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Yield, quality, antioxidants and elemental composition of peanut as affected by plant density and harvest time 种植密度和收获时间对花生产量、品质、抗氧化剂和元素组成的影响
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.2535
A. Tallarita
With the perspective of reintroducing peanut cultivation in southern Italy about six decades after its dismissal, research was carried out with the aim to identify the best performing farming management in terms of yield and quality. In this respect, the effect of the factorial combination between four plant densities (6.1, 7.8, 10.3, and 12.1 plants m-2) and two harvest times (100 and 110 days after planting) was assessed on pod and seed yield, as well as on seed quality, antioxidant activity, and elemental composition. The later harvest time determined a 26.9% dry weight increase, but a 14.3% decrease in the number of seeds per pod. Plant density significantly influenced all the yield and growth indices except for mean seed weight. Yield and growth of each plant were best affected by the lowest plant density, whereas the opposite trend was recorded for the same parameters referred to the surface area unit. The density of 12.1 plants m-2 resulted in a 32% reduction in pods per plant compared to 6.1 plants m-2, but had the greatest effect on seed production per m-2. The leaf area index was the highest with the density of 12.1 plants m-2. The total dry weight increased by 1.7-fold from 6.1 to 12.1 plants m-2. Compared to the first harvest time, in the second one the protein content decreased by 6.8%, and total polyphenols and antioxidant activity decreased by 11.2% and 7.6%, respectively. The second harvest time led to a depletion of N, P, and Mg, by 6.8%, 6.2%, and 6.8%, respectively, and a 7.1% Ca increase. The reintroduction of peanut cultivation in southern Italy is a realistic goal, though further studies regarding the crop system management are needed.
在意大利南部停止花生种植约60年后,从重新引入花生种植的角度进行了研究,目的是确定在产量和质量方面表现最好的农业管理。在这方面,评估了四种种植密度(6.1、7.8、10.3和12.1株m-2)和两种收获时间(种植后100和110天)的因子组合对豆荚和种子产量、种子质量、抗氧化活性和元素组成的影响。较晚的收获时间决定了干重增加26.9%,但每荚种子数减少14.3%。除平均种子重外,密度对产量和生长指标均有显著影响。最低密度对单株产量和生长的影响最大,而相同参数(单位表面积)对单株产量和生长的影响则相反。12.1株m-2的密度比6.1株m-2的密度减少32%,但对种子产量的影响最大。密度为12.1株m-2时,叶面积指数最高。总干重从6.1株m-2增加到12.1株m-2,增加了1.7倍。与第一次采收相比,第二次采收时蛋白质含量下降了6.8%,总多酚含量和抗氧化活性分别下降了11.2%和7.6%。第二次收获导致氮、磷和镁的耗损分别减少6.8%、6.2%和6.8%,钙增加7.1%。在意大利南部重新引入花生种植是一个现实的目标,尽管需要进一步研究作物系统管理。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular inference of subgenus Hermodactyloides Spach for vascular flora of Iraq 伊拉克维管植物区系Hermodactyloides Spach亚属的分子推断
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.3648
H. Majeed
Iris reticulata of sect. Reticulata from subg. Hermodactyloides in Iraq have been circumscribed based on morphological characters long time ago. Recent work, carried out in neighbouring countries (Turkey and Iran), added the new sect. Zagrica, which includes four new species. No molecular study has been performed yet to confirm the status of this subgenus. In this work, a phylogenetic study of the subg. Hermodactyloides was carried out by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as well as morphological traits, with the aim to examine this subgenus in Iraq. Molecular data indicate that a new section is diverged from Hermodachtyloides and should be added to vascular flora of Iraq as a second section named Zagrica. This outcome is consistent with the morphological description. This work also implies that leaf transverse section should be considered as main morphological characters to be taken into account to separate the Reticulata section from Zagrica which has the same taxonomical value as the position of ovary (above ground or subterranean).
网状鸢尾花的节网状鸢尾花来自亚。根据形态特征,伊拉克的蕨类植物很早以前就被划分了。最近在邻国(土耳其和伊朗)进行的工作,增加了新门类Zagrica,其中包括四个新物种。尚未进行分子研究以确认该亚属的地位。本文对该亚群的系统发育进行了研究。利用内部转录间隔区(ITS)和形态学特征对其进行了研究,目的是对伊拉克的这个亚属进行研究。分子资料表明,伊拉克维管束植物区系中有一个新的分支,称为扎格里卡(Zagrica)。这一结果与形态学描述一致。本研究还提示,在区分网纹属和扎格里卡属时,叶片横切面是主要的形态学特征,与子房位置(地上或地下)具有相同的分类学价值。
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引用次数: 1
Mulching with almond hull and olive leaves for weed control in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and flower beds 用杏仁壳和橄榄叶覆盖茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)和花坛以控制杂草
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.5968
M. Fracchiolla, E. Cazzato, C. Lasorella, S. Camposeo, S. Popolizio
Weeds are a major problem in cropping systems and in urban areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of organic mulching with olive leaves and almond hulls to control weeds in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and in flower beds (urban areas). A 3-cm thick layer of olive leaves or almond hulls was applied as mulching material in fennel. Control consisted of both an unmulched treatment and a weed free control. Moreover, in a flower bed of a railway station, plots mulched with 3 cm layer of olive leaves and almond hulls were compared with an unmulched treatment. Weed infestation was evaluated and the weights of the whole plant and of the marketable part of fennel (grumolo) measured. Mulching with olive leaves and almond hulls reduced weed infestation in both vegetable crop and flower beds. However, olive leaves reduced the weights of the whole plant and of the grumolo. The adoption of almond hulls and olive leaves as organic mulches could be an effective strategy for weed control. Further investigations should be carried out to assess whether the effectiveness of these mulching materials is mainly due to a mechanical activity or allelopathic compounds also play a significant role in weed suppression
杂草是种植系统和城市地区的主要问题。本研究的目的是评估橄榄叶和杏仁壳有机覆盖对小茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)和花坛(城市地区)杂草的控制效果。在茴香中覆盖一层3厘米厚的橄榄叶或杏仁壳。控制包括不覆盖处理和无杂草控制。此外,在火车站的一个花坛中,对覆盖了3厘米厚的橄榄叶和杏仁壳的地块与未覆盖的地块进行了比较。评估了杂草侵害情况,测量了整株和茴香可售部分的重量。用橄榄叶和杏仁壳覆盖可以减少蔬菜作物和花坛中的杂草侵扰。然而,橄榄叶降低了整株植物的重量和叶片的重量。采用杏仁壳和橄榄叶作为有机地膜可能是控制杂草的有效策略。应该进行进一步的调查,以评估这些覆盖材料的有效性是否主要是由于机械活性还是化感物质在杂草抑制中也起重要作用
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引用次数: 3
Foliar and root uptake of N deriving from simulated atmospheric N depositions in potted apple (Malus domestica) trees 盆栽苹果(Malus domestica)树模拟大气氮沉积对叶片和根系氮的吸收
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.1324
D. Zanotelli, M. Tagliavini, M. Petrillo, C. Andreotti
A significant human-driven increment of the available reactive nitrogen (Nr) forms has occurred during the past century at the global scale, which in turn has increased the amount of Nr deposition. Grafted apple trees (Gala / M.9 strain T337) were used in a pot experiment conducted in semicontrolled conditions, where the 15N-labelling technique allowed to trace the fate of N from ammonium nitrate (15NH4 15NO3, isotopic enrichment: 10.3 atoms %) distributed at three increasing rates (N1, N2, N4, where N2 is the double of N1 and N4 is the double of N2) either to soil or to canopy (foliar application) to simulate atmospheric N depositions. At the end of the experiment, plants were destructively sampled, and N derived from depositions (Ndfd), total N, and biomass of above and belowground organs were determined. Uptake rates ranged from 21% to 57% and the Ndfd recovery was higher for soil than for foliar application. Foliar-supplied plants showed a higher Ndfd in leaves and shoots than soil-supplied ones, while the latter showed a higher Ndfd in roots than the former. Moreover, total N in trunk, shoot axes and leaves increased with the N rates up to the level N2, with no further increase in N4. Increasing tree N availability, regardless the supply mode, increased the shoot:root N content. The fact that the N uptake rate was rather stable at increasing N rates suggests that if N from atmospheric depositions becomes increasingly available at the canopy or soil level, it will actively contribute to apple tree nutrition and account for a significant fraction of the apple tree N needs.
在过去的一个世纪里,在全球范围内,人类驱动的可用活性氮(Nr)形式显著增加,这反过来又增加了Nr的沉积量。将移植的苹果树(Gala/M.9菌株T337)用于在半控制条件下进行的盆栽实验中,其中15N标记技术允许追踪硝酸铵(15NH4 15NO3,同位素富集:10.3原子%)中N的去向,硝酸铵以三种增加速率(N1、N2、N4,其中N2是N1的两倍,N4是N2的两倍)分布到土壤或冠层(叶面施用),以模拟大气中的N沉积。在实验结束时,对植物进行破坏性取样,并测定沉积物中的氮(Ndfd)、总氮以及地上和地下器官的生物量。吸收率在21%至57%之间,土壤的Ndfd回收率高于叶面施用。叶供植物的叶片和枝条的Ndfd高于土壤供植物,而土壤供植物的根系Ndfd高于前者。此外,树干、茎轴和叶片中的总氮随着施氮量的增加而增加,达到N2水平,而N4没有进一步增加。增加树木氮的可用性,无论供应模式如何,都会增加地上部和根部的氮含量。氮吸收率在氮吸收率增加时相当稳定,这一事实表明,如果大气沉积物中的氮在冠层或土壤水平上越来越可用,它将积极促进苹果树的营养,并占苹果树氮需求的很大一部分。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of nutrients removed and recycled in a commercial peach orchard over a 14-years-production cycle 商业桃园14年生产周期养分去除与循环利用的评价
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.3.0112
E. Baldi, M. Quartieri, Givambattista Sorrenti, M. Toselli
Understanding nutrient dynamics within a peach orchard is fundamental to the development of accurate nutrient management practices. The present study investigated the nutrient uptake and redistribution in a 14-years-old commercial orchard in the Po valley. At the end of the experiment, trees were harvested, biomass and organ nutrient concentration were determined. Skeleton and roots accounted for the highest plant biomass, followed by fruits at harvest, pruned wood and abscised leaves; thinned fruits were less than 1 kg tree-1. The difference between the amounts of nutrients in leaves sampled in summer and in autumn (at abscission) was used to estimate the fraction of nutrients remobilized during the vegetative season inside the tree. The decrease of N, P, S, Cu, Mn and Zn concentration in abscised, compared to summer-sampled leaves was the result of the translocation of nutrients into fruits and storage organs. Nutrient circulation in a commercial nectarine orchard was calculated by determination of the fractions of each nutrient recycled (sum of nutrients in abscised leaves, thinned fruits and pruned wood) and remobilized (sum of nutrients in fruits at harvest, roots and skeleton). In our experimental conditions, on average, nectarine Stark RedGold showed an annual request of (in kg ha-1) 100, 17, 73, 129, 16, and 6 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively. More than half of these quantities were recycled in the orchard and returned back to the soil; consequently, if the nutrient use efficiency is maximized, the fertilization of nectarine requires only small amount of external inputs.
了解桃园内的营养动态是制定准确营养管理实践的基础。本研究调查了波谷一个14年历史的商业果园的养分吸收和再分配情况。在实验结束时,收获树木,测定生物量和器官营养浓度。骨架和根的植物生物量最高,其次是收获时的果实、修剪过的木材和脱落的叶子;间伐的果实不到1公斤树-1。夏季和秋季(脱落时)取样的叶片中营养素含量之间的差异用于估计树木内营养季节重新动员的营养素比例。与夏季取样叶片相比,脱落叶片中N、P、S、Cu、Mn和Zn浓度的降低是营养物质向果实和贮藏器官转移的结果。商业油桃园的营养循环是通过测定每种营养物质的回收率(脱落叶片、间伐果实和修剪木材中的营养物质总和)和再活化率(收获时果实、根系和骨架中的营养成分总和)来计算的。在我们的实验条件下,油桃Stark RedGold平均每年对N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S的需求量分别为(kg ha-1)100、17、73、129、16和6。其中一半以上在果园中被回收,并返回土壤;因此,如果养分利用效率最大化,油桃的施肥只需要少量的外部投入。
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引用次数: 2
Evolution of polygalacturonase and pectin methyl esterase activity during the storage of dudaim melons harvested at two maturity stages 两个成熟期西瓜贮藏过程中聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲基酯酶活性的变化
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.2.5869
Mohsen Hatami, F. Soltani, S. Kalantari, J.‐L. Beaulieu
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引用次数: 0
Non-invasive methods for the investigation of trees’ root system in the urban environment 城市环境中树木根系调查的非侵入性方法
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.2.3757
S. Comin, I. Vigevani, A. Fini
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引用次数: 1
Bioregenerative systems to sustain human life in Space: the research on higher plants 维持人类在太空生活的生物再生系统:高等植物的研究
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.2.0121
R. Paradiso, S. De Pascale
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引用次数: 2
Cultivation trial of Arnica montana L. wild populations compared with cv. ‘Arbo’ 山金车野生种群与cv比较的栽培试验。“虫媒的”
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.2.7078
N. Aiello, P. Fusani, S. Dall'acqua
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引用次数: 0
Dwarfing mechanisms and rootstock-scion relationships in apple 苹果矮化机理及根穗关系
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2021.2.2236
B. Anthony, S. Musacchi
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Italus Hortus
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