Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.934
Zhenyi Chen;Kwang-Cheng Chen;Chen Dong;Zixiang Nie
Private or special-purpose wireless networks present a new technological trend for future mobile communications, while one attractive application scenario is the wireless communication in a smart factory. In addition to wireless technologies, this paper pays special attention to treat a smart factory as the integration of collaborative multi-robot systems for production robots and transportation robots. Multiple aspects of collaborative multi-robot systems enabled by wireless networking have been investigated, dynamic multi-robot task assignment for collaborative production robots and subsequent transportation robots, social learning to enhance precision and robustness of collaborative production robots, and more efficient operation of collaborative transportation robots. Consequently, the technical requirements of 6G mobile communication can be logically highlighted.
{"title":"6G Mobile Communications for Multi-Robot Smart Factory","authors":"Zhenyi Chen;Kwang-Cheng Chen;Chen Dong;Zixiang Nie","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.934","url":null,"abstract":"Private or special-purpose wireless networks present a new technological trend for future mobile communications, while one attractive application scenario is the wireless communication in a smart factory. In addition to wireless technologies, this paper pays special attention to treat a smart factory as the integration of collaborative multi-robot systems for production robots and transportation robots. Multiple aspects of collaborative multi-robot systems enabled by wireless networking have been investigated, dynamic multi-robot task assignment for collaborative production robots and subsequent transportation robots, social learning to enhance precision and robustness of collaborative production robots, and more efficient operation of collaborative transportation robots. Consequently, the technical requirements of 6G mobile communication can be logically highlighted.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255453/10255487.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.911
Olivier Seller
The LoRaWAN Link Layer specification [1] is a communication protocol for the Internet of Things. It targets low power, long range, low cost communication using unlicensed spectrum. Network topology is collaborative, which reduces a lot protocol signalling compared to a cellular network. The device is connected to a network server, and protocol overhead is limited to 13 bytes for any data frame. There are three classes of operation. Class A is optimized for low power operation of end-devices, while class B and class C offer reduced downlink latency. The protocol specification offers several mechanisms to adjust the link layer parameters: adaptive data rate, adaptive power control, variable repetition rate, and channel selection.
{"title":"LoRaWAN Link Layer","authors":"Olivier Seller","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.911","url":null,"abstract":"The LoRaWAN Link Layer specification [1] is a communication protocol for the Internet of Things. It targets low power, long range, low cost communication using unlicensed spectrum. Network topology is collaborative, which reduces a lot protocol signalling compared to a cellular network. The device is connected to a network server, and protocol overhead is limited to 13 bytes for any data frame. There are three classes of operation. Class A is optimized for low power operation of end-devices, while class B and class C offer reduced downlink latency. The protocol specification offers several mechanisms to adjust the link layer parameters: adaptive data rate, adaptive power control, variable repetition rate, and channel selection.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255463/10255464.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68113986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
3GPP is currently studying enhancements to Sidelink (SL) operations for 5G New Radio (NR) in a Release 17 Work Item which is planned to be finished by end of 2021. The NR Sidelink (SL) Work Item in Release 17 includes several key features targeting reliability enhancements, power saving and coverage enhancements by expanding the scope of NR sidelink to target V2X, commercial D2D use-case and Public safety. This paper provides an insight on the current 3GPP Release 17 NR SL design describing necessary enhancements in the physical, protocol layer to support inter-UE coordination message for reliability enhancement for autonomous resource selection procedure by providing feedback on the half-duplex, persistent collision and hidden nodes. In addition, the power saving feature is addressed by introducing a SL DRX mechanism for the PC5 interface which defines active reception and transmission periods between a TX and the peer Rx UE(s) and also between Tx UE and gNB. Furthermore, this paper outlines details on the Sidelink Relay feature for coverage enhancement by describing possible solutions for UE to Network relay and UE to UE relay.
{"title":"NR Sidelink Enhancement in 3GPP Release 17","authors":"Karthikeyan Ganesan;Prateek Basu Mallick;Joachim Löhr","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.922","url":null,"abstract":"3GPP is currently studying enhancements to Sidelink (SL) operations for 5G New Radio (NR) in a Release 17 Work Item which is planned to be finished by end of 2021. The NR Sidelink (SL) Work Item in Release 17 includes several key features targeting reliability enhancements, power saving and coverage enhancements by expanding the scope of NR sidelink to target V2X, commercial D2D use-case and Public safety. This paper provides an insight on the current 3GPP Release 17 NR SL design describing necessary enhancements in the physical, protocol layer to support inter-UE coordination message for reliability enhancement for autonomous resource selection procedure by providing feedback on the half-duplex, persistent collision and hidden nodes. In addition, the power saving feature is addressed by introducing a SL DRX mechanism for the PC5 interface which defines active reception and transmission periods between a TX and the peer Rx UE(s) and also between Tx UE and gNB. Furthermore, this paper outlines details on the Sidelink Relay feature for coverage enhancement by describing possible solutions for UE to Network relay and UE to UE relay.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255490.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.913
Julien Catalano
Firmware Update is a key feature for IoT, especially for LPWA end-devices with 10+ years of lifetime. LoRaWAN Firmware Update Over-The-Air is a set of application layer specifications, including Multicast Setup, Fragmentation, Clock Synchronization, Firmware Management as well as MultiPackage Access, enabling the delivery and management services of firmware updates to several end-devices.
{"title":"LoRaWAN Firmware Update Over-The-Air (FUOTA)","authors":"Julien Catalano","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.913","url":null,"abstract":"Firmware Update is a key feature for IoT, especially for LPWA end-devices with 10+ years of lifetime. LoRaWAN Firmware Update Over-The-Air is a set of application layer specifications, including Multicast Setup, Fragmentation, Clock Synchronization, Firmware Management as well as MultiPackage Access, enabling the delivery and management services of firmware updates to several end-devices.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255463/10255469.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68113988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.931
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen
6G represents standardized communication systems that will be commercially available in 2030s. Even if the initial 5G networks, basing on the 3GPP Release 15, have hardly started become commercially available gradually as of 2019 and their large-scale deployment is still years away, industry is already keen to envision the justification and performance of the forthcoming generation. While there are no concrete 6G standards produced at this stage, their planning will benefit from realistic indications of the requirements and type of usage. The task is not straightforward as users, including a variety of verticals with their rather different communication environments, are sometimes not capable of expressing their future needs in technical terms nor industry might be able to prognosticate the demand that has not yet equivalence in preceding systems. This paper analyses some of the most important current visions of key standardization bodies and assesses indications of the industry for the potential requirements, service types, use cases, and architectural and functional models that can serve as a building block for the actual realization of the visions. This paper also presents means that can be applied in further interpretation and assessment of the vertical needs and priorities, with examples reflecting the benefits of Network Slice requirements that the GSMA North Americas Network Slicing Taskforce studied for foreseen near future environment and that may be extended to be utilized also in exploration of 6G requirements.
{"title":"On 6G Visions and Requirements","authors":"Jyrki T. J. Penttinen","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.931","url":null,"abstract":"6G represents standardized communication systems that will be commercially available in 2030s. Even if the initial 5G networks, basing on the 3GPP Release 15, have hardly started become commercially available gradually as of 2019 and their large-scale deployment is still years away, industry is already keen to envision the justification and performance of the forthcoming generation. While there are no concrete 6G standards produced at this stage, their planning will benefit from realistic indications of the requirements and type of usage. The task is not straightforward as users, including a variety of verticals with their rather different communication environments, are sometimes not capable of expressing their future needs in technical terms nor industry might be able to prognosticate the demand that has not yet equivalence in preceding systems. This paper analyses some of the most important current visions of key standardization bodies and assesses indications of the industry for the potential requirements, service types, use cases, and architectural and functional models that can serve as a building block for the actual realization of the visions. This paper also presents means that can be applied in further interpretation and assessment of the vertical needs and priorities, with examples reflecting the benefits of Network Slice requirements that the GSMA North Americas Network Slicing Taskforce studied for foreseen near future environment and that may be extended to be utilized also in exploration of 6G requirements.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255453/10255475.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.811
Noamen Ben Henda
During the early development stages of the 5G specifications by 3GPP, it was quickly identified that it is not possible to address all the use cases of the 5G System within the normal Release timeframe. Therefore, it was decided to split the work in two phases. The 5G Phase 1 work focused on the foundation of the new system while 5G Phase 2 focused more on the needed enhancements to address the use cases. The work on the security in 5G Phase 1 was ample enough to deliver all the needed mechanisms not only to secure the communication between the different entities but also to protect the privacy of the user. Therefore, it is expected that the work on 5G Phase 2 will unlikely have impact on the security mechanisms. Nevertheless, some of the new features in 5G Phase 2 give rise to subtle security challenges which may require enhancements to the existing mechanisms. In this article, we consider some of the 5G Phase 2 features and shed light on such security aspects.
{"title":"Overview on the Security in 5G Phase 2","authors":"Noamen Ben Henda","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.811","url":null,"abstract":"During the early development stages of the 5G specifications by 3GPP, it was quickly identified that it is not possible to address all the use cases of the 5G System within the normal Release timeframe. Therefore, it was decided to split the work in two phases. The 5G Phase 1 work focused on the foundation of the new system while 5G Phase 2 focused more on the needed enhancements to address the use cases. The work on the security in 5G Phase 1 was ample enough to deliver all the needed mechanisms not only to secure the communication between the different entities but also to protect the privacy of the user. Therefore, it is expected that the work on 5G Phase 2 will unlikely have impact on the security mechanisms. Nevertheless, some of the new features in 5G Phase 2 give rise to subtle security challenges which may require enhancements to the existing mechanisms. In this article, we consider some of the 5G Phase 2 features and shed light on such security aspects.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10258063/10258087.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68106280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.834
Bharathkumar Ravichandran
In the fifth generation mobile communication architecture (5G), network functions which traditionally existed as discrete hardware entities based on custom architectures, are replaced with dynamic, scalable Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that run on general purpose (x86) cloud computing plat-forms, under the paradigm Network Function Virtualization (NFV). The shift towards a virtualized infrastructure poses its own set of security challenges that need to be addressed. One such challenge that we seek to address in this paper is providing integrity, authenticity and confidentiality protection for VNFs.
{"title":"Securing Virtual Network Function (VNF) in Telco Cloud","authors":"Bharathkumar Ravichandran","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.834","url":null,"abstract":"In the fifth generation mobile communication architecture (5G), network functions which traditionally existed as discrete hardware entities based on custom architectures, are replaced with dynamic, scalable Virtual Network Functions (VNF) that run on general purpose (x86) cloud computing plat-forms, under the paradigm Network Function Virtualization (NFV). The shift towards a virtualized infrastructure poses its own set of security challenges that need to be addressed. One such challenge that we seek to address in this paper is providing integrity, authenticity and confidentiality protection for VNFs.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10258043/10258044.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70608704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.824
Wolfgang Ziegler
While projects, developments and applications addressing and using artificial intelligence (AI) are rather multifaceted and their number is constantly increasing, the standardisation activities in the field of artificial intelligence are limited, their number is significantly lower and does not increase at the same pace. The European funded project StandICT.eu aims at supporting European experts' presence in and contributions to international standardisation activities in ICT. The focus of the project is on the 5 priority domains identified by the European Commission (Cloud Computing, IoT, Big Data, Cyber Security, 5G) and on Artificial Intelligence while being open for other relevant topics defined in the annual European Rolling Plan for ICT Standardisation. The project has two main outcomes: (i) increased contribution of European experts in international standardisation through support by providing grants for planned contributions of successful applications of experts, and (ii) an online observatory of published standards and ongoing standardisation activities in the areas mentioned before. This observatory (called Standards Watch) is accessible through the project's web site and open for contributions and comments from registered users. As part of the effort for the Standards Watch the projects has prepared a comprehensive analysis of the international standardisation landscape in the AI field, that comprises a description of the ICT standards and ongoing work at international level in the field of AI across the standardisation organisations already active in the field. In this article we will present results of our work where we have analysed the work of the 5 international and European Standards Development Organisations (SDOs) IEEE, 11 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [13]. ISO/IEC, 22 International Organization for Standardization [15]/International Electrotechnical Com mission [12]. ITU-T, 33 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector [16]. ETSI 44 European Telecommunications Standards Institute [10]. and CEN-CENELEC 55 European Committee for Standardization [7]-European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization [8]. developing standards in the field of AI. The first 4 bodies have already been active several years in AI standardisation at the time of writing this article. CEN-CENELEC has launched a focus group in 2019 which aims at producing a roadmap for AI standardisation. For these 4 SDOs information on their active groups, details of their work and the respective state/outcome is provided in the main part of this article. Followed by the same exercise for the two identified Standards Settings Organisations (SSOs): W3C 66 World Wide Web Consortium [20]. and IRTF, 77 Internet Research Task Force [14]. their active groups
{"title":"A Landscape Analysis of Standardisation in the Field of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Wolfgang Ziegler","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.824","url":null,"abstract":"While projects, developments and applications addressing and using artificial intelligence (AI) are rather multifaceted and their number is constantly increasing, the standardisation activities in the field of artificial intelligence are limited, their number is significantly lower and does not increase at the same pace. The European funded project StandICT.eu aims at supporting European experts' presence in and contributions to international standardisation activities in ICT. The focus of the project is on the 5 priority domains identified by the European Commission (Cloud Computing, IoT, Big Data, Cyber Security, 5G) and on Artificial Intelligence while being open for other relevant topics defined in the annual European Rolling Plan for ICT Standardisation. The project has two main outcomes: (i) increased contribution of European experts in international standardisation through support by providing grants for planned contributions of successful applications of experts, and (ii) an online observatory of published standards and ongoing standardisation activities in the areas mentioned before. This observatory (called Standards Watch) is accessible through the project's web site and open for contributions and comments from registered users. As part of the effort for the Standards Watch the projects has prepared a comprehensive analysis of the international standardisation landscape in the AI field, that comprises a description of the ICT standards and ongoing work at international level in the field of AI across the standardisation organisations already active in the field. In this article we will present results of our work where we have analysed the work of the 5 international and European Standards Development Organisations (SDOs) IEEE,\u0000<sup>1</sup>\u0000<sup>1</sup>\u0000Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [13]. ISO/IEC,\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000International Organization for Standardization [15]/International Electrotechnical Com mission [12]. ITU-T,\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector [16]. ETSI\u0000<sup>4</sup>\u0000<sup>4</sup>\u0000European Telecommunications Standards Institute [10]. and CEN-CENELEC\u0000<sup>5</sup>\u0000<sup>5</sup>\u0000European Committee for Standardization [7]-European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization [8]. developing standards in the field of AI. The first 4 bodies have already been active several years in AI standardisation at the time of writing this article. CEN-CENELEC has launched a focus group in 2019 which aims at producing a roadmap for AI standardisation. For these 4 SDOs information on their active groups, details of their work and the respective state/outcome is provided in the main part of this article. Followed by the same exercise for the two identified Standards Settings Organisations (SSOs): W3C\u0000<sup>6</sup>\u0000<sup>6</sup>\u0000World Wide Web Consortium [20]. and IRTF,\u0000<sup>7</sup>\u0000<sup>7</sup>\u0000Internet Research Task Force [14]. their active groups ","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10258069/10258070.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68009013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.822
Jon Mason;Bruce E. Peoples;Jaeho Lee
Well-defined terminology and scope are essential in formal standardization work. In the broad domain of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) the necessity is even more so due to proliferation and appropriation of terms from other fields and public discourse - the term ‘smart’ is a classic example; as is ‘deep learning’. In reviewing the emerging impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the field of Information Technology for Learning, Education, and Training (ITLET), this paper highlights several questions that might assist in developing scope statements of new work items. While learners and teachers are very much foregrounded in past and present standardization efforts in ITLET, little attention has been placed until recently on whether these learners and teachers are necessarily human. Now that AI is a hot spot of innovation it is receiving considerable attention from standardization bodies such as ISO/IEC, IEEE and pan-European initiatives such as the Next Generation Internet. Thus, terminology such as ‘blended learning’ necessarily now spans not just humans in a mix of online and offline learning, but also mixed reality and AI paradigms, developed to assist human learners in environments such as Adaptive Instructional Systems (AIS) that extend the scope and design of a learning experience where a symbiosis is formed between humans and AI. Although the fields of LET and AI may utilize similar terms, the language of AI is mathematics and terms can mean different things in each field. Nonetheless, in ‘symbiotic learning’ contexts where an AIS at times replaces a human teacher, a symbiosis between the human learner and the AIS occurs in such a way where both can exist as teacher and learner. While human ethics and values are preeminent in this new symbiosis, a shift towards a new ‘intelligence nexus’ is signalled where ethics and values can also apply to AI in learning, education, and training (LET) contexts. In making sense of the scope of standardization efforts in the context of LET based AI, issues for the human-computer interface become more complex than simply appropriating terminology such as ‘smart’ in the next era of standardization. Framed by ITLET perspectives, this paper focuses on detailing the implications for standardization and key questions arising from developments in Artificial Intelligence. At a high level, we need to ask: do the scopes of current LET related Standards Committees still apply and if not, what scope changes are needed?
{"title":"Questioning the Scope of AI Standardization in Learning, Education, and Training","authors":"Jon Mason;Bruce E. Peoples;Jaeho Lee","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.822","url":null,"abstract":"Well-defined terminology and scope are essential in formal standardization work. In the broad domain of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) the necessity is even more so due to proliferation and appropriation of terms from other fields and public discourse - the term ‘smart’ is a classic example; as is ‘deep learning’. In reviewing the emerging impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the field of Information Technology for Learning, Education, and Training (ITLET), this paper highlights several questions that might assist in developing scope statements of new work items. While learners and teachers are very much foregrounded in past and present standardization efforts in ITLET, little attention has been placed until recently on whether these learners and teachers are necessarily human. Now that AI is a hot spot of innovation it is receiving considerable attention from standardization bodies such as ISO/IEC, IEEE and pan-European initiatives such as the Next Generation Internet. Thus, terminology such as ‘blended learning’ necessarily now spans not just humans in a mix of online and offline learning, but also mixed reality and AI paradigms, developed to assist human learners in environments such as Adaptive Instructional Systems (AIS) that extend the scope and design of a learning experience where a symbiosis is formed between humans and AI. Although the fields of LET and AI may utilize similar terms, the language of AI is mathematics and terms can mean different things in each field. Nonetheless, in ‘symbiotic learning’ contexts where an AIS at times replaces a human teacher, a symbiosis between the human learner and the AIS occurs in such a way where both can exist as teacher and learner. While human ethics and values are preeminent in this new symbiosis, a shift towards a new ‘intelligence nexus’ is signalled where ethics and values can also apply to AI in learning, education, and training (LET) contexts. In making sense of the scope of standardization efforts in the context of LET based AI, issues for the human-computer interface become more complex than simply appropriating terminology such as ‘smart’ in the next era of standardization. Framed by ITLET perspectives, this paper focuses on detailing the implications for standardization and key questions arising from developments in Artificial Intelligence. At a high level, we need to ask: do the scopes of current LET related Standards Committees still apply and if not, what scope changes are needed?","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10258069/10258062.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68009015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.823
Dave Lewis;Linda Hogan;David Filip;P. J. Wall
In this paper, we examine the challenges of developing international standards for Trustworthy AI that aim both to be global applicable and to address the ethical questions key to building trust at a commercial and societal level. We begin by examining the validity of grounding standards that aim for international reach on human right agreements, and the need to accommodate variations in prioritization and tradeoffs in implementing rights in different societal and cultural settings. We then examine the major recent proposals from the OECD, the EU and the IEEE on ethical governance of Trustworthy AI systems in terms of their scope and use of normative language. From this analysis, we propose a preliminary minimal model for the functional roles relevant to Trustworthy AI as a framing for further standards development in this area. We also identify the different types of interoperability reference points that may exist between these functional roles and remark on the potential role they could play in future standardization. Finally we examine a current AI standardization effort under ISO/IEC JTC1 to consider how future Trustworthy AI standards may be able to build on existing standards in developing ethical guidelines and in particular on the ISO standard on Social Responsibility. We conclude by proposing some future directions for research and development of Trustworthy AI standards.
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