Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.5158
M. Dalla Rosa
The evolution of food technologies through the use of the so-called emerging technologies lays the basis for obtaining products with at least partial stabilization level against microbial alterations with minimal modifications of the intrinsic sensory and nutritional qualities of the finished products. High hydrostatic pressures, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma and osmodehydration can be used for the processing of sweet and sour cherries, with obtaining products of good quality and medium-long shelf-life avoiding highly impacting thermal treatments. High hydrostatic pressure can be used to obtain a partial stabilization of pitted cherries to prolong their shelf-life up to 15 days in refrigerated conditions without any severe thermal treatments. High pressure homogenization could be instead useful to multiple purposes like partial microbial stabilization, viscosity changes and bioactive compounds incapsulation of cherry juices. Water removal without state exchanges can be performed using the direct osmosis dewatering technology. Up to the 70 % of the initial water had been showed to be removed with the immersion of sweet cherries to a Dalla Rosa 58 hypertonic solution taking advantages of the difference of osmotic pressure between the fruits and the solution, even with any increase of temperature and very low energy demand. Since this technology is time consuming, pre-treatments like application of Ultrasounds or Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) have been successfully applied in fruit osmotic dewatering. Furthermore, combining the osmotic dehydration and vacuum pulses it has been possible to introduce interesting enriching components like bioactive substances, probiotics and vitamins to reinforce the healthy contents of cherries. Eventually, surface treatments could be adopted to optimize the cherry skin permeability. Among the new technologies potentially able to help the sanitation and thus the extension of the cherry shel-life, cold plasma could be applied to decontaminate the fruit surface also in this case without any temperature increase. The packaging of the fresh and finished products through the use of modified atmosphere pakaging (MAP), combined with the choice of the most suitable flexible films can be a further key to improve the shelf life of the products.
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Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.6774
N. Mori, M. Sancassani, F. Colombari, Patrizia Dall'Ara, Matteo Dal Cero, E. Marchesini
The appearance of Drosophila suzukii in 2009 has strongly affected the cherry cultivation. Prior to SWD invasion, Italian cherry orchards were treated with only two insecticide applications, the first against aphids (Myzus cerasi Sulz.) before flowering and the second against Rhagoletis cerasi, about 20-30 days before harvest. After D. suzukii invasion, additional two-three pre-harvest (close to harvest) insecticide treatments are required, but the number of insecticide applications can increase to 5-8 depending on pest abundance, crop susceptibility and other environmental factors. The intensive use of insecticides poses serious concerns about the presence of residues on fruits exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs), the development of resistance, and negative impacts on the environment beyond beneficials. To obtain a good and sustainable control of D. suzukii the chemical strategies should be coupled with cultural management the use of nets and parasitoids. To achieve good control of the carpophagus it is essential to monitor, as well as the adults with trap lured with blends of fermentig substances, the oviposition on the ripening fruit, because the percentage of infestation is not related to the number of catches in the food traps. Considering the viability of SWD eggs and larvae is lower under dry, warm conditions, cool humid microhabitats should be avoided by pruning to open up the canopy in order to increase airflow on the trees and reduce shading. In addition, the use of mulches reducing standing water can further contribute to the reduction of humidity in fruit orchards. Precision irrigation should also be incorporated to reduce pooling of water on the ground. Mass trapping, placing numerous traps around the perimeter outside fruit fields, is suitable and cost-effective method only for cultivations where the pest pressure is considerably low, if necessary insecticides could be applied to the surface of the traps to function as an attract-and-kill strategy. Among the sustainable protection techniques for the control of D. suzukii, the use of insect-proof nets has proved effective, reducing or completely replacing the use of insecticides in some instances, and providing high levels of exclusion of D. suzukii from the crop. During the ripening season, sanitary measures such as removal of dropped, infested and over-ripe fruits is suggested. The collection and treatment of infested fruit through sun exposure, disposal in closed containers, crushing, low temperature treatments, bagging and burying, to destroy D. suzukii eggs and larvae are Fig. 6 - Tecniche di produzione integrata per il contenimento di Drosophila suzukii Fig. 6 - Integrated production techniques for Drosophila suzukii control Integrated pest management against D. suzukii 73 essential IPM procedures to limit the infestation of healthy fruit. The augmentative release of parasitoids and conservation biocontrol of generalist predators, potentially, could contribute to the integr
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