Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1936591
Sungho Cho, NaRi Shin, D. Kwak, A. Kim, Woncheol Jang, J. Lee, Y. Ko
Abstract This study explored the challenges facing sport leagues in the U.S. and Korea due to the COVID-19 pandemic, their strategies in dealing with the crisis, and what post-pandemic spectator sport industry in the two countries might look like. We recruited three industry practitioners from the U.S. and South Korea for a focus group interview conducted during a panel discussion organized by an academic organization. An inductive-open coding extracted several themes from the qualitative data. Main challenges included uncertainty, increased competition, and weakened fan experience. Strategies included contingency planning, flexible venue management, and revitalizing the fan experience. While the panel agreed that the pandemic constrained the industry’s traditional business practices, countervailing effects were also noted such as the facilitation of technological diffusion. This study presents implications for the industry and the relevant body of knowledge including: Technology-based media consumption, advanced risk management protocols and product characterizations, and approaches to incorporate sociocultural connotations of spectating sport.
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on Major Spectator Sport Industry in the U.S. and South Korea: Challenges and Outlook","authors":"Sungho Cho, NaRi Shin, D. Kwak, A. Kim, Woncheol Jang, J. Lee, Y. Ko","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1936591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1936591","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explored the challenges facing sport leagues in the U.S. and Korea due to the COVID-19 pandemic, their strategies in dealing with the crisis, and what post-pandemic spectator sport industry in the two countries might look like. We recruited three industry practitioners from the U.S. and South Korea for a focus group interview conducted during a panel discussion organized by an academic organization. An inductive-open coding extracted several themes from the qualitative data. Main challenges included uncertainty, increased competition, and weakened fan experience. Strategies included contingency planning, flexible venue management, and revitalizing the fan experience. While the panel agreed that the pandemic constrained the industry’s traditional business practices, countervailing effects were also noted such as the facilitation of technological diffusion. This study presents implications for the industry and the relevant body of knowledge including: Technology-based media consumption, advanced risk management protocols and product characterizations, and approaches to incorporate sociocultural connotations of spectating sport.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1936591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48122396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1936592
D. Svensson, A. Radmann
Abstract Sport has often had an important role in times of crisis, but the Covid-19 pandemic is another matter. Sport was heavily affected world-wide on all levels. In Sweden, gathering people for endurance events conflicted with the Covid-19 restrictions. Some events were cancelled, but many tried to adapt. What adaptation strategies to Covid-19 have Swedish event organizers used? What role have digital tools played in their adaptation? What economic impacts did these events experience? We argue that the challenges posed by Covid-19 have accelerated the digitization of endurance events and highlighted the tensions between commercial and non-commercial actors in sports due to the differences in financial structure and eligibility for economic support. We thereby contribute to the growing research on how sport events in general have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, and specifically in the context of Sweden’s somewhat exceptional response to the pandemic.
{"title":"Keeping Distance? Adaptation Strategies to the Covid-19 Pandemic Among Sport Event Organizers in Sweden","authors":"D. Svensson, A. Radmann","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1936592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1936592","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sport has often had an important role in times of crisis, but the Covid-19 pandemic is another matter. Sport was heavily affected world-wide on all levels. In Sweden, gathering people for endurance events conflicted with the Covid-19 restrictions. Some events were cancelled, but many tried to adapt. What adaptation strategies to Covid-19 have Swedish event organizers used? What role have digital tools played in their adaptation? What economic impacts did these events experience? We argue that the challenges posed by Covid-19 have accelerated the digitization of endurance events and highlighted the tensions between commercial and non-commercial actors in sports due to the differences in financial structure and eligibility for economic support. We thereby contribute to the growing research on how sport events in general have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, and specifically in the context of Sweden’s somewhat exceptional response to the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"594 - 611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1936592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48083077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1929388
Brian E Menaker, Dale Sheptak, J. Kurland, Derya Tekin
{"title":"Rethinking Sport Event Security: From Risk Management to a Community Driven Approach","authors":"Brian E Menaker, Dale Sheptak, J. Kurland, Derya Tekin","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1929388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1929388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1929388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41808930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1928532
Yoseph Mamo, Kwame J. A. Agyemang, D. Andrew
Abstract Professional sports teams have established a major presence around the world and support a number of corporate social responsibility programs (CSR). While many factors may influence fans’ expectations and preferences pertaining to CSR-related activities, to date, no systematic attempt has been made to determine whether fans’ perceptions vary according to their cultural orientations. Thus, we conducted research to investigate similarities and differences in fans’ perceptions of CSR-related activities (i.e., the six pillars of CSR in professional sports organizations) across three countries, using Hofstede’s individualism‒collectivism dimension. A significant difference was found between fans from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and India pertaining to perceived philanthropy and environmental management and sustainability. These findings have important implications for professional sports organizations that operate in a diverse global market, indicating they should pay attention to cultural congruence between CSR strategies and fans’ cultural backgrounds to enhance the overall effect of such initiatives.
{"title":"The Role of Culture on Fan Perceptions of CSR Initiatives: A Cross-Cultural Study of NBA Fans across Three Countries","authors":"Yoseph Mamo, Kwame J. A. Agyemang, D. Andrew","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1928532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1928532","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Professional sports teams have established a major presence around the world and support a number of corporate social responsibility programs (CSR). While many factors may influence fans’ expectations and preferences pertaining to CSR-related activities, to date, no systematic attempt has been made to determine whether fans’ perceptions vary according to their cultural orientations. Thus, we conducted research to investigate similarities and differences in fans’ perceptions of CSR-related activities (i.e., the six pillars of CSR in professional sports organizations) across three countries, using Hofstede’s individualism‒collectivism dimension. A significant difference was found between fans from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and India pertaining to perceived philanthropy and environmental management and sustainability. These findings have important implications for professional sports organizations that operate in a diverse global market, indicating they should pay attention to cultural congruence between CSR strategies and fans’ cultural backgrounds to enhance the overall effect of such initiatives.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1928532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46115830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-30DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1910060
M. Terrien, Bastien Dufau, Yann Carin, W. Andreff
Abstract This article presents economic models at work in French amateur soccer clubs playing National 1 and National 2 tiers. Teams’ sporting performance and clubs’ financial results as well as their revenue and expenditure statistical distribution are analysed by means of Principal Component Analysis. Then a k-means methodology is implemented in view to defining archetypical clusters that characterise French amateur soccer clubs during the 2008-2020 period. The latter span of time opens a window of opportunity for understanding transformations in club economic models since the subprime crisis and up to current global economic recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the club taxonomy, a comparative static analysis shows that more amateur soccer clubs are in more satisficing financial shape at the dawn of the sanitary crisis than when they have been facing the subprime crisis. The so-called “virtuous modesty” cluster includes a greater number of clubs in 2019/20 than in 2008/09.
{"title":"Economic Models of French Amateur Soccer Clubs. From One Crisis to the Other: Which Transformation?","authors":"M. Terrien, Bastien Dufau, Yann Carin, W. Andreff","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1910060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1910060","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents economic models at work in French amateur soccer clubs playing National 1 and National 2 tiers. Teams’ sporting performance and clubs’ financial results as well as their revenue and expenditure statistical distribution are analysed by means of Principal Component Analysis. Then a k-means methodology is implemented in view to defining archetypical clusters that characterise French amateur soccer clubs during the 2008-2020 period. The latter span of time opens a window of opportunity for understanding transformations in club economic models since the subprime crisis and up to current global economic recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the club taxonomy, a comparative static analysis shows that more amateur soccer clubs are in more satisficing financial shape at the dawn of the sanitary crisis than when they have been facing the subprime crisis. The so-called “virtuous modesty” cluster includes a greater number of clubs in 2019/20 than in 2008/09.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"630 - 650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1910060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41326239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-23DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1951614
Girish Ramchandani, R. Millar
This study examines whether there is a quantifiable change in the magnitude of home advantage (HA) when football matches are contested behind closed doors. The study incorporates the highest divisions of football leagues in England, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Due to Covid-19 restrictions, 506 fixtures were played without crowds across these leagues during the 2019/20 season. We conducted inter-season analysis comparing HA between the 2019/20 season and the 2018/19 season (when crowds were present). We also conducted intra-season analysis comparing HA between fixtures played with and without crowds during the 2019/20 season. The Italian Serie A and the German Bundesliga were the only leagues where any evidence of a significant decline in inter-season HA (between 2018/19 and 2019/2020) or intra-season HA (between fixtures with and without crowds in 2019/20) was found. Overall, there is insufficient evidence to generalise that the absence of crowds affects HA in football.
{"title":"Investigating the “Twelfth Man” Effect in Five European Domestic Football Leagues: A COVID-19 Induced Natural Experiment","authors":"Girish Ramchandani, R. Millar","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1951614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1951614","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines whether there is a quantifiable change in the magnitude of home advantage (HA) when football matches are contested behind closed doors. The study incorporates the highest divisions of football leagues in England, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Due to Covid-19 restrictions, 506 fixtures were played without crowds across these leagues during the 2019/20 season. We conducted inter-season analysis comparing HA between the 2019/20 season and the 2018/19 season (when crowds were present). We also conducted intra-season analysis comparing HA between fixtures played with and without crowds during the 2019/20 season. The Italian Serie A and the German Bundesliga were the only leagues where any evidence of a significant decline in inter-season HA (between 2018/19 and 2019/2020) or intra-season HA (between fixtures with and without crowds in 2019/20) was found. Overall, there is insufficient evidence to generalise that the absence of crowds affects HA in football.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42924077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-28DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1910059
Q. Peng, J. Skinner, B. Houlihan, L. Kihl, Jinming Zheng
this paper investigates the influences of change recipients’ supportive behaviors toward the national reform in the chinese foot- ball sector. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews ( n = 29), which were conducted with change recipients from national and local football associations and commercial football clubs. Drawing on an integrated conceptual framework, the findings suggest that the change-supportive behaviors demonstrated by the change recipients were influenced and incentivised by managerial factors (i.e., management competency, communication channels, participation in decision-making, leaders’ commit- ment to change, and principal support); and contextual factors (i.e., an amenable football environment and the perceived political pressure to change). three manifestations of change-supportive behaviors were identified: a) showing understanding of the change but pessimistic about the outcome; b) supporting the change and being willing to take risks; and c) supporting the change and actively seeking alternative solutions.
{"title":"Towards Understanding Change-Supportive Organisational Behaviours in China: An Investigation of the 2015 Chinese National Football Reform","authors":"Q. Peng, J. Skinner, B. Houlihan, L. Kihl, Jinming Zheng","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1910059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1910059","url":null,"abstract":"this paper investigates the influences of change recipients’ supportive behaviors toward the national reform in the chinese foot- ball sector. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews ( n = 29), which were conducted with change recipients from national and local football associations and commercial football clubs. Drawing on an integrated conceptual framework, the findings suggest that the change-supportive behaviors demonstrated by the change recipients were influenced and incentivised by managerial factors (i.e., management competency, communication channels, participation in decision-making, leaders’ commit- ment to change, and principal support); and contextual factors (i.e., an amenable football environment and the perceived political pressure to change). three manifestations of change-supportive behaviors were identified: a) showing understanding of the change but pessimistic about the outcome; b) supporting the change and being willing to take risks; and c) supporting the change and actively seeking alternative solutions.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1910059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48299919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1899768
Gerald Dandah, M. Chiweshe
Abstract The paper examines the emerging impact of COVID-19 on soccer in Zimbabwe. It focuses on the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League (ZPSL) to highlight how football leagues with historical challenges of funding and a lack of disaster preparedness have been impacted by the pandemic. We utilize a desk research approach to understand how football authorities, clubs, administrators, and players have been impacted by the failure of the league to start due to COVID 19-induced lockdowns. The paper also explores the various efforts put in place to ensure football starts again in the country and the impact of these measures. COVID-19 has entrenched and worsened the already existent economic and political challenges facing football in Zimbabwe, which include lack of financial sustainability of clubs, poor administration, corruption, lack of sponsorship, and a general malaise of the sport in the country.
{"title":"Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League in the Context of COVID 19","authors":"Gerald Dandah, M. Chiweshe","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1899768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899768","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper examines the emerging impact of COVID-19 on soccer in Zimbabwe. It focuses on the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League (ZPSL) to highlight how football leagues with historical challenges of funding and a lack of disaster preparedness have been impacted by the pandemic. We utilize a desk research approach to understand how football authorities, clubs, administrators, and players have been impacted by the failure of the league to start due to COVID 19-induced lockdowns. The paper also explores the various efforts put in place to ensure football starts again in the country and the impact of these measures. COVID-19 has entrenched and worsened the already existent economic and political challenges facing football in Zimbabwe, which include lack of financial sustainability of clubs, poor administration, corruption, lack of sponsorship, and a general malaise of the sport in the country.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"612 - 629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1899768","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43635008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1888203
Michael Green, T. Ghaye
Tasked with managing financial affairs, agents are commonly in the media spotlight during high-profile transfers and contract negotiations. The industry has evolved into one of the most misunderstood parts of the game. This research originates at a time of deregulation and lower entry barriers making it timely to explore the developing world of agent practices. The data collection in 2018, involved interviews with 20 agents who had responsibilities for 114 professional players. Participants had a minimum of two years’ experience and represented players within English football. The analysis identified ‘Image Development’, ‘Financial Planning’, ‘Relationship Building’ and ‘Constructive Counselling’ as the emergent themes that illustrated agent’s practices. The findings present evidence that the agent industry has experienced a significant period of evolution with those involved becoming increasingly specialised in their practices to facilitate transactions, as clients continue to expect the highest level of individual service, often unrelated to ‘on-field’ performances.
{"title":"The Emergent Practices of English Football Agents","authors":"Michael Green, T. Ghaye","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1888203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888203","url":null,"abstract":"Tasked with managing financial affairs, agents are commonly in the media spotlight during high-profile transfers and contract negotiations. The industry has evolved into one of the most misunderstood parts of the game. This research originates at a time of deregulation and lower entry barriers making it timely to explore the developing world of agent practices. The data collection in 2018, involved interviews with 20 agents who had responsibilities for 114 professional players. Participants had a minimum of two years’ experience and represented players within English football. The analysis identified ‘Image Development’, ‘Financial Planning’, ‘Relationship Building’ and ‘Constructive Counselling’ as the emergent themes that illustrated agent’s practices. The findings present evidence that the agent industry has experienced a significant period of evolution with those involved becoming increasingly specialised in their practices to facilitate transactions, as clients continue to expect the highest level of individual service, often unrelated to ‘on-field’ performances.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46512030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1888028
H. Preuss, Seok-Pyo Hong
Abstract There is no doubt that the topic of legacy of sport events is becoming one of the critical issues in professional sports worldwide. Taxpayers’ money is used to support the staging of events and therefore citizens want a benefit in return. Many legacies though are intangible and therefore not easy to measure. As economic profits are difficult to obtain, ecological footprints are given due to needed travelling and social benefits are not easy to measure. Overall, the Olympic Games do not visibly and obviously change the host city towards sustainability and long-lasting positive developments. The articles reveal the breadth of topics that are located within the scope of legacy. The research areas touch on legacies that are under researched and for which there is scant legacy information in the literature, i.e., the legacy of Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Winter Games, unsuccessful Olympic bid cities and non-host Olympic cities.
{"title":"Olympic Legacy: Status of Research","authors":"H. Preuss, Seok-Pyo Hong","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1888028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is no doubt that the topic of legacy of sport events is becoming one of the critical issues in professional sports worldwide. Taxpayers’ money is used to support the staging of events and therefore citizens want a benefit in return. Many legacies though are intangible and therefore not easy to measure. As economic profits are difficult to obtain, ecological footprints are given due to needed travelling and social benefits are not easy to measure. Overall, the Olympic Games do not visibly and obviously change the host city towards sustainability and long-lasting positive developments. The articles reveal the breadth of topics that are located within the scope of legacy. The research areas touch on legacies that are under researched and for which there is scant legacy information in the literature, i.e., the legacy of Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Winter Games, unsuccessful Olympic bid cities and non-host Olympic cities.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"6 1","pages":"205 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47367684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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