jednym z głównych rozwiązań jest daleko idące ograniczenie legalnego wydobywania zabytków z wód międzynarodowych, które stanowi jedynie wyjątek od zasady zachowania ich in situ, to znaczy w miejscu lokalizacji przez ostatnich 100 lat. Wydobycie konkretnego obiektu jest dopuszczalne wyłącznie w przypadku, gdy pozostawienie go na miejscu nie spełniałoby wymogów Konwencji i przyniosło szkodliwe skutki, albo jest uzasadnione względami naukowymi. W każdym takim przypadku zastosowane metody wydobycia muszą mieć charakter niedestrukcyjny, a wydobyte obiekty winny mieć zapewnione przechowywanie, konserwację i zarządzanie gwarantujące ich długotrwałe zachowanie. Na płaszczyźnie prawnej uzyskują one status res extra commercium, czyli nie mogą być przedmiotem obrotu komercyjnego. We wnioskach podkreślono, że środki ochrony i instrumenty ich realizacji przyjęte w Konwencji są mocną jej stroną, szczególnie w porównaniu z wcześniejszymi aktami prawnymi. Stosowanie ich w praktyce daje natomiast szansę
{"title":"Wydobywanie zabytków z morza w świetle Konwencji UNESCO o ochronie podwodnego dziedzictwa kulturowego z 2001 roku","authors":"W. Kowalski","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.004.16394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.004.16394","url":null,"abstract":"Recovery of cultural heritage objects from the sea in light of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage\u0000\u0000In this article, the author argues that the 2001 UNESCO Convention introduced for the first time in the evolution of the law of the sea more radical solutions aimed at the protection of underwater heritage. One of them is a far-reaching limitation of the legal possibility to recover cultural heritage objects from international waters. According to the Convention’s provisions, such an option will constitute merely an exception to the general principle of their preservation in situ, i.e. the place where they have been located for at least 100 years. Recovery is acceptable only on the condition that leaving these objects in the sea will not fulfill the objectives of the Convention and will bring about detrimental effects in practice. It is also possible for the purpose of scientific studies. In all such cases, the methods and techniques used must be as non-destructive as possible and recovered objects shall be deposited, conserved and managed in a manner that ensures their long-term future preservation. At the legal level, they receive the special status of res extra commercium, which means they shall not be traded, sold, bought or bartered as commercial goods. The author ends his article concluding that measures of prevention and sanctions adopted in the Convention also demonstrate its strength and positive development, especially in comparison with the previous legal situation. Their enforcement provides a real chance that the principles of the Convention will be followed properly by States to ensure and strengthen the protection of underwater cultural heritage and will help stop the unauthorized exploitation of historical wrecks.\u0000\u0000Przyjęta w 2001 r. Konwencja UNESCO o ochronie podwodnego dziedzictwa kulturowego jest pierwszym instrumentem prawa międzynarodowego, który wprowadził skuteczne rozwiązania ochrony tego dziedzictwa. Jednym z głównych rozwiązań jest daleko idące ograniczenie legalnego wydobywania zabytków z wód międzynarodowych, które stanowi jedynie wyjątek od zasady zachowania ich in situ, to znaczy w miejscu lokalizacji przez ostatnich 100 lat. Wydobycie konkretnego obiektu jest dopuszczalne wyłącznie w przypadku, gdy pozostawienie go na miejscu nie spełniałoby wymogów Konwencji i przyniosło szkodliwe skutki, albo jest uzasadnione względami naukowymi. W każdym takim przypadku zastosowane metody wydobycia muszą mieć charakter niedestrukcyjny, a wydobyte obiekty winny mieć zapewnione przechowywanie, konserwację i zarządzanie gwarantujące ich długotrwałe zachowanie. Na płaszczyźnie prawnej uzyskują one status res extra commercium, czyli nie mogą być przedmiotem obrotu komercyjnego. We wnioskach podkreślono, że środki ochrony i instrumenty ich realizacji przyjęte w Konwencji są mocną jej stroną, szczególnie w porównaniu z wcześniejszymi aktami prawnymi. Stosowanie ich w praktyce daje natomiast szansę","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44564221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.005.16395
Marcel Krzanowski
On prospects for the development of photovoltaic installations on immovable monuments The evolution of distributed generation involves advantages related to the reduction of gaseous emissions as well as numerous threats. Implementing photovoltaics (PV) on historic buildings is one of them. Legal frameworks in Poland are favorable to PV; however, the projets themselves are not always the best solutions for monumental objects. Considering the legal role of provincial and local government conservators, the paper demonstrates perspectives for the development of a relation between PV and historic buildings. Conservators face enormous challenges in reconciling social expectations related to climate change and the protection of cultural heritage. Rozwój energetyki rozproszonej to nie tylko korzyści wynikające ze zmniejszenia emisyjności gospodarki, ale także liczne wyzwania. Jednym z nich jest problematyka wykorzystywania na zabytkach nieruchomych instalacji fotowoltaicznych. Obecne rozwiązania prawne stanowią niewątpliwą zachętę do lokalizowania tego typu infrastruktury, jednak w niektórych przypadkach sama obecność paneli zagraża unikatowym wartościom obiektu. W artykule przedstawiono prognozy rozwoju korelacji fotowoltaiki i zabytków z uwzględnieniem praktyki stosowania prawa przez wojewódzkich i samorządowych konserwatorów zabytków. Ci ostatni stoją bowiem przed wyzwaniem pogodzenia klimatycznych oczekiwań społeczeństwa z misją ochrony dziedzictwa kultury.
{"title":"O perspektywach rozwoju instalacji fotowoltaicznych na zabytkach nieruchomych","authors":"Marcel Krzanowski","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.005.16395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.005.16395","url":null,"abstract":"On prospects for the development of photovoltaic installations on immovable monuments\u0000\u0000The evolution of distributed generation involves advantages related to the reduction of gaseous emissions as well as numerous threats. Implementing photovoltaics (PV) on historic buildings is one of them. Legal frameworks in Poland are favorable to PV; however, the projets themselves are not always the best solutions for monumental objects. Considering the legal role of provincial and local government conservators, the paper demonstrates perspectives for the development of a relation between PV and historic buildings. Conservators face enormous challenges in reconciling social expectations related to climate change and the protection of cultural heritage.\u0000\u0000Rozwój energetyki rozproszonej to nie tylko korzyści wynikające ze zmniejszenia emisyjności gospodarki, ale także liczne wyzwania. Jednym z nich jest problematyka wykorzystywania na zabytkach nieruchomych instalacji fotowoltaicznych. Obecne rozwiązania prawne stanowią niewątpliwą zachętę do lokalizowania tego typu infrastruktury, jednak w niektórych przypadkach sama obecność paneli zagraża unikatowym wartościom obiektu. W artykule przedstawiono prognozy rozwoju korelacji fotowoltaiki i zabytków z uwzględnieniem praktyki stosowania prawa przez wojewódzkich i samorządowych konserwatorów zabytków. Ci ostatni stoją bowiem przed wyzwaniem pogodzenia klimatycznych oczekiwań społeczeństwa z misją ochrony dziedzictwa kultury.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.003.16393
Olgierd Jakubowski
Criminal threats to national heritage – an analysis of the events of 2020 (the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic) There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk that is posed. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the space of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. The threat of crime to cultural heritage is influenced by specific events that affect the level of security in the state. Certain factors that should be taken into account when analyzing the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage in 2020 include threats arising from the COVID-19 pandemic or social unrest. Badając zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu, można stosować różne metody w celu zdiagnozowania poziomu zagrożenia. Studium konkretnych przypadków przestępstw, których ofiarą padają dobra kultury, w ujęciu rocznym pozwala dostrzec tendencje w działaniach sprawców oraz pomaga wypracować metody przeciwdziałania przyszłym zdarzeniom. Na zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością mają wpływ szczególne wydarzenia, które oddziałują na poziom bezpieczeństwa w państwie. Wśród czynników, które trzeba wziąć pod uwagę, analizując zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu w 2020 r., należy wskazać takie zagrożenia jak pandemia COVID-19 czy też niepokoje społeczne.
对国家遗产的犯罪威胁——对2020年(2019冠状病毒病大流行开始)事件的分析有多种方法可用于分析危害文化遗产的犯罪，使我们能够确定所构成的风险水平。一项涵盖一年时间内所有针对文化物品的犯罪案件的全面研究使我们能够注意到犯罪分子的行为趋势，并有助于制定对付今后类似犯罪的方法。犯罪对文化遗产的威胁受到影响国家安全水平的具体事件的影响。在分析2020年的文化遗产犯罪现象时，应考虑到新冠疫情的威胁或社会动荡等因素。Badając zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu, można stosowaki różne方法w celu zdiagnozowania poziomu zagrożenia。Studium konkretnych przypadków przestępstw, których ofiarzopadajodobra文化，w ujęciu rocznym pozwala dostrzec趋势w działaniach sprawców oraz pomaga wypracowac metody przeciwdziałania przyszłym zdarzeniom。Na zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością majewpływ szczególne wydarzenia, które oddziałują Na poziom bezpieczeństwa w państwie。Wśród czynników, które trzeba wziąć pod uwagje, analizując zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu w 2020 r.， należy wskazazitakie zagrożenia捷克大流行COVID-19 czy tezeiniepokoje społeczne。
{"title":"Zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością – analiza wydarzeń w 2020 roku (początek pandemii COVID-19)","authors":"Olgierd Jakubowski","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.003.16393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.003.16393","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal threats to national heritage – an analysis of the events of 2020 (the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic)\u0000\u0000There are a variety of methods that may be used in the analysis of crimes against cultural heritage which allow us to determine the level of risk that is posed. A comprehensive study covering all instances of crime against cultural goods during the space of one year allows us to note tendencies in criminals’ behaviour and helps develop methods to counteract similar crimes in the future. The threat of crime to cultural heritage is influenced by specific events that affect the level of security in the state. Certain factors that should be taken into account when analyzing the phenomenon of crime against cultural heritage in 2020 include threats arising from the COVID-19 pandemic or social unrest.\u0000\u0000Badając zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu, można stosować różne metody w celu zdiagnozowania poziomu zagrożenia. Studium konkretnych przypadków przestępstw, których ofiarą padają dobra kultury, w ujęciu rocznym pozwala dostrzec tendencje w działaniach sprawców oraz pomaga wypracować metody przeciwdziałania przyszłym zdarzeniom. Na zagrożenie dziedzictwa kulturowego przestępczością mają wpływ szczególne wydarzenia, które oddziałują na poziom bezpieczeństwa w państwie. Wśród czynników, które trzeba wziąć pod uwagę, analizując zjawisko przestępczości przeciwko dziedzictwu kulturowemu w 2020 r., należy wskazać takie zagrożenia jak pandemia COVID-19 czy też niepokoje społeczne.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48695151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.008.16398
M. Woźniak
The aim of this article is to address how the European Landscape Convention (ELC) defines the cultural landscape, and what tools the former provides for the latter’s protection. It is also crucial to determine, from the viewpoint of the Polish legal order, how the legislator implements the protection of the cultural landscape into national law. The general thesis of the article is that the ELC creates an integrated model of landscape protection in which the cultural landscape is considered an intrinsic component. The general thesis is accompanied by a detailed thesis that the ELC does not independently create an optimal level of protection for the cultural landscape, but rather shapes the direction that this protection will take. The ELC also defines the cultural landscape, including the mutual relations between natural and cultural values, as well as the perception of the landscape by people. The basic link for the protection of the cultural landscape in Poland is the municipality, which – with the help of planning and spatial development instruments – can directly affect the quality of the landscape. Legal tools for the protection of the cultural landscape should also be pursued in the matter of monument protection. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie się do tego, w jaki sposób Europejska Konwencja Krajobrazowa (ELC) definiuje krajobraz kulturowy oraz jakie tworzy narzędzia jego ochrony. Kluczowe jest również ustalenie, z punktu widzenia polskiego porządku prawnego, jak ustawodawca implementuje ochronę krajobrazu kulturowego do prawa krajowego. Ogólna teza artykułu brzmi: ELC tworzy zintegrowany model ochrony krajobrazu, w którym krajobraz kulturowy jest traktowany jako jego nieodłączny element. Tezie ogólnej towarzyszy teza szczegółowa, że ELC nie tworzy samodzielnie optymalnego poziomu ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego, ale raczej kształtuje kierunek, w jakim ta ochrona będzie zmierzać. ELC definiuje również krajobraz kulturowy, w tym wzajemne relacje między wartościami przyrodniczymi i kulturowymi, a także postrzeganie krajobrazu przez ludzi. Podstawowym ogniwem ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego w Polsce jest gmina, która – za pomocą instrumentów planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego – może bezpośrednio wpływać na jakość krajobrazu. Prawne instrumenty ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego powinny być również poszukiwane w obszarze ochrony zabytków.
{"title":"The European Landscape Convention with respect to the cultural landscape – a Polish perspective (Europejska Konwencja Krajobrazowa wobec krajobrazu kulturowego – perspektywa polska)","authors":"M. Woźniak","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.008.16398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.008.16398","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to address how the European Landscape Convention (ELC) defines the cultural landscape, and what tools the former provides for the latter’s protection. It is also crucial to determine, from the viewpoint of the Polish legal order, how the legislator implements the protection of the cultural landscape into national law. The general thesis of the article is that the ELC creates an integrated model of landscape protection in which the cultural landscape is considered an intrinsic component. The general thesis is accompanied by a detailed thesis that the ELC does not independently create an optimal level of protection for the cultural landscape, but rather shapes the direction that this protection will take. The ELC also defines the cultural landscape, including the mutual relations between natural and cultural values, as well as the perception of the landscape by people. The basic link for the protection of the cultural landscape in Poland is the municipality, which – with the help of planning and spatial development instruments – can directly affect the quality of the landscape. Legal tools for the protection of the cultural landscape should also be pursued in the matter of monument protection.\u0000\u0000Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie się do tego, w jaki sposób Europejska Konwencja Krajobrazowa (ELC) definiuje krajobraz kulturowy oraz jakie tworzy narzędzia jego ochrony. Kluczowe jest również ustalenie, z punktu widzenia polskiego porządku prawnego, jak ustawodawca implementuje ochronę krajobrazu kulturowego do prawa krajowego. Ogólna teza artykułu brzmi: ELC tworzy zintegrowany model ochrony krajobrazu, w którym krajobraz kulturowy jest traktowany jako jego nieodłączny element. Tezie ogólnej towarzyszy teza szczegółowa, że ELC nie tworzy samodzielnie optymalnego poziomu ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego, ale raczej kształtuje kierunek, w jakim ta ochrona będzie zmierzać. ELC definiuje również krajobraz kulturowy, w tym wzajemne relacje między wartościami przyrodniczymi i kulturowymi, a także postrzeganie krajobrazu przez ludzi. Podstawowym ogniwem ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego w Polsce jest gmina, która – za pomocą instrumentów planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego – może bezpośrednio wpływać na jakość krajobrazu. Prawne instrumenty ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego powinny być również poszukiwane w obszarze ochrony zabytków.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44166120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.020.15265
G. Giardini
Taking up the appeal of lenders around the world, this article shows that there is an opportunity to internationally and uniformly regulate art-financing. The research contributes to the debate by presenting recent evolutions of the art-financing industry from both the financial and legal perspectives. The article provides an overview of the art-secured lending market, focusing firstly on financial issues that hinder the practice and the proposed solutions to them; and secondly on legal issues. Despite the financial difficulties faced by service providers, including determining the estimated return of a work of art after two years from the issuance of the loan, scholars and market players have successfully teamed up to solve some urgent financial issues. Departing from recent literature that analyses art-financing exclusively from a financial standpoint, this paper also considers art-financing from a legal perspective, presenting two case studies and two different legal systems. The jurisprudence of both U.S. and selected European courts on point is employed to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of art-secured lending. Finally, the article advocates the creation of an international register of collateralized art goods to encourage international secured transactions involving art works.
{"title":"Art-Secured Lending: Obstacles and Proposed Solutions","authors":"G. Giardini","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.020.15265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.020.15265","url":null,"abstract":"Taking up the appeal of lenders around the world, this article shows that there is an opportunity to internationally and uniformly regulate art-financing. The research contributes to the debate by presenting recent evolutions of the art-financing industry from both the financial and legal perspectives. The article provides an overview of the art-secured lending market, focusing firstly on financial issues that hinder the practice and the proposed solutions to them; and secondly on legal issues. Despite the financial difficulties faced by service providers, including determining the estimated return of a work of art after two years from the issuance of the loan, scholars and market players have successfully teamed up to solve some urgent financial issues. Departing from recent literature that analyses art-financing exclusively from a financial standpoint, this paper also considers art-financing from a legal perspective, presenting two case studies and two different legal systems. The jurisprudence of both U.S. and selected European courts on point is employed to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of art-secured lending. Finally, the article advocates the creation of an international register of collateralized art goods to encourage international secured transactions involving art works.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46498312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.019.15264
Anauene Dias , Ivette Esis Villarroel Soares, Ivette Esis Villarroel
The protection of cultural heritage from illicit trade is today a global imperative, and the return of unlawfully removed cultural goods is essential to enforce cultural rights. Indeed, every community has the right to enjoy its cultural heritage and keep alive its collective memory. While referring to these general objectives of contemporary international cultural heritage law and policy, this article seeks to explore those instruments of the Brazilian national legislation that could be effectively applied to combat the illicit trafficking of cultural goods. To this end, it first outlines the relationship between Brazil’s international law obligations and its national legislation in respect of cultural heritage. In other words, it explains how these obligations have been implemented in the national legal system and to what extent they have affected actual regulatory solutions. Next this article identifies and debates, through hermeneutic analysis, those legal provisions and instruments of the Brazilian law which could be used to prevent the illicit transfer of cultural goods. It also recalls the Banco Santos case, which provides a clear example of the shortcomings and pitfalls of the current legal system for the protection of cultural heritage in Brazil. Finally, this article advocates mediation as an alternative method of cultural heritage-related dispute settlement, particularly regarding cases of illicit trade.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.018.15263
Claudia S. Quiñones Vilá
This article examines legal provisions and remedies for illicitly trafficked pre-Columbian antiquities, focusing on Mexico and the United States of America (USA), to determine gaps and areas for improvement. These two countries provide an interesting contrast, as they are contiguous neighbours but have different legal systems and approaches to the protection of cultural property. Nonetheless, Mexico and the USA have a history of fruitful cooperation in the recovery and return of pre-Columbian cultural objects under both domestic and international frameworks, such as bilateral agreements and cultural heritage conventions. In particular, as a country that accounts for nearly half of all global art market transactions, the USA is uniquely placed to act as a gatekeeper for pre-Columbian antiquities and serve as an example for the effective protection of foreign cultural property seized within its borders. However, while the examination of Mexico and the USA provides a useful case study, the illicit traffic of these objects should not be viewed in isolation or characterized as solely a regional problem. Globalization and the international nature of the art market require a more expansive view of the subject, while still taking countries’ legal and cultural specificities into account. A balanced and holistic approach will help increase the effectiveness of both national and international remedies; this will improve the legitimate market as a whole and curb illicit trafficking. By tackling the problem at both ends of the supply chain and increasing visibility, the possibilities of success shall rise.
{"title":"On the Borderline – Using National and International Legal Frameworks to Address the Traffic of Pre-Columbian Antiquities between Mexico and the United States","authors":"Claudia S. Quiñones Vilá","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.018.15263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.018.15263","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines legal provisions and remedies for illicitly trafficked pre-Columbian antiquities, focusing on Mexico and the United States of America (USA), to determine gaps and areas for improvement. These two countries provide an interesting contrast, as they are contiguous neighbours but have different legal systems and approaches to the protection of cultural property. Nonetheless, Mexico and the USA have a history of fruitful cooperation in the recovery and return of pre-Columbian cultural objects under both domestic and international frameworks, such as bilateral agreements and cultural heritage conventions. In particular, as a country that accounts for nearly half of all global art market transactions, the USA is uniquely placed to act as a gatekeeper for pre-Columbian antiquities and serve as an example for the effective protection of foreign cultural property seized within its borders. However, while the examination of Mexico and the USA provides a useful case study, the illicit traffic of these objects should not be viewed in isolation or characterized as solely a regional problem. Globalization and the international nature of the art market require a more expansive view of the subject, while still taking countries’ legal and cultural specificities into account. A balanced and holistic approach will help increase the effectiveness of both national and international remedies; this will improve the legitimate market as a whole and curb illicit trafficking. By tackling the problem at both ends of the supply chain and increasing visibility, the possibilities of success shall rise.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44917702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.022.15267
K. Sikora
In recent years, the social dimension of cultural heritage has gained significance in international law. A better understanding of the human rights dimensions of cultural heritage has resulted in substantial recognition of the right to heritage; a right that has not been explicitly regulated in international law. This article aims to analyse the path that cultural heritage law has taken to adopt a human rights law dimension. It also discusses the construction of the right to heritage and maps the connections and disconnections between and within cultural heritage law and international human rights law frameworks. The article uses the example of Indigenous peoples as a referent, due to the special bond that many may have to cultural values which play a significant role in the formation of Indigenous identity. In this context, I argue for a human rights approach to cultural heritage, which offers not only participation but also the co-creation of heritage together with local and Indigenous communities.
{"title":"The Right to Cultural Heritage in International Law, with Special Reference to Indigenous Peoples’ Rights","authors":"K. Sikora","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.022.15267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.022.15267","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the social dimension of cultural heritage has gained significance in international law. A better understanding of the human rights dimensions of cultural heritage has resulted in substantial recognition of the right to heritage; a right that has not been explicitly regulated in international law. This article aims to analyse the path that cultural heritage law has taken to adopt a human rights law dimension. It also discusses the construction of the right to heritage and maps the connections and disconnections between and within cultural heritage law and international human rights law frameworks. The article uses the example of Indigenous peoples as a referent, due to the special bond that many may have to cultural values which play a significant role in the formation of Indigenous identity. In this context, I argue for a human rights approach to cultural heritage, which offers not only participation but also the co-creation of heritage together with local and Indigenous communities.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49516977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.015.15260
Anna Kędziorek
Anna Kędziorek is a Policy Officer in the Cultural Policy Unit of the Directorate General for Education and Culture (European Commission). Much of Anna’s work concentrates on developing policy and actions to fight against illicit trade in cultural goods, raising awareness on the issue, and cooperating with relevant stakeholders and international organizations. Other topics of Anna’s competence include gender equality in the cultural and creative sectors, the role of culture for social cohesion, and the EU competition law. She holds a Master’s Degree in European Studies (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland), and Master’s Degrees in Law (Aix-Marseille III University, France; Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland; College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium). Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). This interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project
{"title":"The Role of the European Union in Combatting the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Objects – Towards a New Action Plan (Anna Kędziorek talks to Andrzej Jakubowski)","authors":"Anna Kędziorek","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.015.15260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.015.15260","url":null,"abstract":"Anna Kędziorek is a Policy Officer in the Cultural Policy Unit of the Directorate General for Education and Culture (European Commission). Much of Anna’s work concentrates on developing policy and actions to fight against illicit trade in cultural goods, raising awareness on the issue, and cooperating with relevant stakeholders and international organizations. Other topics of Anna’s competence include gender equality in the cultural and creative sectors, the role of culture for social cohesion, and the EU competition law. She holds a Master’s Degree in European Studies (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland), and Master’s Degrees in Law (Aix-Marseille III University, France; Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland; College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium).\u0000\u0000Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). This interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42624884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.016.15261
Alicja Jagielska-Burduk
Erika Bochereau is Secretary General of the International Federation of Art and Antique Dealer Associations (CINOA). Established in 1935, CINOA is the principal international confederation of Art & Antique art market professional associations. Affiliated dealers from 30 leading associations cover a wide array of specialties, from antiquities to contemporary art. CINOA’s associate members include leading associations of auction houses and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB), which alone represents an additional 22 book seller associations. CINOA, and all of its member organizations, have a strict application process to ensure acceptance of only peer-vetted art professionals that have established businesses, reputable galleries, and/or practices. CINOA-affiliated groups abide by a high standard of business practices and codes of ethics which include strict due diligence. During the past nearly 70 years, dealers have been changing their practices to abide by biodiversity, cultural property, and heritage legislation. The CINOA Code of Conduct is updated regularly to reflect these changes. The vast majority of CINOA’s members are businesses of four people or less who work hard to cultivate their clientele: http://www.cinoa.org. UNESCO uses the term partnership for very specific relationships. I don’t think we can keep this sentence. Alicja Jagielska-Burduk is Editor-in-chief of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” (SAACLR) and the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Property Law at the University of Opole. Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). The present interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project.
{"title":"Challenges and Prospects for the Art Market Vis-à-vis the Evolving EU Regime for Counteracting Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects (Erika Bochereau talks to Alicja Jagielska-Burduk and Andrzej Jakubowski)","authors":"Alicja Jagielska-Burduk","doi":"10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.016.15261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.016.15261","url":null,"abstract":"Erika Bochereau is Secretary General of the International Federation of Art and Antique Dealer Associations (CINOA).\u0000Established in 1935, CINOA is the principal international confederation of Art & Antique art market professional associations. Affiliated dealers from 30 leading associations cover a wide array of specialties, from antiquities to contemporary art. CINOA’s associate members include leading associations of auction houses and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB), which alone represents an additional 22 book seller associations. CINOA, and all of its member organizations, have a strict application process to ensure acceptance of only peer-vetted art professionals that have established businesses, reputable galleries, and/or practices. CINOA-affiliated groups abide by a high standard of business practices and codes of ethics which include strict due diligence. During the past nearly 70 years, dealers have been changing their practices to abide by biodiversity, cultural property, and heritage legislation. The CINOA Code of Conduct is updated regularly to reflect these changes. The vast majority of CINOA’s members are businesses of four people or less who work hard to cultivate their clientele: http://www.cinoa.org. UNESCO uses the term partnership for very specific relationships. I don’t think we can keep this sentence.\u0000\u0000Alicja Jagielska-Burduk is Editor-in-chief of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” (SAACLR) and the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Property Law at the University of Opole.\u0000\u0000Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). The present interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project.","PeriodicalId":36554,"journal":{"name":"Santander Art and Culture Law Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42692211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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