Vision (Switzerland)最新文献

Purpose: To assess associations of the severity of the symptoms and signs of dry eye disease (DED) with the quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe DED. Methods: At baseline, 6 and 12 months, participants (n = 535) were assessed for DED symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and signs using conjunctival staining, corneal staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's testing, meibomian gland dysfunction, and tear osmolarity. Quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), consisting of a Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) were used to evaluate correlations between the severity of DED and the SF-36. Results: At baseline, worse DED symptoms indicated by a higher OSDI total score were correlated with worse PCS (rho = -0.13, p = 0.002) and MCS (rho = -0.09, p = 0.03) in the SF-36. Worse vision-related function was correlated with a worse PCS score (rho = -0.18, p < 0.0001), and worse ocular symptoms were correlated with a worse MCS score (rho = -0.15, p < 0.001). More severe DED signs including corneal staining (rho = -0.22, p < 0.001), Schirmer test (rho = 0.11, p = 0.01), TBUT (rho = 0.14, p < 0.001), and tear osmolarity (rho = -0.12, p = 0.02) were correlated with a worse PCS score but were not correlated with MCS score (p ≥ 0.39). ln longitudinal analysis, only the worsening of ocular symptoms was significantly correlated with the worsening of the MCS score (rho = -0.09, p = 0.04). Conclusions: In patients with moderate-to-severe DED, there were significant yet weak correlations between the severity of dry eye symptoms/signs and the physical or mental components of the SF-36. Healthcare professionals should offer patients with DED symptom relief and support for the emotional and practical challenges in their daily lives.

We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur^® citrus extract (Oftasecur^®) against Candida auris and C. albicans and assessed its activity against preformed Candida biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The C. auris isolate 12 (NCPF 8973) and the SC5314 C. albicans wild-type reference strain were used. Oftasecur^®'s effect on C. auris and C. albicans planktonic cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) was tested in RPMI-1640 medium. The concentrations tested were 0.39%, 1.56%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%. The living planktonic cell number was obtained using time-kill experiments. Antifungal activity against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on etafilcon A and senofilcon A contact lenses and plastic lens cases was also tested. A significant decrease was found in the living cell number of C. albicans after 8-48 h in the presence of Oftasecur^® concentrations ranging from 6.25% to 25% (p < 0.01-0.001). In the C. auris experiments, the cell number was significantly decreased after 8 h incubation in 25% Oftasecur^® (p < 0.05-0.001). Similarly, 12.5% Oftasecur^® was effective against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The results suggest that the in vitro antifungal activity of Oftasecur^® against C. albicans and C. auris planktonic cells and preformed fungal biofilm on contact lenses and plastic cases is dependent on the concentrations used. Further research is warranted to establish whether Oftasecur^® may play a role in the prevention of contact lens-related Candida keratitis and other ocular-surface Candida infections.

The apparent sizes of horizontal and vertical lines show an anisotropy known as the horizontal vertical illusion (HVI) wherein vertical lines appear to be longer than their horizontal counterparts. Whereas a typical HVI comparing vertical and horizontal lines in a plane produces a 5-10% illusion, a much larger-scale illusion (15-25%) is often found for large objects in the real world, and this has been related to differential angular exaggerations in perceived elevation (vertical) and azimuthal (horizontal) direction. Recently supine observers in virtual environments were found to show larger exaggerations in perceived azimuth than upright observers. Here, 48 participants were tested in both supine and upright postures in an outdoor environment while matching fairly small physical extents in the real world. They adjusted the magnitude of the horizontal extent to perceptually match fairly small vertical poles (0.7-1.3 m tall) that were either presented at the same viewing distance as the matching extent or in a different depth plane, so that size at a distance had to be compared. Supine observers viewed the scene, as though upright, through a large mirror mounted overhead at 45° that was adjusted to approximate their normal eye height. When the matcher extent was at a different distance than the pole, horizontal extent matches typically exceeded the actual pole height by about 15% or more, whether the viewer was upright or supine. The average overestimation was only about 10% when the matching extent was at the same distance. Despite the similarity in performance across different postures for spatial matching, supine observers gave much higher explicit estimates of azimuthal direction than upright observers. However, although the observation of exaggeration in perceived azimuth for supine observers was replicated in a second study with 24 additional participants using a mirror with a smaller (more normal) aspect ratio, the magnitude of the exaggeration seemed to be greatly reduced when the field of view of the apparatus had a more typical aspect ratio. This suggests that the unusually large exaggeration of azimuth found in a previous report with supine observers may have been caused by the unusually large aspect ratio of the viewing apparatus used.

The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a paper-based tool used to assess ocular motor skills in children. By naming numbers in a simple and easy simulated reading task, the DEM test provides an oculomotor efficiency score without complex eye-tracking equipment. Studies have shown that its usefulness can be extended to adults, despite its name suggesting that it is used primarily for developmental ages. However, for a broader application in the adult population in a clinical setting, there are no adult-specific norms. This study aimed to develop adult normative data for the Italian-speaking population and assess whether the DEM scores were influenced by age. In this study, 521 healthy Italian adults, aged 20 to 79 years, participated. Normative data were obtained by using a regression-based framework with demographic variables as predictors. Results show that age influences all sub-measures of time such as Vertical Time (VT), Adjusted Horizontal Time (AHT), and the Ratio score, but did not influence the error score. This is in line with the processing speed reduction in aging. Errors were influenced by education and gender. DEM norms, defined and scored using percentiles and equivalent scores, allow the assessment of oculomotor efficiency in adults, making this test suitable for use in all clinical settings, particularly in neuropsychological and neurological ones.

In ball game sports, binocular visual function is important for accurately perceiving the distance of various objects in visual space. However, the temporal coordination of binocular eye movements during saccades has not been investigated extensively in athletes. The purpose of the present study was to compare the characteristics found in the interocular timing differences in horizontal saccades between ball game players. The participants included 32 university baseball players and 54 university soccer players. They were asked to shift their gaze to the onset of the light-emitting diodes located at 10 deg of visual field eccentricity to the left and right and alternated every 2 s. Horizontal movements of the left and right eyes were recorded separately with the electro-oculogram. Temporal variables for each eye were calculated with digital differentiation, and timing differences between the left and right eyes were compared between participant groups. The overall results showed significant interocular differences between left and right eye movements for the temporal variables of binocular saccades. The comparison between the participant groups revealed that baseball players had smaller interocular timing differences between the left and right eyes than soccer players in the onset time, time to peak velocity, duration, and peak velocity. These results suggest that baseball players have a higher degree of temporal coordination in binocular eye movements, particularly during the initial phase of horizontal saccades, compared to soccer players. This enhanced coordination might be attributable to the sport-specific visual demands of baseball, where players require precise stereoscopic vision to track a small high-speed ball within their visual space.

Predictions of the vertical location of a pitched ball (termed the passing height) when the ball arrives at an observer may be based on internal models of ball trajectory and situational cues, kinematic cues from the pitcher's motion, and visual ball-flight cues. The informational content of ball-flight cues for judgments of vertical passing height when the ball's launch angle is small and when situational and kinematic cues are limited is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether passing heights can be judged adequately from ball-flight cues and whether judgments of passing height improve as viewing time increases under the aforementioned conditions. Twenty subjects stood 40 feet (12.19 m) from a pneumatic pitching machine that propelled tennis balls toward them at three speeds (from 53 mph (85 kph) to 77 mph (124 kph)). The ball's launch angle was constant. The subject's vision was blocked at 100 ms or 250 ms after pitch release. Subjects indicated the height at which they expected the ball to arrive. In the absence of explicit situational cues or kinematic cues and in the presence of a small and constant launch angle, the longer viewing time of ball-flight cues improved passing height estimates but did not result in accurate responses for the slower speeds.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses inherited retinal dystrophies, appearing either as an isolated eye condition or as part of a broader systemic syndrome, known as syndromic RP. In these cases, RP includes systemic symptoms impacting other organs, complicating diagnosis and management. This review highlights key systemic syndromes linked with RP, such as Usher, Bardet-Biedl, and Alström syndromes, focusing on genetic mutations, inheritance, and clinical symptoms. These insights support clinicians in recognizing syndromic RP early. Ocular signs like nystagmus and congenital cataracts may indicate systemic disease, prompting genetic testing. Conversely, systemic symptoms may necessitate eye exams, even if vision symptoms are absent. Understanding the systemic aspects of these syndromes emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration among ophthalmologists, pediatricians, and other specialists to optimize patient care. The review also addresses emerging genetic therapies aimed at both visual and systemic symptoms, though more extensive studies are required to confirm their effectiveness. Overall, by detailing the genetic and clinical profiles of syndromic RP, this review seeks to aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing these complex conditions more effectively, enhancing patient outcomes through timely, specialized intervention.

Background: The outcomes of pediatric glaucoma suspects with a history of ocular trauma remains unknown; we describe the rate of conversion to glaucoma of this population of patients at a research-intensive academic center.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective case series of pediatric patients with a history of open- or closed-globe trauma who were being monitored as pediatric glaucoma suspects at the Wilmer Eye Institute between 2005 and 2016.

Results: A total of 62 eyes from 62 patients with a history of ocular trauma were identified with a median age at presentation of 9.7 years (7.8 years) and a median follow-up of 2.7 (5.8 years). There were 29 eyes (46.8%) with open-globe injuries and 33 eyes (53.2%) with closed-globe injuries. A higher proportion of eyes that sustained closed-globe injuries were started on topical therapy for persistent ocular hypertension than eyes that sustained open-globe injuries (36.4% versus 10.3%, X² = 5.6976, p = 0.017). Five eyes (8.1%) developed glaucoma during the follow-up period, all of which had a history of closed-globe injury (15.2%, X² = 4.7794, p = 0.029). Four eyes of these eyes underwent glaucoma-related surgical intervention. Most eyes (3/5, 60%) that went on to develop post-traumatic glaucoma had undergone additional and/or concurrent intraocular surgical interventions to address sequelae of ocular trauma, such as traumatic cataract and retinal detachment.

Conclusions: All eyes that developed glaucomatous damage or underwent glaucoma-related surgical intervention in this cohort of patients with a history of ocular trauma were those that had sustained close-globe injuries. No eyes that sustained open-globe injury progressed to glaucoma.

The appearance of an object triggers an orienting gaze movement toward its location. The movement consists of a rapid rotation of the eyes, the saccade, which is accompanied by a head rotation if the target eccentricity exceeds the oculomotor range and by a slow eye movement if the target moves. Completing a previous report, we explain the numerous points that lead to questioning the validity of a one-to-one correspondence relation between measured physical values of gaze or head orientation and neuronal activity. Comparing the sole kinematic (or dynamic) numerical values with neurophysiological recordings carries the risk of believing that the activity of central neurons directly encodes gaze or head physical orientation rather than mediating changes in extraocular and neck muscle contraction, not to mention possible changes happening elsewhere (in posture, in the autonomous nervous system and more centrally). Rather than reducing mismatches between extrinsic physical parameters (such as position or velocity errors), eye and head movements are behavioral expressions of intrinsic processes that restore a poly-equilibrium, i.e., balances of activities opposing antagonistic visuomotor channels. Past results obtained in cats and monkeys left a treasure of data allowing a synthesis, which illustrates the formidable complexity underlying the small changes in the orientations of the eyes and head. The aim of this synthesis is to serve as a new guide for further investigations or for comparison with other species.

Objectives: The goal was to study the ellipsoid zone (EZ) as a structural biomarker for final visual outcomes after pharmacological intervention in center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) and surgical intervention for full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs).

Methods: This was a tertiary care center-based retrospective study. After sample size calculations, data from 64 consecutive cases were collected, with subjects aged between 40 and 60 years. Thirty-two cases of DME with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and 32 cases of FTMHs with successful macular hole surgery (MHS) were studied. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) data were collected. Measurements of EZ defects documented at the time of presentation and 12 weeks after intervention were analyzed using the caliper function of the machine. EZ restoration was graded, and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed.

Results: Mean logMAR VA decreased after intravitreal therapy (IVT) from 1.12 ± 0.22 pre-intervention to 0.81 ± 0.41 post-intervention and after MHS, from 1.05 + 0.25 to 0.62 + 0.11 (p < 0.001). EZ disruption reduced from 73.4% to 19.4% after IVT and from 67% to 19.3% after MHS. DME and MHS postoperative visual acuity and residual EZ defect were observed to have a statistically significant linear correlation (r = 0.794, p < 0.001 and r = 0.894, p < 0.001, respectively). The EZ was found to be an excellent structural biomarker for final BCVA (area under curve = 0.95 for DME and 1.00 for MHS).

Conclusion: Notable EZ restoration results were obtained from pharmacological and surgical interventions. The EZ proves to be a critical structural biomarker for predicting visual outcomes in center-involving DME and MHS.