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Fruit quality: updated definition and modern methods of assessmen 水果品质:最新定义和现代评估方法
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.4149
G. Costa
The fruit appearance, the size and some organoleptic quality parameters have a strong influence on consumer acceptance. The most appreciated parameters are certainly the size, the sweetness and the color of the fruit skin. Other parameters are important as related to the processing destination of the fruit. Some of these parameters as the size and the skin color can be improved with the cultural management and are here reported some examples (i.e. PGRs application and protected cultivation). Finally the main standard and innovative devices for characterizing the main quality parameters are listed
水果的外观、大小和一些感官品质参数对消费者的接受程度有很大的影响。最受欢迎的参数当然是大小、甜度和果皮的颜色。其他参数也很重要,因为它们与水果的加工目的地有关。其中一些参数如大小和皮肤颜色可以通过培养管理来改善,这里报告了一些例子(即pgr的应用和保护栽培)。最后列出了表征主要质量参数的主要标准和创新装置
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引用次数: 1
Almond orchard management according to plant eco-physiology 基于植物生态生理的杏园管理
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2018.3.4150
P. Losciale
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引用次数: 0
The mechanism of rain cracking of sweet cherry fruit 甜樱桃果实雨裂机理研究
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.5965
M. Knoche
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cracking is a severe limitation in production worldwide. It is thought to be caused by excessive water uptake and a subsequent increase in turgor. When a critical threshold is exceeded (‘critical turgor’) the fruit is believed to crack. Experimental evidence supporting this wide spread concept is lacking. Instead, published data question the critical turgor hypothesis and an alternative explanation must be thought of. This mini review summarizes experimental research published in the last two decades that resulted in an alternative explanation of sweet cherry fruit cracking, the so called Zipper hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, cracking is the result of a series of events that ultimately propagate a crack through skin and flesh and ‘unzip’ the fruit. It is based on the following sequence of events: Tension (stress) develops in the skin during stage III growth and particularly in the cuticle due to a downregulation of genes involved in cutin and wax synthesis. Stress in the skin results in strain and microcracks in the cuticle. Furthermore, surface wetness on and high humidity above the strained cuticle aggravates microcracking. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier function and focuses water uptake in a particular region of the fruit surface. Water bypasses the cuticle, penetrates into the fruit and moves to sites where water potential is most negative. These are the large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the outer mesocarp that have a more negative osmotic potential than the small thick walled epidermal and hypodermal cells. Water uptake causes individual cells to burst. As a consequence, cell content leaks into the apoplast. Major constituents of sweet cherry such as glucose, fructose and malic acid now occur in the apoplast at comparable concentrations as in the symplast. The consequences are several fold: First, cell turgor decreases and is entirely lost when epidermal cells plasmolyse in the juice from the flesh. Second, malic acid extracts cell wall bound Ca, weakens cell walls and increases the permeability of plasma membranes causing a chain reaction of leakage of adjacent cells. The leakage of cells and the loss of the (low) turgor results in swelling of cell walls, in particular of the pectin middle lamella. Swollen cell walls have decreased stiffness, fracture tension and cell adhesion resulting in the separation of neighbouring cells along their cell walls. The tension generated by the strain of the skin is now sufficient to cause the cells to separate along their swollen walls and to rupture the skin. This process continues at the crack tip where the stress concentrates and causes the crack to elongate. The skin ‘unzips’ in the same way like a ‘zipper’ or a ‘ladder’ that propagates in a piece of knitted fabric.
甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)的开裂严重限制了世界范围内的生产。它被认为是由过量的水摄取和随后的肿胀增加引起的。当超过临界阈值(“临界膨胀”)时,人们认为水果会破裂。缺乏支持这一广泛传播的概念的实验证据。相反,发表的数据质疑关键膨胀假说,必须考虑另一种解释。这篇迷你综述总结了过去二十年发表的实验研究,这些研究得出了甜樱桃开裂的另一种解释,即所谓的拉链假说。根据这一假设,开裂是一系列事件的结果,这些事件最终会在果皮和果肉上产生裂缝,并“解开”水果的拉链。它是基于以下事件的顺序:在第三阶段生长的皮肤中,特别是角质层中,由于参与角质层和蜡合成的基因下调而产生紧张(压力)。皮肤上的压力会导致角质层的应变和微裂缝。此外,角质层表面的潮湿和高湿度加剧了微开裂。微裂损害了角质层的屏障功能,并将水分吸收集中在果实表面的特定区域。水分绕过角质层,渗入果实,流向水势最负的地方。这些是外中果皮的大薄壁薄壁细胞,它们比小的厚壁表皮细胞和皮下细胞具有更大的负渗透电位。水分摄取导致单个细胞破裂。结果,细胞内容物渗漏到外质体中。甜樱桃的主要成分,如葡萄糖、果糖和苹果酸,现在以相当的浓度出现在外质体和共质体中。其结果有几个方面:首先,当表皮细胞在果肉汁液中酶解时,细胞肿胀减少并完全消失。其次,苹果酸提取细胞壁结合钙,削弱细胞壁,增加质膜的通透性,引起相邻细胞渗漏的连锁反应。细胞的渗漏和(低)膨胀的丧失导致细胞壁肿胀,特别是果胶中间薄片。肿胀的细胞壁降低了刚度、断裂张力和细胞粘附性,导致邻近细胞沿细胞壁分离。由皮肤张力产生的张力现在足以导致细胞沿着肿胀的壁分离并使皮肤破裂。这一过程在应力集中的裂纹尖端继续,导致裂纹伸长。这种皮肤以同样的方式“拉开”,就像在一块针织织物中传播的“拉链”或“梯子”。
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引用次数: 1
Horticultural management of Italian Pistachio orchard systems: current limitations and future prospective 意大利开心果果园系统的园艺管理:目前的限制和未来的展望
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.1426
F. Marra, G. Marino
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引用次数: 4
La tecnologia dell’incapsulamento e le sue applicazioni 围堵技术及其应用
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.2.313
M. Micheli, Lambardi Maurizio
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引用次数: 2
Varietal innovation for high quality sweet cherry production 品种创新,生产高品质甜樱桃
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2124
Amandine Boubennec
Fruit quality is a factor of considerable significance for successful production and it depends on a number of parameters that need to be recognized and understood to make informed decisions about which cherries we need to be growing today and tomorrow, in order to maximize our opportunities and remain profitable in the future. In a context of climate change and diversification of agricultural production practices, sweet cherry actors are turning to varietal innovation Boubennec 24 to work on criteria such as cracking, firmness, fruit size, fruit properties and tree traits, in order to achieve high quality production.
水果质量是成功生产的一个重要因素,它取决于许多参数,这些参数需要被认识和理解,以便做出明智的决定,决定我们今天和明天需要种植哪些樱桃,以最大限度地利用我们的机会,并在未来保持盈利。在气候变化和农业生产实践多样化的背景下,甜樱桃从业者正在转向品种创新Boubennec 24,以提高裂度、硬度、果实大小、果实特性和树木性状等标准,以实现高质量的生产。
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引用次数: 2
Improving profitability: assessment of new rootstocks and planting systems 提高盈利能力:评估新的砧木和种植系统
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.3540
M. Balmer
For over 25 years, rootstocks for sweet cherries are evaluated in different locations in the german federal state of Rhenania Palatinate. They are situated in a vine growing climate and have medium-heavy soils. Replant disease of stone fruit plays a significant role in most orchards. In general, all trees in the rootstock trials are trained as central leader and planted 4.0 to 4.5 m by 2.0 to 3.0 m depending on the expected vigour. In addition to the common performance parameters, tree health, anchorage and tendency for root suckers are observed. In 2013 a new rootstock trial has been established including, inter alia, the new Weigi series and some recent Gisela numbers. In the experimental orchard of Oppenheim, replanted soil can be compared to new land. Up to now, Weigi 2 is slightly more dwarfing but also less productive in this trial what is no disadvantage regarding the fruit size. In the group of semi-dwarfing rootstocks Weigi 1, Weigi 3, Gisela 13 and Gisela 17 seem to be similar both in vigour and yield efficiency. In this group there is an interest to replace PiKu 1 which turned out to be not winter hardy enough and susceptible to heavy soils and bark beetles under German conditions. Training trials revealed that also with low tree forms, yields and qualities comparable to the spindle can be obtained. The picking performance can be improved in many cases. Mechanical pruning only makes sense if it is combined with manual correction pruning. An exclusive mechanical pruning reduces the fruit size and can also reduce the picking performance.
25年来,甜樱桃的砧木在德国普法尔茨州的不同地点进行评估。他们坐落在一个葡萄生长的气候和中等重的土壤。核果再植病害在大多数果园中起着重要的作用。一般来说,在砧木试验中,所有的树都被训练为中心领导,根据预期的活力,种植4.0到4.5米,2.0到3.0米。除了常见的性能参数外,还观察了树木的健康状况、锚固和吸根器的趋势。2013年建立了一个新的砧木试验,其中包括新的维吉系列和一些最近的吉塞拉系列。在奥本海姆的实验果园里,重新种植的土壤可以比作新的土地。到目前为止,维吉2号在本试验中矮化程度稍高,但产量较低,但在果实大小方面没有缺点。在半矮化砧木组中,维吉1号、维吉3号、吉塞拉13号和吉塞拉17号在活力和产量效率上似乎是相似的。在这个小组中,有兴趣取代PiKu 1,因为在德国的条件下,PiKu 1的耐寒性不够,而且容易受到重土和树皮甲虫的影响。训练试验表明,也与低树形式,产量和质量相当的主轴可以获得。在许多情况下可以提高采摘性能。机械修剪只有与手动校正修剪相结合才有意义。单独的机械修剪会减少果实大小,也会降低采摘性能。
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引用次数: 2
Novel strategies for italian cherries developement and commercialization 意大利樱桃开发与商业化的新策略
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.1.118
R. Casa, Francesco Mattioli
For the benefit of a younger audience, the cherry can be further enhanced by freeing it from the fruit group and allowing it to become part of the world of desserts and special treats. On the contrary, the localisms, traditions, and seasonality which characterize much of the national production can be further emphasized for the middle age and the “differently young” age groups, especially for the domestic market. Common to these diverse strategies is the need for high performance varieties linked to a structured sales season and non-destructive sorting with the use of the latest technologies to guarantee what the English-speaking world calls “consistent quality” and what we could rename “quality that lives up to our promises.”
为了更年轻的观众,樱桃可以从水果组中解放出来,让它成为甜点和特殊食物世界的一部分,从而进一步增强它的功能。相反,对于中年人和“不同的年轻”年龄组,特别是针对国内市场,可以进一步强调民族生产的地方特色、传统和季节性。这些多样化策略的共同点是需要高性能的品种,与有组织的销售季节和使用最新技术的非破坏性分类相联系,以保证英语世界所说的“一致的质量”,我们可以重新命名为“符合我们承诺的质量”。
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引用次数: 0
Cherry breeding in the world: current analysis and future perspectives 世界樱桃育种现状分析与展望
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.920
José Quero Garcia
Modern cherry breeding is relatively recent, as compared to other major crops. Nevertheless, in the last 30 years, numerous cultivars have been released, which has contributed to a significant increase in cherry production. The most important public breeding programs launched during the XXth century remain still active and new programs emerge in countries such as Chile, China or Spain. More recently, private actors are playing an increasingly important role, in particular those located in California, which conduct breeding preferentially for early-maturing and low-chilling cultivars. Nevertheless, cherry production faces significant threats, either related to the consequences of the global climate change (and in particular to the global warming) or to the emergence of new pest and diseases (such as for example the fly Drosophila suzukii). Hence, breeder have to incorporate new traits into their selection schemes, on top of the traditional and unavoidable ones, such as productivity, fruit size and firmness, tasting quality, etc. However, because of specific characteristics and of the length of the juvenility period, breeding has been traditionally limited to a rather narrow genetic base. Thus, it might not be straightforward to find interesting alleles in the breeder’ portfolios for traits of adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, the preservation and characterization of germplasm resources should be considered as an urgent priority. With the recent technological developments in the area of molecular biology and bioinformatics, the use of DNA-based information, through molecular marker-assisted selection approaches, has become a reality for cherry breeder. Although important research efforts are still needed in order to disentangle the genetic determinism of the main traits of agronomic interest, these methodologies allow already significant reductions in the breeding costs. In this paper, the major goals and methodologies currently considered by sweet cherry breeder will be reviewed, and perspectives with regards to new directions and needs will be briefly developed.
与其他主要作物相比,现代樱桃的培育相对较晚。然而,在过去的30年里,大量的品种已经被释放,这对樱桃产量的显著增加做出了贡献。在20世纪发起的最重要的公共育种计划仍然活跃,新的计划在智利、中国和西班牙等国家出现。最近,私营企业正在发挥越来越重要的作用,特别是那些位于加利福尼亚的企业,它们优先进行早熟和低低温品种的育种。然而,樱桃生产面临着重大威胁,这些威胁要么与全球气候变化(特别是全球变暖)的后果有关,要么与新虫害和疾病的出现有关(例如,铃木果蝇)。因此,育种者必须在传统的和不可避免的性状(如产量、果实大小和硬度、口感质量等)的基础上,将新的性状纳入他们的选择方案。然而,由于特定的特征和幼年期的长度,育种传统上仅限于相当狭窄的遗传基础。因此,要在育种者的组合中找到对生物和非生物胁迫具有适应性的有趣等位基因可能并不容易。因此,种质资源的保存和鉴定应被视为当务之急。随着近年来分子生物学和生物信息学技术的发展,利用基于dna的信息,通过分子标记辅助选择方法,已经成为樱桃育种的现实。尽管仍然需要进行重要的研究工作,以解开农艺感兴趣的主要性状的遗传决定论,但这些方法已经大大降低了育种成本。本文将对甜樱桃育种家目前考虑的主要目标和方法进行综述,并简要阐述对新方向和需求的看法。
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引用次数: 3
La produzione scientifica nel settore scientifico disciplinare “Arboricoltura generale e Coltivazioni arboree” (AGR/03): analisi dei contributi del quinquennio 2013-2017 科学学科领域的科学生产(AGR/03): 2013-2017年贡献分析
Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2018.3.0111
C. Andreotti
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Italus Hortus
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