Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200005
Hyesung Kim, Walter Featherstone, Sangsoo Jeong, Jicheol Lee, Basavaraj Jayawant Pattan, Suresh Chitturi, Daegyun Kim, Jin-Kyu Han
Despite the incredible advances in mobile communications technology over multiple generations of wireless networks, service quality remains inherently limited by the physical distance between end service consumers and their network service providers, coupled with constrained resources (e.g., computation power and storage) of end user devices. To tackle these intrinsic challenges, mobile edge computing has received increasing attention within the industry, which aims to provide a service environment and computing capabilities in close proximity to the user devices. Specifically, the ability to provision and access mobile applications from the edge of the network enables ultra-reliable and low latency applications such as immersive AR/VR content, multi-player gaming, and vehicle-toeverything (V2X) applications. We provides an overview of the 3GPP efforts and related standard-based solutions addressing these industry requirements. In particular, we will review the 3GPP service and system aspect working group 6 (SA WG6) developed application architecture for enabling edge applications, also referred to as the edge enabler layer (EEL). This paper elaborates the motivation, detailed design principles behind the EEL architecture, and an insight into the overall procedures that are critical to enabling a UE with access to edge computing service information. In addition, EEL deployment scenarios over 5G core network are discussed, as well as potential open issues and challenges that remain to be addressed in upcoming 3GPP releases.
{"title":"Mobile Edge Computing Enabler Layer: Edge-native Application Architecture for Mobile Networks","authors":"Hyesung Kim, Walter Featherstone, Sangsoo Jeong, Jicheol Lee, Basavaraj Jayawant Pattan, Suresh Chitturi, Daegyun Kim, Jin-Kyu Han","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200005","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the incredible advances in mobile communications technology over multiple generations of wireless networks, service quality remains inherently limited by the physical distance between end service consumers and their network service providers, coupled with constrained resources (e.g., computation power and storage) of end user devices. To tackle these intrinsic challenges, mobile edge computing has received increasing attention within the industry, which aims to provide a service environment and computing capabilities in close proximity to the user devices. Specifically, the ability to provision and access mobile applications from the edge of the network enables ultra-reliable and low latency applications such as immersive AR/VR content, multi-player gaming, and vehicle-toeverything (V2X) applications. We provides an overview of the 3GPP efforts and related standard-based solutions addressing these industry requirements. In particular, we will review the 3GPP service and system aspect working group 6 (SA WG6) developed application architecture for enabling edge applications, also referred to as the edge enabler layer (EEL). This paper elaborates the motivation, detailed design principles behind the EEL architecture, and an insight into the overall procedures that are critical to enabling a UE with access to edge computing service information. In addition, EEL deployment scenarios over 5G core network are discussed, as well as potential open issues and challenges that remain to be addressed in upcoming 3GPP releases.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135909975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200038
S. Rodrigues, Jingfei Lv
Synchronization has become key in many applications. It is a key aspect of Industrial Automation networks, as those applications depend on synchronized time. It is also important for automotive applications, as synchronization is used for infotainment and handling sensor data. In Telecommunications networks, synchronization has been used for many years, and it is very important to fulfill 5G technology requirements. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group (TG) of IEEE 802.1 has developed several base standards to allow a deterministic network with bounded latency. IEEE Std 802.1 AS, “Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications,” is part of these base standards developed by the TSN TG. This article gives an introduction of IEEE Std 802.1 AS, and addresses synchronization concepts and its applications. IEEE Std 1588 defines a precision time protocol (PTP), and IEEE Std 802.1AS includes a profile of IEEE Std 1588; therefore, some concepts of IEEE 1588 are also described in this article.
{"title":"Synchronization in Time-Sensitive Networking: An Introduction to IEEE Std 802.1AS","authors":"S. Rodrigues, Jingfei Lv","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2200038","url":null,"abstract":"Synchronization has become key in many applications. It is a key aspect of Industrial Automation networks, as those applications depend on synchronized time. It is also important for automotive applications, as synchronization is used for infotainment and handling sensor data. In Telecommunications networks, synchronization has been used for many years, and it is very important to fulfill 5G technology requirements. The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group (TG) of IEEE 802.1 has developed several base standards to allow a deterministic network with bounded latency. IEEE Std 802.1 AS, “Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications,” is part of these base standards developed by the TSN TG. This article gives an introduction of IEEE Std 802.1 AS, and addresses synchronization concepts and its applications. IEEE Std 1588 defines a precision time protocol (PTP), and IEEE Std 802.1AS includes a profile of IEEE Std 1588; therefore, some concepts of IEEE 1588 are also described in this article.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2100097
L. Pesando, J. Fischer, B. Shariati, R. Freund, Jose Cananao, Hongyu Li, Yi Lin, O. Ferveur, Ming Jiang, Jialiang Jin, D. Hillerkuss, M. Brunner, Jun Zhou, Juan del Junco, Hakim Mkinsi, Xiang Liu
Fixed networks play an increasingly important role in supporting broadband services to homes, offices, shopping centers, business buildings, factories, smart cities, and much more. Reaching closer to end-user access points in rooms, office desks, and even factory machinery, optical fiber will realize its full potential to support a fully connected, intelligent world with high bandwidth, high reliability, low latency, and low energy consumption. With the fiber-to-everywhere vision, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) established an industry specification group (ISG) dedicated to the definition and specification of the 5th generation fixed network (F5G) in 2020. In this article, we describe the overall architecture of F5G, which consists of three interacting planes, the management, control and analysis plane, the service plane, and the underlay plane. F5G enables the quality of service (QoS) of each of the various services carried to be satisfied via end-to-end (E2E) network slicing over the customer premises network, access network, aggregation network, and core network segments. With the comprehensive service-oriented features of F5G, 14 use cases have been conceived under three main application scenarios, enhanced fixed broadband, guaranteed reliable experience, and full fiber connection. We show that F5G is capable of supporting these use cases with the requested QoS in terms of bandwidth, latency, agile service creation and bandwidth adjustment, fine granularity of bandwidth reservation, and automated E2E network orchestration and management. To further show the capabilities of the F5G architecture, we discuss the E2E network slicing in a cloud virtual reality demonstration, as well as a time-sensitive optical network for supporting cloud-based industrial applications. Finally, future perspectives of F5G and its standardization are discussed.
{"title":"Standardization of the 5th Generation Fixed Network for Enabling End-to-End Network Slicing and Quality-Assured Services","authors":"L. Pesando, J. Fischer, B. Shariati, R. Freund, Jose Cananao, Hongyu Li, Yi Lin, O. Ferveur, Ming Jiang, Jialiang Jin, D. Hillerkuss, M. Brunner, Jun Zhou, Juan del Junco, Hakim Mkinsi, Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2100097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0002.2100097","url":null,"abstract":"Fixed networks play an increasingly important role in supporting broadband services to homes, offices, shopping centers, business buildings, factories, smart cities, and much more. Reaching closer to end-user access points in rooms, office desks, and even factory machinery, optical fiber will realize its full potential to support a fully connected, intelligent world with high bandwidth, high reliability, low latency, and low energy consumption. With the fiber-to-everywhere vision, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) established an industry specification group (ISG) dedicated to the definition and specification of the 5th generation fixed network (F5G) in 2020. In this article, we describe the overall architecture of F5G, which consists of three interacting planes, the management, control and analysis plane, the service plane, and the underlay plane. F5G enables the quality of service (QoS) of each of the various services carried to be satisfied via end-to-end (E2E) network slicing over the customer premises network, access network, aggregation network, and core network segments. With the comprehensive service-oriented features of F5G, 14 use cases have been conceived under three main application scenarios, enhanced fixed broadband, guaranteed reliable experience, and full fiber connection. We show that F5G is capable of supporting these use cases with the requested QoS in terms of bandwidth, latency, agile service creation and bandwidth adjustment, fine granularity of bandwidth reservation, and automated E2E network orchestration and management. To further show the capabilities of the F5G architecture, we discuss the E2E network slicing in a cloud virtual reality demonstration, as well as a time-sensitive optical network for supporting cloud-based industrial applications. Finally, future perspectives of F5G and its standardization are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45250911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2100108
A. S. Abdalla, V. Marojevic
Researchers and standardization bodies have raised concerns about using legacy cellular networks for supporting unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. Different from traditional user equipment (UE), an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)-capable UE - UAV-UE or controller-UE - needs additional network security measures to ensure safe airspace operation. This article introduces the security requirements and threats with respect to three major themes: authentication and authorization, location information veracity and tracking, and command and control signaling. We present the 3GPP reference architecture for network connected UASs, the new application functions of the 5G core network, and the 5G security mechanisms and procedures for meeting the established requirements. Three 5G core application functions supporting UASs facilitate the interworking between the 3GPP network and the UAS traffic management, delivering location reports, validating UAS subscriptions, and matching UAS IDs with their respective UE IDs, among others. We identify opportunities for UAS network security research and recommend critical security features and processes to be considered for standardization. We conclude that while the 5G standard introduces important security mechanisms, more security research and benchmarking are needed for cellular networks to support secure and scalable real-time control of UAVs and the emerging applications enabled by them.
{"title":"Security Threats and Cellular Network Procedures for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"A. S. Abdalla, V. Marojevic","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2100108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2100108","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers and standardization bodies have raised concerns about using legacy cellular networks for supporting unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. Different from traditional user equipment (UE), an unmanned aircraft system (UAS)-capable UE - UAV-UE or controller-UE - needs additional network security measures to ensure safe airspace operation. This article introduces the security requirements and threats with respect to three major themes: authentication and authorization, location information veracity and tracking, and command and control signaling. We present the 3GPP reference architecture for network connected UASs, the new application functions of the 5G core network, and the 5G security mechanisms and procedures for meeting the established requirements. Three 5G core application functions supporting UASs facilitate the interworking between the 3GPP network and the UAS traffic management, delivering location reports, validating UAS subscriptions, and matching UAS IDs with their respective UE IDs, among others. We identify opportunities for UAS network security research and recommend critical security features and processes to be considered for standardization. We conclude that while the 5G standard introduces important security mechanisms, more security research and benchmarking are needed for cellular networks to support secure and scalable real-time control of UAVs and the emerging applications enabled by them.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47866452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2200042
Mohammed A. Abuibaid, A.H. Ghorab, M. St-Hilaire, B. Varga, J. Farkas, I. Moldován, M. Máté
The IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards gained ground in various application areas due to delivering deterministic communication over low-cost Ethernet networks. Adopting the network function virtualization and cloud computing model in various TSN-based industries calls to make TSN cloud-ready and enable end-to-end deterministic communication, including edge clouds. When cloud-ready TSN functions are combined and/or integrated with 5G Ultra-Reliable Low Latency wireless capabilities and Time-Sensitive Communication components, unprecedented networking possibilities become available for various industries. Given that the cloudification of the TSN standards is a vast subject, this article focuses on the ultra-reliability and high availability provided by the IEEE 802.1 CB Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) standard. In this article, we identify the major FRER cloudification challenges and outline potential solution directions to ensure a cloud-friendly FRER implementation.
{"title":"Cloudification of Time-Sensitive Networking Reliability Functions: Challenges and Potential Solution Directions","authors":"Mohammed A. Abuibaid, A.H. Ghorab, M. St-Hilaire, B. Varga, J. Farkas, I. Moldován, M. Máté","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2200042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0003.2200042","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards gained ground in various application areas due to delivering deterministic communication over low-cost Ethernet networks. Adopting the network function virtualization and cloud computing model in various TSN-based industries calls to make TSN cloud-ready and enable end-to-end deterministic communication, including edge clouds. When cloud-ready TSN functions are combined and/or integrated with 5G Ultra-Reliable Low Latency wireless capabilities and Time-Sensitive Communication components, unprecedented networking possibilities become available for various industries. Given that the cloudification of the TSN standards is a vast subject, this article focuses on the ultra-reliability and high availability provided by the IEEE 802.1 CB Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) standard. In this article, we identify the major FRER cloudification challenges and outline potential solution directions to ensure a cloud-friendly FRER implementation.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48011934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100099
G. A. Medina-Acosta, Lu Zhang, Jie Chen, Kazuyoshi Uesaka, Yuan-Zhao Wang, Ola Lundqvist, Johan Bergman
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced Long-Term Evolution (LTE) for Machine-Type Communications (LTE-M) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) in Release 13 (Rel-13) as part of the fourth generation LTE. Both technologies provide wide-area connectivity to “things” that benefit from being connected including sensors, machines, actuators, and so on. LTE-M and NB-IoT continued their evolution across successive 3GPP releases providing higher data rates, power saving features, coexistence with the fifth generation New Radio (NR), and so on. In Release-17 (Rel-17), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) for NB-IoT, as well as the support of up to 14 hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes and a new maximum DL transporting block size (TBS) for half duplex frequency-division duplexing (HD-FDD) LTE-M devices were standardized. This article provides an overview of the Rel-17 physical layer enhancements according to the 3GPP specifications, including descriptions of their technical components, qualitative gains, and performance evaluations. For NB-IoT, 16-QAM in DL nearly doubles the peak data rate using a larger maximum DL TBS, whereas 16-QAM in UL allows transmitting the largest TBS available for quadrature phase shift keying using half of the resources in the time domain. For LTE-M, for HD-FDD Category M1 (Cat-M1) UEs, the 14 HARQ processes feature adds full support for handling the presence of invalid subframes and increases the DL peak data rate by 20 percent, whereas the introduction of a larger maximum DL TBS further increases the DL peak data rate by 73.6 percent.
{"title":"3GPP Release-17 Physical Layer Enhancements for LTE-M and NB-IoT","authors":"G. A. Medina-Acosta, Lu Zhang, Jie Chen, Kazuyoshi Uesaka, Yuan-Zhao Wang, Ola Lundqvist, Johan Bergman","doi":"10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOMSTD.0001.2100099","url":null,"abstract":"The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced Long-Term Evolution (LTE) for Machine-Type Communications (LTE-M) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) in Release 13 (Rel-13) as part of the fourth generation LTE. Both technologies provide wide-area connectivity to “things” that benefit from being connected including sensors, machines, actuators, and so on. LTE-M and NB-IoT continued their evolution across successive 3GPP releases providing higher data rates, power saving features, coexistence with the fifth generation New Radio (NR), and so on. In Release-17 (Rel-17), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) for NB-IoT, as well as the support of up to 14 hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processes and a new maximum DL transporting block size (TBS) for half duplex frequency-division duplexing (HD-FDD) LTE-M devices were standardized. This article provides an overview of the Rel-17 physical layer enhancements according to the 3GPP specifications, including descriptions of their technical components, qualitative gains, and performance evaluations. For NB-IoT, 16-QAM in DL nearly doubles the peak data rate using a larger maximum DL TBS, whereas 16-QAM in UL allows transmitting the largest TBS available for quadrature phase shift keying using half of the resources in the time domain. For LTE-M, for HD-FDD Category M1 (Cat-M1) UEs, the 14 HARQ processes feature adds full support for handling the presence of invalid subframes and increases the DL peak data rate by 20 percent, whereas the introduction of a larger maximum DL TBS further increases the DL peak data rate by 73.6 percent.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"6 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48763992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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