Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000068
M. N. Hoque, Khaled A. Harras
Latency and privacy concerns, together with the spread of smart/IoT devices, have recently sparked interest in computational offloading to the edge. Portability and migratability are important requirements to achieve a stable edge-offloading platform. To that end, code compatibility is one of the core challenges toward achieving these goals due to the inherent heterogeneity of edge devices. In this article, we first examine existing edge-computing technologies, how they achieve portability and migratability, and the advantag-es and limitations, via experimentation, of each method. We then explore leveraging WebAssem-bly for edge computing. We present an overview of this rising technology, assess its performance, and discuss its potential compared to other solutions for edge offloading. In the end, we outline four potential methods to achieve migratability with WebAssembly and the trade-offs and costs of deployment for each method.
{"title":"WebAssembly for Edge Computing: Potential and Challenges","authors":"M. N. Hoque, Khaled A. Harras","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000068","url":null,"abstract":"Latency and privacy concerns, together with the spread of smart/IoT devices, have recently sparked interest in computational offloading to the edge. Portability and migratability are important requirements to achieve a stable edge-offloading platform. To that end, code compatibility is one of the core challenges toward achieving these goals due to the inherent heterogeneity of edge devices. In this article, we first examine existing edge-computing technologies, how they achieve portability and migratability, and the advantag-es and limitations, via experimentation, of each method. We then explore leveraging WebAssem-bly for edge computing. We present an overview of this rising technology, assess its performance, and discuss its potential compared to other solutions for edge offloading. In the end, we outline four potential methods to achieve migratability with WebAssembly and the trade-offs and costs of deployment for each method.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47185891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2200039
D. Cavalcanti, C. Cordeiro, Malcolm Smith, A. Regev
New applications are emerging that bring new and stricter requirements for WiFi. Smart factories, mobile and collaborative robots, and Extended Reality (XR) demand deterministic wireless connectivity with ultra-low latency. This article focuses on the challenges and enhancements supporting Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) that enable WiFi to support usages that require deterministic operation. The article reviews existing and future time-sensitive applications and their connectivity requirements. It discusses the evolution of the TSN capabilities supported by various WiFi generations, from legacy standards to the latest 802.11ax specification and the ongoing progress in the 802.11be Task Group specific to deterministic operation. The article also discusses the open challenges for next generation WiFi, including ultra-low latency (sub-millisecond) with higher efficiency. The article concludes with a review of the TSN ecosystem activities toward interoperability testing and certification of WiFi TSN and discusses testbed results demonstrating the 802.11ax and 802.11be tools to achieve deterministic operation.
{"title":"WiFi TSN: Enabling Deterministic Wireless Connectivity over 802.11","authors":"D. Cavalcanti, C. Cordeiro, Malcolm Smith, A. Regev","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2200039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2200039","url":null,"abstract":"New applications are emerging that bring new and stricter requirements for WiFi. Smart factories, mobile and collaborative robots, and Extended Reality (XR) demand deterministic wireless connectivity with ultra-low latency. This article focuses on the challenges and enhancements supporting Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) that enable WiFi to support usages that require deterministic operation. The article reviews existing and future time-sensitive applications and their connectivity requirements. It discusses the evolution of the TSN capabilities supported by various WiFi generations, from legacy standards to the latest 802.11ax specification and the ongoing progress in the 802.11be Task Group specific to deterministic operation. The article also discusses the open challenges for next generation WiFi, including ultra-low latency (sub-millisecond) with higher efficiency. The article concludes with a review of the TSN ecosystem activities toward interoperability testing and certification of WiFi TSN and discusses testbed results demonstrating the 802.11ax and 802.11be tools to achieve deterministic operation.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44980961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0004.2200046
N. Finn
Since the year 2000, a number of companies and standards development organizations have been producing products and standards for Time-Sensitive Networking to support real-time applications that require zero packet loss due to buffer congestion, extremely low packet loss due to equipment failure, and guaranteed upper bounds on end-to-end latency. Often, a robust capability for time synchronization to less than 1 s is also required. These networks consist of specially-featured bridges that are interconnected using standard Ethernet links with standard MAC/PHY layers. Since the year 2012, this technology has advanced to the use of routers, as well as bridges, and features of interest to Time-Sensitive Net-working have been added to both Ethernet and wireless standards. Since the year 2018, TSN standardization has been expanding to include more queuing and pacing technologies, and to support new markets, such as industrial, automotive, aviation, and service provider applications.
{"title":"Introduction to Time-Sensitive Networking","authors":"N. Finn","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0004.2200046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0004.2200046","url":null,"abstract":"Since the year 2000, a number of companies and standards development organizations have been producing products and standards for Time-Sensitive Networking to support real-time applications that require zero packet loss due to buffer congestion, extremely low packet loss due to equipment failure, and guaranteed upper bounds on end-to-end latency. Often, a robust capability for time synchronization to less than 1 s is also required. These networks consist of specially-featured bridges that are interconnected using standard Ethernet links with standard MAC/PHY layers. Since the year 2012, this technology has advanced to the use of routers, as well as bridges, and features of interest to Time-Sensitive Net-working have been added to both Ethernet and wireless standards. Since the year 2018, TSN standardization has been expanding to include more queuing and pacing technologies, and to support new markets, such as industrial, automotive, aviation, and service provider applications.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43865296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-27DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100074
P. Hammarberg, Julia Vinogradova, Gábor Fodor, Ritesh Shreevastav, S. Dwivedi, F. Gunnarsson
The automotive and railway industries are rapidly transforming with a strong drive toward automation and digitalization, with the goal of increased convenience, safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Since assisted and fully automated automotive and train transport services increasingly rely on vehicle-to-everything communications and high-accuracy real-time positioning, it is necessary to continuously maintain high-accuracy localization, even in occlusion scenes such as tunnels, urban canyons, or areas covered by dense foliage. In this article, we review the 5G positioning framework of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in terms of methods and architecture and propose enhancements to meet the stringent requirements imposed by the transport industry. In particular, we highlight the benefit of fusing cellular and sensor measurements, and discuss required architecture and protocol support for achieving this at the network side. We also propose a positioning framework to fuse cellular network measurements with measurements by onboard sensors. We illustrate the viability of the proposed fusion-based positioning approach using a numerical example.
{"title":"Architecture, Protocols, and Algorithms for Location-Aware Services in Beyond 5G Networks","authors":"P. Hammarberg, Julia Vinogradova, Gábor Fodor, Ritesh Shreevastav, S. Dwivedi, F. Gunnarsson","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100074","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive and railway industries are rapidly transforming with a strong drive toward automation and digitalization, with the goal of increased convenience, safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Since assisted and fully automated automotive and train transport services increasingly rely on vehicle-to-everything communications and high-accuracy real-time positioning, it is necessary to continuously maintain high-accuracy localization, even in occlusion scenes such as tunnels, urban canyons, or areas covered by dense foliage. In this article, we review the 5G positioning framework of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in terms of methods and architecture and propose enhancements to meet the stringent requirements imposed by the transport industry. In particular, we highlight the benefit of fusing cellular and sensor measurements, and discuss required architecture and protocol support for achieving this at the network side. We also propose a positioning framework to fuse cellular network measurements with measurements by onboard sensors. We illustrate the viability of the proposed fusion-based positioning approach using a numerical example.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49057215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100053
S. T. Arzo, Domenico Scotece, R. Bassoli, F. Granelli, L. Foschini, F. Fitzek
The advent of 5G and the design of its architecture has become possible because of the previous individual scientific works and standardization efforts on cloud computing and network softwarization. Software-defined networking and network function virtualization started separately to find their convolution into 5G network architecture. Also, the ongoing design of the future beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G network architecture cannot overlook the pivotal inputs of different independent standardization efforts on autonomic networking, service-based communication systems, and multi-access edge computing. This article provides the design and characteristics of an agent-based, softwarized, and intelligent architecture, which coherently condenses and merges the independent proposed architectural works by different standardization working groups and bodies. This novel work is a helpful means for the design and standardization process of the future 5G and 6G network architecture.
{"title":"A New Agent-Based Intelligent Network Architecture","authors":"S. T. Arzo, Domenico Scotece, R. Bassoli, F. Granelli, L. Foschini, F. Fitzek","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100053","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of 5G and the design of its architecture has become possible because of the previous individual scientific works and standardization efforts on cloud computing and network softwarization. Software-defined networking and network function virtualization started separately to find their convolution into 5G network architecture. Also, the ongoing design of the future beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G network architecture cannot overlook the pivotal inputs of different independent standardization efforts on autonomic networking, service-based communication systems, and multi-access edge computing. This article provides the design and characteristics of an agent-based, softwarized, and intelligent architecture, which coherently condenses and merges the independent proposed architectural works by different standardization working groups and bodies. This novel work is a helpful means for the design and standardization process of the future 5G and 6G network architecture.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"74-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44086111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000076
Majid Gerami, Bikramjit Singh
Uplink configured Grant allocation has been introduced in Third Generation Partnership Project New Radio Release 15. This is beneficial in supporting Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication for industrial communication, a key Fifth Generation mobile communication usage scenario. This scheduling mechanism enables a user with periodic traffic to transmit its data readily and bypass the control signaling entailed to scheduling requests and scheduling grants and provides low latency access. To facilitate ultra-reliable communication, the scheduling mechanism can allow users to transmit consecutive redundant transmissions in a predefined period. However, if the traffic is semi-deterministic, the current standardized configured grant allocation is not equipped to emulate the traffic as the configured grant's period is preconfigured and fixed. This article describes the recent advancements in the standardization process in Release 15 and 16 for configured grant allocation and the prospective solutions to accommodate semi-deterministic traffic behavior for configured grant allocations.
{"title":"Configured Grant for Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications: Standardization and Beyond","authors":"Majid Gerami, Bikramjit Singh","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2000076","url":null,"abstract":"Uplink configured Grant allocation has been introduced in Third Generation Partnership Project New Radio Release 15. This is beneficial in supporting Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication for industrial communication, a key Fifth Generation mobile communication usage scenario. This scheduling mechanism enables a user with periodic traffic to transmit its data readily and bypass the control signaling entailed to scheduling requests and scheduling grants and provides low latency access. To facilitate ultra-reliable communication, the scheduling mechanism can allow users to transmit consecutive redundant transmissions in a predefined period. However, if the traffic is semi-deterministic, the current standardized configured grant allocation is not equipped to emulate the traffic as the configured grant's period is preconfigured and fixed. This article describes the recent advancements in the standardization process in Release 15 and 16 for configured grant allocation and the prospective solutions to accommodate semi-deterministic traffic behavior for configured grant allocations.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"40-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42233461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100086
Shubhodeep Adhikari, S. Verma
Multilink (ML) is a key feature in 802.11be, the latest amendment of 802.11 (commonly known as WiFi). It allows an 802.11 device to transmit and receive data on more than one dynamically selected links, the selection of links being based on the instantaneous availability of links, their interference profile, supported data rates, etc. ML is expected to significantly improve both throughput and latency in 802.11, not only in congestion-free channels but also in moderate to heavily congested channels. This article begins by providing an overview of ML in 802.11be, including the different variants of ML. Next, it discusses the expected performance of the variants of ML relative to legacy 802.11. Finally, it analyzes simulation-based evaluations of ML across a range of link configurations and environments.
{"title":"Analysis of Multilink in IEEE 802.11be","authors":"Shubhodeep Adhikari, S. Verma","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100086","url":null,"abstract":"Multilink (ML) is a key feature in 802.11be, the latest amendment of 802.11 (commonly known as WiFi). It allows an 802.11 device to transmit and receive data on more than one dynamically selected links, the selection of links being based on the instantaneous availability of links, their interference profile, supported data rates, etc. ML is expected to significantly improve both throughput and latency in 802.11, not only in congestion-free channels but also in moderate to heavily congested channels. This article begins by providing an overview of ML in 802.11be, including the different variants of ML. Next, it discusses the expected performance of the variants of ML relative to legacy 802.11. Finally, it analyzes simulation-based evaluations of ML across a range of link configurations and environments.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45356017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200021
Preti Kumari, Hari Prabhat Gupta
A sensing system is an emerging paradigm for making smart buildings. The system's success depends on correctly communicating the sensing information from a building to the end-user within the given constraints. An autonomous network can maintain and reconfigure itself in a dynamic environment without human intervention. A sensing system using an autonomous network takes decision based on the current scenario and makes the system smarter. In this article, we propose an energy-efficient smart building system. The system uses the LoRa protocol for communicating the information. The system consists of compression-decompression and autonomous network models for reducing the size of the sensing information and automatically selects the suitable compression ratio of the sensing information that can be communicated to the operator with the given constraints. Our results demonstrate the impact of the proposed compression-decompression and autonomous network models on the system's delay, energy consumption, and accuracy.
{"title":"An Energy-Efficient Smart Building System using Autonomous Networks","authors":"Preti Kumari, Hari Prabhat Gupta","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200021","url":null,"abstract":"A sensing system is an emerging paradigm for making smart buildings. The system's success depends on correctly communicating the sensing information from a building to the end-user within the given constraints. An autonomous network can maintain and reconfigure itself in a dynamic environment without human intervention. A sensing system using an autonomous network takes decision based on the current scenario and makes the system smarter. In this article, we propose an energy-efficient smart building system. The system uses the LoRa protocol for communicating the information. The system consists of compression-decompression and autonomous network models for reducing the size of the sensing information and automatically selects the suitable compression ratio of the sensing information that can be communicated to the operator with the given constraints. Our results demonstrate the impact of the proposed compression-decompression and autonomous network models on the system's delay, energy consumption, and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"32-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48722255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100103
T. Bilen, Elif Ak, Bahadır Bal, B. Canberk
The in-flight connectivity (IFC) turns to a crucial need from luxury with technological advances. The WiFi-enabled IFC (W-IFC) meets most of this need by deploying access points within the aircraft. These access points can allow Internet connectivity through various core network links air-to-ground (A2G), air-to-satellite (A2S), and air-to-air (A2A) at different times during the flight. More specifically, the core network of W-IFC should be selected from these links according to their availabilities throughout the aircraft's flight. However, the ultra-dynamic characteristic of aeronautical networks caused by aircraft's high speed reduces W-IFC's core network selection efficiency. The problems on the core network selection of W-IFC increase the core network selection delay with higher packet losses. Additionally, the core network selection of W-IFC becomes more complex when user traffic heterogeneity is added to this connection availability. These complexities necessitate the continuous monitoring of the aircraft environment while dealing with multiple data entries. At that point, the digital twin (DT) technology enables us a continuous monitoring and management opportunity in a virtual manner for the ultra-dynamic aeronautical environment. By considering this, in this article, we aim to introduce a proof-of-concept (PoC) about the utilization of digital twin technology in WiFi core network selection for IFC. Our proposed DT module executes the hybrid combination by utilizing the connectivity and traffic-based core network selection models simultaneously. Here, the connectivity-based core network selection focuses on determining aircraft's possible core network links, while the traffic-based selection considers heterogeneous traffic flows of passengers. Results reveal that the proposed DT-controlled model reduces the WiFi core network selection delay 36 percent with 25 percent packet delivery improvement. Also, we prove the feasibility of the PoC W-IFC model through twinning rate with near-real-time measurements. And we show the decision performance of DT with false positive and false negative rates.
{"title":"A Proof of Concept on Digital Twin-Controlled WiFi Core Network Selection for In-Flight Connectivity","authors":"T. Bilen, Elif Ak, Bahadır Bal, B. Canberk","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100103","url":null,"abstract":"The in-flight connectivity (IFC) turns to a crucial need from luxury with technological advances. The WiFi-enabled IFC (W-IFC) meets most of this need by deploying access points within the aircraft. These access points can allow Internet connectivity through various core network links air-to-ground (A2G), air-to-satellite (A2S), and air-to-air (A2A) at different times during the flight. More specifically, the core network of W-IFC should be selected from these links according to their availabilities throughout the aircraft's flight. However, the ultra-dynamic characteristic of aeronautical networks caused by aircraft's high speed reduces W-IFC's core network selection efficiency. The problems on the core network selection of W-IFC increase the core network selection delay with higher packet losses. Additionally, the core network selection of W-IFC becomes more complex when user traffic heterogeneity is added to this connection availability. These complexities necessitate the continuous monitoring of the aircraft environment while dealing with multiple data entries. At that point, the digital twin (DT) technology enables us a continuous monitoring and management opportunity in a virtual manner for the ultra-dynamic aeronautical environment. By considering this, in this article, we aim to introduce a proof-of-concept (PoC) about the utilization of digital twin technology in WiFi core network selection for IFC. Our proposed DT module executes the hybrid combination by utilizing the connectivity and traffic-based core network selection models simultaneously. Here, the connectivity-based core network selection focuses on determining aircraft's possible core network links, while the traffic-based selection considers heterogeneous traffic flows of passengers. Results reveal that the proposed DT-controlled model reduces the WiFi core network selection delay 36 percent with 25 percent packet delivery improvement. Also, we prove the feasibility of the PoC W-IFC model through twinning rate with near-real-time measurements. And we show the decision performance of DT with false positive and false negative rates.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"60-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42010037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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