Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1888208
Eunyoung Kim, K. Gower
This study presents a structured model to investigate whether sports fans’ team identification and organization-public relations (OPR) directly affect their attitudes toward their favorite teams or...
{"title":"Who Goes to the Game? A Model of Organization-Public Relationships and Team Identification with Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions","authors":"Eunyoung Kim, K. Gower","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1888208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888208","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a structured model to investigate whether sports fans’ team identification and organization-public relations (OPR) directly affect their attitudes toward their favorite teams or...","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1888208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45901349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-07DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1883212
David Cockayne, S. Chadwick, Jonathan Sullivan
Abstract Following the 2014 announcement of Xi Jingping’s vision for China to create a domestic sport economy worth $800+ million by 2025, discussion has arisen around how this might be achieved, who the key players in this industry are, and what the broader geo-politic effects might be for China, and the rest of the World. Of particular focus has been the investment and efforts levied specifically toward football. This special issue brings together a selection of the more recent empirical and conceptual studies concerned with China and football. This initial paper is presented as a contextual precursor to the five papers representing our special issue. Collectively, these papers draw on a variety of methodologies, and consider debates around China and football from micro, meso and more macro perspectives. We believe the research presented in this issue provides a rich and diverse source of learning for researchers and practitioners interested in the nature and effect of China’s footballing vision.
{"title":"Chinese Football – From a State-Led Past to a Digital Future","authors":"David Cockayne, S. Chadwick, Jonathan Sullivan","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1883212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1883212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following the 2014 announcement of Xi Jingping’s vision for China to create a domestic sport economy worth $800+ million by 2025, discussion has arisen around how this might be achieved, who the key players in this industry are, and what the broader geo-politic effects might be for China, and the rest of the World. Of particular focus has been the investment and efforts levied specifically toward football. This special issue brings together a selection of the more recent empirical and conceptual studies concerned with China and football. This initial paper is presented as a contextual precursor to the five papers representing our special issue. Collectively, these papers draw on a variety of methodologies, and consider debates around China and football from micro, meso and more macro perspectives. We believe the research presented in this issue provides a rich and diverse source of learning for researchers and practitioners interested in the nature and effect of China’s footballing vision.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"7 1","pages":"345 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1883212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44709489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1896261
The revised figure corresponds to data obtained in 2008, and shows an anti-GFP immunoblot (top) showing the accumulation levels of RD19-YFPv, RDL1-YFPv, and RDL2-YFPv proteins expressed either alone or in the presence of PopP2-3HA, and an anti-PopP2 immunoblot (bottom) showing the accumulation levels of PopP2-3HA from the same protein extracts. Unfortunately, we no longer have the images of Ponceau staining corresponding to these immunoblots. Nevertheless, we believe that the non-specific signals visible on each of the two immunoblots allows us to conclude that similar amounts of protein were loaded in the different lanes, sufficient tomake the stated conclusion.
{"title":"Correction","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1896261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1896261","url":null,"abstract":"The revised figure corresponds to data obtained in 2008, and shows an anti-GFP immunoblot (top) showing the accumulation levels of RD19-YFPv, RDL1-YFPv, and RDL2-YFPv proteins expressed either alone or in the presence of PopP2-3HA, and an anti-PopP2 immunoblot (bottom) showing the accumulation levels of PopP2-3HA from the same protein extracts. Unfortunately, we no longer have the images of Ponceau staining corresponding to these immunoblots. Nevertheless, we believe that the non-specific signals visible on each of the two immunoblots allows us to conclude that similar amounts of protein were loaded in the different lanes, sufficient tomake the stated conclusion.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"6 1","pages":"139 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1896261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44661741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871859
M. Picariello, Pamela S. Angelle, S. Trendafilova, Steven Waller, Vassilios Ziakas
Abstract There is a global concern for women underrepresentation in traditionally male-dominated professions, particularly within upper management ranks. A possible strategy for addressing the problem could be effective mentoring. This study contributes to the scholarly literature and understanding of the relationship between mentoring and leadership development for female executives in the context of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The research design for this study was qualitative in nature. Three dominant themes emerged (a) career functions, (b) psychosocial support, and (c) organizational socialization. The findings of this study confirm that women perceive mentoring as a pivotal factor in their careers. Coaching and counseling were the two most important functions in developing a leader. Human resource managers can use these findings to promote a holistic approach to mentoring that may be strategic in terms of talent identification, talent management, talent retention, and leadership development.
{"title":"The Role of Mentoring in Leadership Development: A Qualitative Study of Upper Administration Women in the National Basketball Association","authors":"M. Picariello, Pamela S. Angelle, S. Trendafilova, Steven Waller, Vassilios Ziakas","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871859","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is a global concern for women underrepresentation in traditionally male-dominated professions, particularly within upper management ranks. A possible strategy for addressing the problem could be effective mentoring. This study contributes to the scholarly literature and understanding of the relationship between mentoring and leadership development for female executives in the context of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The research design for this study was qualitative in nature. Three dominant themes emerged (a) career functions, (b) psychosocial support, and (c) organizational socialization. The findings of this study confirm that women perceive mentoring as a pivotal factor in their careers. Coaching and counseling were the two most important functions in developing a leader. Human resource managers can use these findings to promote a holistic approach to mentoring that may be strategic in terms of talent identification, talent management, talent retention, and leadership development.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"386 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43430213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-11DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1875629
Sarthak Mondal
Abstract Competitive balance remains a core component of sport economics literature and an important management consideration for league organisers. This paper analyses competitive balance in the 'top five' women's football leagues in Europe longitudinally between 1997/98 and 2018/19. Using recognised measures of league concentration and dominance, the results display a mixed picture in respect of competitive balance across the five major women's leagues in European football. The women's football industry has seen positive growth during the last ten years while competitive balance in most of the leagues examined has remained relatively stable. Some significant differences were detected in the levels of concentration between leagues. There was also some variation in terms of some leagues being dominated by a fewer number of teams. However, these two measures of competitive balance (concentration and dominance) were not necessarily correlated with each other. In a broader governance context, questions remain over the potential for further growth in the women's game as leagues are moving towards commercialisation of TV rights from 2021 to 2022.
{"title":"She Kicks: The State of Competitive Balance in the Top Five Women’s Football Leagues in Europe","authors":"Sarthak Mondal","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1875629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1875629","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Competitive balance remains a core component of sport economics literature and an important management consideration for league organisers. This paper analyses competitive balance in the 'top five' women's football leagues in Europe longitudinally between 1997/98 and 2018/19. Using recognised measures of league concentration and dominance, the results display a mixed picture in respect of competitive balance across the five major women's leagues in European football. The women's football industry has seen positive growth during the last ten years while competitive balance in most of the leagues examined has remained relatively stable. Some significant differences were detected in the levels of concentration between leagues. There was also some variation in terms of some leagues being dominated by a fewer number of teams. However, these two measures of competitive balance (concentration and dominance) were not necessarily correlated with each other. In a broader governance context, questions remain over the potential for further growth in the women's game as leagues are moving towards commercialisation of TV rights from 2021 to 2022.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"432 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1875629","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44450259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871858
David P. Hedlund
Abstract In recent years, esports have grown from a small number of local gaming activities undertaken by a few recreational participants to a multi-billion dollar industry with professional leagues, franchises, teams and players. While the industry has grown, our collective understanding of some of the most fundamental questions such as who plays esports and why, have received scant attention from academics. In an effort to further understand, profile and categorize players, the purpose of this research is to create a typology of esports players and to cross-validate previous research findings. Using hierarchical and k-clustering techniques, six psychographic factors (socialization, positive affect, competition, fantasy/escape, coping, pass/waste time) and additional demographic and behavioral characteristics are used to create a typology of esports players. Based on a large, diverse and international sample of respondents (n = 1165), five types of players, including (1) Competitive, (2) Casual, (3) Casual-Social, (4) Casual-Fun, and (5) Casual-Competitive esports players, are identified. In-depth examination and discussion of the five types of players are provided. The implications of this research suggest the importance of considering demographic, psychographic and behavioral characteristics when attempting to identify, understand and classify different types of esports players.
{"title":"A Typology of Esport Players","authors":"David P. Hedlund","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871858","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, esports have grown from a small number of local gaming activities undertaken by a few recreational participants to a multi-billion dollar industry with professional leagues, franchises, teams and players. While the industry has grown, our collective understanding of some of the most fundamental questions such as who plays esports and why, have received scant attention from academics. In an effort to further understand, profile and categorize players, the purpose of this research is to create a typology of esports players and to cross-validate previous research findings. Using hierarchical and k-clustering techniques, six psychographic factors (socialization, positive affect, competition, fantasy/escape, coping, pass/waste time) and additional demographic and behavioral characteristics are used to create a typology of esports players. Based on a large, diverse and international sample of respondents (n = 1165), five types of players, including (1) Competitive, (2) Casual, (3) Casual-Social, (4) Casual-Fun, and (5) Casual-Competitive esports players, are identified. In-depth examination and discussion of the five types of players are provided. The implications of this research suggest the importance of considering demographic, psychographic and behavioral characteristics when attempting to identify, understand and classify different types of esports players.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"460 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42409323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-09DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871860
J. Rookwood, Kola Adeosun
Abstract For many superpowers sport mega events have become central to their political and financial ambitions within the global society. Over the last century Japan has established itself as a superpower both politically and economically. Even in the midst of a global economic downturn Japan has been successful in acquiring several globally significant sporting events, most notably the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and more recently the 2019 Rugby World Cup and 2020(21) summer Olympic Games. This paper examines how the latter two SMEs are perceived to present economic and political challenges in the midst of a global economic downturn and the COVID-19 pandemic through the context of public diplomacy and nation branding. The paper explores the perspectives of several relevant stakeholder demographics, including those working for various bodies relating to the staging and analysis of the events. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews in order to frame the potential significance of sports mega events in Japan as a platform to showcase nation branding, public diplomacy, economic development and sport tourism.
{"title":"Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Examining Japan’s 2019 Rugby World Cup and 2020(21) Olympic Games in the Midst of a Global Economic Downturn and the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"J. Rookwood, Kola Adeosun","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871860","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For many superpowers sport mega events have become central to their political and financial ambitions within the global society. Over the last century Japan has established itself as a superpower both politically and economically. Even in the midst of a global economic downturn Japan has been successful in acquiring several globally significant sporting events, most notably the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and more recently the 2019 Rugby World Cup and 2020(21) summer Olympic Games. This paper examines how the latter two SMEs are perceived to present economic and political challenges in the midst of a global economic downturn and the COVID-19 pandemic through the context of public diplomacy and nation branding. The paper explores the perspectives of several relevant stakeholder demographics, including those working for various bodies relating to the staging and analysis of the events. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews in order to frame the potential significance of sports mega events in Japan as a platform to showcase nation branding, public diplomacy, economic development and sport tourism.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"573 - 593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43448494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-09DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871857
Yan Wang, I. Derom, M. Theeboom
Abstract In recent years, cities have shown an interest in using the hosting of sport mega-events as a leverageable resource in realizing long-term impacts for individual volunteers. However, previous research has provided limited evidence of the realization of anticipated impacts in the post-event period. This study focuses on the long-term impacts of Olympic and Youth Olympic volunteering in terms of memory, attitudes, and behaviors. Data were collected from a sample of 353 volunteers who have been involved with the 2008 Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games, the 2010 Singapore Youth Olympic Games, and the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games. Results show that volunteers can easily access their Olympic and Youth Olympic memory, with vivid, emotional, and visual details, while the overall tone of their volunteer memory is positive over a long period. Volunteering at the Olympic and Youth Olympic Games can be understood as a positive life-changing event and participants have reported high scores on the attitudes in terms of the interest in the Olympic Movement. Findings reveal that the sharing of the memory by volunteers and the time perspective have been found to contribute significantly to broader impacts in terms of attitudes about the Olympic Movement and subsequent volunteer behaviors. Implications for sport mega-event volunteer management are discussed.
{"title":"Volunteering at the Olympic and Youth Olympic Games: More Than a Distant Memory?","authors":"Yan Wang, I. Derom, M. Theeboom","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871857","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, cities have shown an interest in using the hosting of sport mega-events as a leverageable resource in realizing long-term impacts for individual volunteers. However, previous research has provided limited evidence of the realization of anticipated impacts in the post-event period. This study focuses on the long-term impacts of Olympic and Youth Olympic volunteering in terms of memory, attitudes, and behaviors. Data were collected from a sample of 353 volunteers who have been involved with the 2008 Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games, the 2010 Singapore Youth Olympic Games, and the 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games. Results show that volunteers can easily access their Olympic and Youth Olympic memory, with vivid, emotional, and visual details, while the overall tone of their volunteer memory is positive over a long period. Volunteering at the Olympic and Youth Olympic Games can be understood as a positive life-changing event and participants have reported high scores on the attitudes in terms of the interest in the Olympic Movement. Findings reveal that the sharing of the memory by volunteers and the time perspective have been found to contribute significantly to broader impacts in terms of attitudes about the Olympic Movement and subsequent volunteer behaviors. Implications for sport mega-event volunteer management are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"361 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43951093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-09DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1871855
Jonathan Sullivan, Yupei Zhao, S. Chadwick, M. Gow
Abstract Football in China is undergoing an unprecedented expansion, the result of targeted industrial policy, private sector investment, and the increased popularity of the world’s most popular game in the world’s most populous nation. Yet, as China’s own football infrastructure matures and foreign clubs seek to establish new fanbases there, little is known about Chinese football fans themselves, the ways in which they express their fandom, or the methods by which they consume football. This study aims to take a first step in identifying and exploring football fandom in the People’s Republic of China, with a view to critically understanding the context out of which it has emerged, and its likely trajectory of development in the short-to-medium term. Adopting an inductive approach to survey research to explore the attitudes, behaviours and activities of Chinese football fans, an online survey resulting in 710 usable responses was conducted on a Chinese online survey platform Wenjuanxing (问卷星) for three weeks in March 2018. Our research identifies similarities with fandom found elsewhere in the world, yet with key differences generally characteristic of Chinese football fans resulting from the geography, distance and league structures of China’s domestic football infrastructure. A tendency to support more than one club, often one domestic and one foreign club, is also noted, with distinct methods of consumption which eschew traditional forms such as match attendance.
{"title":"Chinese Fans’ Engagement with Football: Transnationalism, Authenticity and Identity","authors":"Jonathan Sullivan, Yupei Zhao, S. Chadwick, M. Gow","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1871855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871855","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Football in China is undergoing an unprecedented expansion, the result of targeted industrial policy, private sector investment, and the increased popularity of the world’s most popular game in the world’s most populous nation. Yet, as China’s own football infrastructure matures and foreign clubs seek to establish new fanbases there, little is known about Chinese football fans themselves, the ways in which they express their fandom, or the methods by which they consume football. This study aims to take a first step in identifying and exploring football fandom in the People’s Republic of China, with a view to critically understanding the context out of which it has emerged, and its likely trajectory of development in the short-to-medium term. Adopting an inductive approach to survey research to explore the attitudes, behaviours and activities of Chinese football fans, an online survey resulting in 710 usable responses was conducted on a Chinese online survey platform Wenjuanxing (问卷星) for three weeks in March 2018. Our research identifies similarities with fandom found elsewhere in the world, yet with key differences generally characteristic of Chinese football fans resulting from the geography, distance and league structures of China’s domestic football infrastructure. A tendency to support more than one club, often one domestic and one foreign club, is also noted, with distinct methods of consumption which eschew traditional forms such as match attendance.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"7 1","pages":"427 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1871855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44505148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2021.1875563
S. Cho, Natasha T. Brison, Katie M. Brown, Kevin Quinn
Abstract Trademark law provides owners of legally protected marks with a set of legal claims against unauthorized users. Law and economics and brand equity theories rationalize the system of trademarks. Meanwhile, game theory explains why trademark rights must be legally protected and how parties in sport trademark litigation make decisions in anticipation of the opponents’ expected course of action. Four game settings rationalize the utility of trademarks and showcase parties’ strategic moves in trademark litigation: (1) prisoners’ dilemma, (2) game of chicken, (3) sequential game, and (4) game of brinkmanship. Focusing on the Already v. Nike and Forever 21 v. Adidas trademark litigation cases, this study explores the interactive dynamics between parties and the factors associated with the parties’ decision-making during the process of litigation.
{"title":"A Theoretical Explanation of Sport Trademark Litigation: Already v. Nike and Forever 21 v. Adidas","authors":"S. Cho, Natasha T. Brison, Katie M. Brown, Kevin Quinn","doi":"10.1080/24704067.2021.1875563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.1875563","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trademark law provides owners of legally protected marks with a set of legal claims against unauthorized users. Law and economics and brand equity theories rationalize the system of trademarks. Meanwhile, game theory explains why trademark rights must be legally protected and how parties in sport trademark litigation make decisions in anticipation of the opponents’ expected course of action. Four game settings rationalize the utility of trademarks and showcase parties’ strategic moves in trademark litigation: (1) prisoners’ dilemma, (2) game of chicken, (3) sequential game, and (4) game of brinkmanship. Focusing on the Already v. Nike and Forever 21 v. Adidas trademark litigation cases, this study explores the interactive dynamics between parties and the factors associated with the parties’ decision-making during the process of litigation.","PeriodicalId":36658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Global Sport Management","volume":"8 1","pages":"407 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24704067.2021.1875563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44898719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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