Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2018.3.4150
P. Losciale
{"title":"Almond orchard management according to plant eco-physiology","authors":"P. Losciale","doi":"10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2018.3.4150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2018.3.4150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.5965
M. Knoche
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cracking is a severe limitation in production worldwide. It is thought to be caused by excessive water uptake and a subsequent increase in turgor. When a critical threshold is exceeded (‘critical turgor’) the fruit is believed to crack. Experimental evidence supporting this wide spread concept is lacking. Instead, published data question the critical turgor hypothesis and an alternative explanation must be thought of. This mini review summarizes experimental research published in the last two decades that resulted in an alternative explanation of sweet cherry fruit cracking, the so called Zipper hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, cracking is the result of a series of events that ultimately propagate a crack through skin and flesh and ‘unzip’ the fruit. It is based on the following sequence of events: Tension (stress) develops in the skin during stage III growth and particularly in the cuticle due to a downregulation of genes involved in cutin and wax synthesis. Stress in the skin results in strain and microcracks in the cuticle. Furthermore, surface wetness on and high humidity above the strained cuticle aggravates microcracking. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier function and focuses water uptake in a particular region of the fruit surface. Water bypasses the cuticle, penetrates into the fruit and moves to sites where water potential is most negative. These are the large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the outer mesocarp that have a more negative osmotic potential than the small thick walled epidermal and hypodermal cells. Water uptake causes individual cells to burst. As a consequence, cell content leaks into the apoplast. Major constituents of sweet cherry such as glucose, fructose and malic acid now occur in the apoplast at comparable concentrations as in the symplast. The consequences are several fold: First, cell turgor decreases and is entirely lost when epidermal cells plasmolyse in the juice from the flesh. Second, malic acid extracts cell wall bound Ca, weakens cell walls and increases the permeability of plasma membranes causing a chain reaction of leakage of adjacent cells. The leakage of cells and the loss of the (low) turgor results in swelling of cell walls, in particular of the pectin middle lamella. Swollen cell walls have decreased stiffness, fracture tension and cell adhesion resulting in the separation of neighbouring cells along their cell walls. The tension generated by the strain of the skin is now sufficient to cause the cells to separate along their swollen walls and to rupture the skin. This process continues at the crack tip where the stress concentrates and causes the crack to elongate. The skin ‘unzips’ in the same way like a ‘zipper’ or a ‘ladder’ that propagates in a piece of knitted fabric.
{"title":"The mechanism of rain cracking of sweet cherry fruit","authors":"M. Knoche","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.5965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.5965","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cracking is a severe limitation in production worldwide. It is thought to be caused by excessive water uptake and a subsequent increase in turgor. When a critical threshold is exceeded (‘critical turgor’) the fruit is believed to crack. Experimental evidence supporting this wide spread concept is lacking. Instead, published data question the critical turgor hypothesis and an alternative explanation must be thought of. This mini review summarizes experimental research published in the last two decades that resulted in an alternative explanation of sweet cherry fruit cracking, the so called Zipper hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, cracking is the result of a series of events that ultimately propagate a crack through skin and flesh and ‘unzip’ the fruit. It is based on the following sequence of events: Tension (stress) develops in the skin during stage III growth and particularly in the cuticle due to a downregulation of genes involved in cutin and wax synthesis. Stress in the skin results in strain and microcracks in the cuticle. Furthermore, surface wetness on and high humidity above the strained cuticle aggravates microcracking. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier function and focuses water uptake in a particular region of the fruit surface. Water bypasses the cuticle, penetrates into the fruit and moves to sites where water potential is most negative. These are the large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the outer mesocarp that have a more negative osmotic potential than the small thick walled epidermal and hypodermal cells. Water uptake causes individual cells to burst. As a consequence, cell content leaks into the apoplast. Major constituents of sweet cherry such as glucose, fructose and malic acid now occur in the apoplast at comparable concentrations as in the symplast. The consequences are several fold: First, cell turgor decreases and is entirely lost when epidermal cells plasmolyse in the juice from the flesh. Second, malic acid extracts cell wall bound Ca, weakens cell walls and increases the permeability of plasma membranes causing a chain reaction of leakage of adjacent cells. The leakage of cells and the loss of the (low) turgor results in swelling of cell walls, in particular of the pectin middle lamella. Swollen cell walls have decreased stiffness, fracture tension and cell adhesion resulting in the separation of neighbouring cells along their cell walls. The tension generated by the strain of the skin is now sufficient to cause the cells to separate along their swollen walls and to rupture the skin. This process continues at the crack tip where the stress concentrates and causes the crack to elongate. The skin ‘unzips’ in the same way like a ‘zipper’ or a ‘ladder’ that propagates in a piece of knitted fabric.","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.1426
F. Marra, G. Marino
{"title":"Horticultural management of Italian Pistachio orchard systems: current limitations and future prospective","authors":"F. Marra, G. Marino","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.1426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.1426","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69272108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.2.313
M. Micheli, Lambardi Maurizio
{"title":"La tecnologia dell’incapsulamento e le sue applicazioni","authors":"M. Micheli, Lambardi Maurizio","doi":"10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.2.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.2.313","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69272185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2124
Amandine Boubennec
Fruit quality is a factor of considerable significance for successful production and it depends on a number of parameters that need to be recognized and understood to make informed decisions about which cherries we need to be growing today and tomorrow, in order to maximize our opportunities and remain profitable in the future. In a context of climate change and diversification of agricultural production practices, sweet cherry actors are turning to varietal innovation Boubennec 24 to work on criteria such as cracking, firmness, fruit size, fruit properties and tree traits, in order to achieve high quality production.
{"title":"Varietal innovation for high quality sweet cherry production","authors":"Amandine Boubennec","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2124","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit quality is a factor of considerable significance for successful production and it depends on a number of parameters that need to be recognized and understood to make informed decisions about which cherries we need to be growing today and tomorrow, in order to maximize our opportunities and remain profitable in the future. In a context of climate change and diversification of agricultural production practices, sweet cherry actors are turning to varietal innovation Boubennec 24 to work on criteria such as cracking, firmness, fruit size, fruit properties and tree traits, in order to achieve high quality production.","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.3540
M. Balmer
For over 25 years, rootstocks for sweet cherries are evaluated in different locations in the german federal state of Rhenania Palatinate. They are situated in a vine growing climate and have medium-heavy soils. Replant disease of stone fruit plays a significant role in most orchards. In general, all trees in the rootstock trials are trained as central leader and planted 4.0 to 4.5 m by 2.0 to 3.0 m depending on the expected vigour. In addition to the common performance parameters, tree health, anchorage and tendency for root suckers are observed. In 2013 a new rootstock trial has been established including, inter alia, the new Weigi series and some recent Gisela numbers. In the experimental orchard of Oppenheim, replanted soil can be compared to new land. Up to now, Weigi 2 is slightly more dwarfing but also less productive in this trial what is no disadvantage regarding the fruit size. In the group of semi-dwarfing rootstocks Weigi 1, Weigi 3, Gisela 13 and Gisela 17 seem to be similar both in vigour and yield efficiency. In this group there is an interest to replace PiKu 1 which turned out to be not winter hardy enough and susceptible to heavy soils and bark beetles under German conditions. Training trials revealed that also with low tree forms, yields and qualities comparable to the spindle can be obtained. The picking performance can be improved in many cases. Mechanical pruning only makes sense if it is combined with manual correction pruning. An exclusive mechanical pruning reduces the fruit size and can also reduce the picking performance.
{"title":"Improving profitability: assessment of new rootstocks and planting systems","authors":"M. Balmer","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.3540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.3540","url":null,"abstract":"For over 25 years, rootstocks for sweet cherries are evaluated in different locations in the german federal state of Rhenania Palatinate. They are situated in a vine growing climate and have medium-heavy soils. Replant disease of stone fruit plays a significant role in most orchards. In general, all trees in the rootstock trials are trained as central leader and planted 4.0 to 4.5 m by 2.0 to 3.0 m depending on the expected vigour. In addition to the common performance parameters, tree health, anchorage and tendency for root suckers are observed. In 2013 a new rootstock trial has been established including, inter alia, the new Weigi series and some recent Gisela numbers. In the experimental orchard of Oppenheim, replanted soil can be compared to new land. Up to now, Weigi 2 is slightly more dwarfing but also less productive in this trial what is no disadvantage regarding the fruit size. In the group of semi-dwarfing rootstocks Weigi 1, Weigi 3, Gisela 13 and Gisela 17 seem to be similar both in vigour and yield efficiency. In this group there is an interest to replace PiKu 1 which turned out to be not winter hardy enough and susceptible to heavy soils and bark beetles under German conditions. Training trials revealed that also with low tree forms, yields and qualities comparable to the spindle can be obtained. The picking performance can be improved in many cases. Mechanical pruning only makes sense if it is combined with manual correction pruning. An exclusive mechanical pruning reduces the fruit size and can also reduce the picking performance.","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.1.118
R. Casa, Francesco Mattioli
For the benefit of a younger audience, the cherry can be further enhanced by freeing it from the fruit group and allowing it to become part of the world of desserts and special treats. On the contrary, the localisms, traditions, and seasonality which characterize much of the national production can be further emphasized for the middle age and the “differently young” age groups, especially for the domestic market. Common to these diverse strategies is the need for high performance varieties linked to a structured sales season and non-destructive sorting with the use of the latest technologies to guarantee what the English-speaking world calls “consistent quality” and what we could rename “quality that lives up to our promises.”
{"title":"Novel strategies for italian cherries developement and commercialization","authors":"R. Casa, Francesco Mattioli","doi":"10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/J.ITAHORT/2019.1.118","url":null,"abstract":"For the benefit of a younger audience, the cherry can be further enhanced by freeing it from the fruit group and allowing it to become part of the world of desserts and special treats. On the contrary, the localisms, traditions, and seasonality which characterize much of the national production can be further emphasized for the middle age and the “differently young” age groups, especially for the domestic market. Common to these diverse strategies is the need for high performance varieties linked to a structured sales season and non-destructive sorting with the use of the latest technologies to guarantee what the English-speaking world calls “consistent quality” and what we could rename “quality that lives up to our promises.”","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.920
José Quero Garcia
Modern cherry breeding is relatively recent, as compared to other major crops. Nevertheless, in the last 30 years, numerous cultivars have been released, which has contributed to a significant increase in cherry production. The most important public breeding programs launched during the XXth century remain still active and new programs emerge in countries such as Chile, China or Spain. More recently, private actors are playing an increasingly important role, in particular those located in California, which conduct breeding preferentially for early-maturing and low-chilling cultivars. Nevertheless, cherry production faces significant threats, either related to the consequences of the global climate change (and in particular to the global warming) or to the emergence of new pest and diseases (such as for example the fly Drosophila suzukii). Hence, breeder have to incorporate new traits into their selection schemes, on top of the traditional and unavoidable ones, such as productivity, fruit size and firmness, tasting quality, etc. However, because of specific characteristics and of the length of the juvenility period, breeding has been traditionally limited to a rather narrow genetic base. Thus, it might not be straightforward to find interesting alleles in the breeder’ portfolios for traits of adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, the preservation and characterization of germplasm resources should be considered as an urgent priority. With the recent technological developments in the area of molecular biology and bioinformatics, the use of DNA-based information, through molecular marker-assisted selection approaches, has become a reality for cherry breeder. Although important research efforts are still needed in order to disentangle the genetic determinism of the main traits of agronomic interest, these methodologies allow already significant reductions in the breeding costs. In this paper, the major goals and methodologies currently considered by sweet cherry breeder will be reviewed, and perspectives with regards to new directions and needs will be briefly developed.
{"title":"Cherry breeding in the world: current analysis and future perspectives","authors":"José Quero Garcia","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.920","url":null,"abstract":"Modern cherry breeding is relatively recent, as compared to other major crops. Nevertheless, in the last 30 years, numerous cultivars have been released, which has contributed to a significant increase in cherry production. The most important public breeding programs launched during the XXth century remain still active and new programs emerge in countries such as Chile, China or Spain. More recently, private actors are playing an increasingly important role, in particular those located in California, which conduct breeding preferentially for early-maturing and low-chilling cultivars. Nevertheless, cherry production faces significant threats, either related to the consequences of the global climate change (and in particular to the global warming) or to the emergence of new pest and diseases (such as for example the fly Drosophila suzukii). Hence, breeder have to incorporate new traits into their selection schemes, on top of the traditional and unavoidable ones, such as productivity, fruit size and firmness, tasting quality, etc. However, because of specific characteristics and of the length of the juvenility period, breeding has been traditionally limited to a rather narrow genetic base. Thus, it might not be straightforward to find interesting alleles in the breeder’ portfolios for traits of adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, the preservation and characterization of germplasm resources should be considered as an urgent priority. With the recent technological developments in the area of molecular biology and bioinformatics, the use of DNA-based information, through molecular marker-assisted selection approaches, has become a reality for cherry breeder. Although important research efforts are still needed in order to disentangle the genetic determinism of the main traits of agronomic interest, these methodologies allow already significant reductions in the breeding costs. In this paper, the major goals and methodologies currently considered by sweet cherry breeder will be reviewed, and perspectives with regards to new directions and needs will be briefly developed.","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69272039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2018.3.0111
C. Andreotti
{"title":"La produzione scientifica nel settore scientifico disciplinare “Arboricoltura generale e Coltivazioni arboree” (AGR/03): analisi dei contributi del quinquennio 2013-2017","authors":"C. Andreotti","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2018.3.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2018.3.0111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.5163
Neri, E. Cozzolino, D. Giovannini, S. Sirri, F. Massetani
{"title":"Struttura, posizione e destino delle gemme in noce cv Chandler","authors":"Neri, E. Cozzolino, D. Giovannini, S. Sirri, F. Massetani","doi":"10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.5163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.2.5163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36731,"journal":{"name":"Italus Hortus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69271949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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