Objectives: To maintain proper development, it is recommended that children/adolescents focus more on increasing physical activity than dietary restriction when treating obesity. In other words, adults are better able to tolerate the reductions in fat-free body mass that often occur when trying to lose fat mass. In contrast, children and adolescents should avoid losses in fat-free mass in order to ensure proper development. Therefore, when trying to reduce visceral fat in children via a negative energy balance (i.e., exercise with or without calorie restriction), it is necessary to set desirable conditions in order to minimize the loss of fat-free mass. To determine whether this is possible, we reviewed literature discussing the relationship between changes in visceral fat obtained by abdominal imaging and changes in total body fat and fat-free mass after exercise training with and without calorie restriction in children and adolescents.Methods: Literature review.Results and Conclusions: Previous work found no reduction in fat-free mass in the exercise interventions in which there was no dietary-induced calorie restriction. This supports the idea that reducing visceral fat by increasing physical activity is the preferred strategy over dietary restriction in children and adolescents. Although factors such as the type (e.g. aerobic and/or resistance) of exercise and the amount (i.e. energy expenditure) of exercise will likely have an effect on the magnitude of change in intra-abdominal visceral fat, the quantity of each that is needed without reducing fat-free mass is currently unknown.
{"title":"Is an Exercise Intervention the only way to Reduce Visceral Fat without Reducing Fat-free Mass in Children and Adolescents?","authors":"T. Abe, J. Loenneke","doi":"10.26644/em.2021.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/em.2021.002","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To maintain proper development, it is recommended that children/adolescents focus more on increasing physical activity than dietary restriction when treating obesity. In other words, adults are better able to tolerate the reductions in fat-free body mass that often occur when trying to lose fat mass. In contrast, children and adolescents should avoid losses in fat-free mass in order to ensure proper development. Therefore, when trying to reduce visceral fat in children via a negative energy balance (i.e., exercise with or without calorie restriction), it is necessary to set desirable conditions in order to minimize the loss of fat-free mass. To determine whether this is possible, we reviewed literature discussing the relationship between changes in visceral fat obtained by abdominal imaging and changes in total body fat and fat-free mass after exercise training with and without calorie restriction in children and adolescents.Methods: Literature review.Results and Conclusions: Previous work found no reduction in fat-free mass in the exercise interventions in which there was no dietary-induced calorie restriction. This supports the idea that reducing visceral fat by increasing physical activity is the preferred strategy over dietary restriction in children and adolescents. Although factors such as the type (e.g. aerobic and/or resistance) of exercise and the amount (i.e. energy expenditure) of exercise will likely have an effect on the magnitude of change in intra-abdominal visceral fat, the quantity of each that is needed without reducing fat-free mass is currently unknown.","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80033563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Webb, Alison D Early, Bethan Scarlett, Jack Clark, J. Doran, Daniel Nash, M. Hughes, L. Butcher
Objectives: Genomic markers linked to exercise-associated health benefits and/or sporting performance are increasingly used to guide decision-making in healthcare and sport/exercise science. This project investigated whether the IL-6R SNP “rs2228145” might be provisionally designated a novel physical activity/exercise marker. rs2228145 results in an Aspartate358/Alanine358 change adjacent to the site where the IL-6R protein is cleaved into two fragments, resulting in ~two-fold increases in blood-borne levels of soluble IL-6R [‘sIL-6R’].Methods: Cohorts of staff/students at Cardiff Metropolitan University donated/completed: [i] finger-prick capillary blood samples (subjected to ELISAs for sIL-6R, the associated signalling protein sgp130, and the IL-6/sIL-6R complex); [ii] cheek-swab samples containing buccal epithelial cell DNA (subjected to PCR-based IL-6R/rs2228145 genotyping assays); [iii] International Physical Activity Questionnaires (to estimate physical activity levels in the week preceding sample donation).Results: As expected, we observed significant genotype-dependent differences in blood-borne sIL-6R levels (CC (44.1±21.7ng/mL) vs. AC (28.6±7.3ng/mL) vs. AA (19.9±6.5ng/mL; P<0.05)); Importantly, AA homozygotes undertook significantly more physical activity than AC heterozygotes (6318±899 v. 3904±2280 MET-mins/week; P<0.01). Genotype was significantly associated with physical activity levels (P<0.05), and sIL-6R (P=0.197) and sgp130 (P=0.160) showed non-significant correlations with physical activity levels.Conclusions: These data suggest that IL-6R/rs2228145 genotype may influence participation in physical activity/exercise, perhaps by impacting on abilities to tolerate activity without experiencing adverse-effects. Although more research is required to confirm these preliminary findings, designation of IL-6R/rs2228145 as a novel marker, and determination of participants’ IL-6R/rs2228145 genotypes, may in future be useful tools to aid exercise-providers in designing personalised exercise programmes matched to clients/patients.
目的:与运动相关的健康益处和/或运动表现相关的基因组标记越来越多地用于指导医疗保健和运动/运动科学的决策。本项目研究IL-6R SNP“rs2228145”是否可以暂时被指定为一种新的身体活动/运动标记。rs2228145导致IL-6R蛋白被切割成两个片段的位点附近发生Aspartate358/Alanine358变化，导致血源性可溶性IL-6R水平增加约两倍[sIL-6R]。方法:卡迪夫城市大学的工作人员/学生队列捐赠/完成:[i]指刺毛细血管血液样本(进行il - 6r，相关信号蛋白sgp130和IL-6/sIL-6R复合物的elisa);[ii]含有颊上皮细胞DNA的拭子样本(进行基于pcr的IL-6R/rs2228145基因分型分析);[iii]国际身体活动问卷(用于估计样本捐赠前一周的身体活动水平)。结果:正如预期的那样，我们观察到血源性sIL-6R水平存在显著的基因型依赖性差异(CC(44.1±21.7ng/mL) vs AC(28.6±7.3ng/mL) vs AA(19.9±6.5ng/mL);P < 0.05);重要的是，AA纯合子的体力活动明显多于AC杂合子(6318±899 vs 3904±2280 met -min /周);P < 0.01)。基因型与身体活动水平显著相关(P<0.05)， sIL-6R (P=0.197)和sgp130 (P=0.160)与身体活动水平无显著相关。结论:这些数据表明，IL-6R/rs2228145基因型可能影响身体活动/锻炼的参与，可能是通过影响耐受活动而不产生不良反应的能力。虽然需要更多的研究来证实这些初步发现，但IL-6R/rs2228145作为一种新的标记物，并确定参与者的IL-6R/rs2228145基因型，可能在未来成为帮助锻炼提供者设计与客户/患者相匹配的个性化锻炼计划的有用工具。
{"title":"Provisional Designation of the Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) as a Novel Marker Gene for Exercise Tolerance","authors":"R. Webb, Alison D Early, Bethan Scarlett, Jack Clark, J. Doran, Daniel Nash, M. Hughes, L. Butcher","doi":"10.26644/em.2021.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/em.2021.001","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Genomic markers linked to exercise-associated health benefits and/or sporting performance are increasingly used to guide decision-making in healthcare and sport/exercise science. This project investigated whether the IL-6R SNP “rs2228145” might be provisionally designated a novel physical activity/exercise marker. rs2228145 results in an Aspartate358/Alanine358 change adjacent to the site where the IL-6R protein is cleaved into two fragments, resulting in ~two-fold increases in blood-borne levels of soluble IL-6R [‘sIL-6R’].Methods: Cohorts of staff/students at Cardiff Metropolitan University donated/completed: [i] finger-prick capillary blood samples (subjected to ELISAs for sIL-6R, the associated signalling protein sgp130, and the IL-6/sIL-6R complex); [ii] cheek-swab samples containing buccal epithelial cell DNA (subjected to PCR-based IL-6R/rs2228145 genotyping assays); [iii] International Physical Activity Questionnaires (to estimate physical activity levels in the week preceding sample donation).Results: As expected, we observed significant genotype-dependent differences in blood-borne sIL-6R levels (CC (44.1±21.7ng/mL) vs. AC (28.6±7.3ng/mL) vs. AA (19.9±6.5ng/mL; P<0.05)); Importantly, AA homozygotes undertook significantly more physical activity than AC heterozygotes (6318±899 v. 3904±2280 MET-mins/week; P<0.01). Genotype was significantly associated with physical activity levels (P<0.05), and sIL-6R (P=0.197) and sgp130 (P=0.160) showed non-significant correlations with physical activity levels.Conclusions: These data suggest that IL-6R/rs2228145 genotype may influence participation in physical activity/exercise, perhaps by impacting on abilities to tolerate activity without experiencing adverse-effects. Although more research is required to confirm these preliminary findings, designation of IL-6R/rs2228145 as a novel marker, and determination of participants’ IL-6R/rs2228145 genotypes, may in future be useful tools to aid exercise-providers in designing personalised exercise programmes matched to clients/patients.","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88484467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P often walk with bags of various sizes, since the carrying of luggage for work, travel, and shopping is common. Bags come in various styles, and one-handed, two-handed, one-shoulder, or two-shoulder (a backpack) carrying methods are used based on individual preference and situation (e.g., commuting), weight, and shape of luggage. Although walking with a bag is useful for carrying luggage, it sometimes has an adverse effect on the body and may increase risk of lower back pain and strain on fingers, wrists, and shoulders [1,2]. Additionally, differences in bag carrying methods may influence walking performance (e.g., gait posture, walking cadence, and muscle activity) [1-3]. Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Bag Carrying Method during Level Walking Affects Perceived Exertion Ratings without Altering Energy Cost, Oxygen Consumption, and Heart Rate in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial","authors":"Hiroto Honda, Reina Maeda, Suguru Ando, K. Shinbo, Wataru Nanikawa, Masaki Iwamura, Yoshihiro Yamashina, Yosuke Yamato","doi":"10.26644/em.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/em.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":"P often walk with bags of various sizes, since the carrying of luggage for work, travel, and shopping is common. Bags come in various styles, and one-handed, two-handed, one-shoulder, or two-shoulder (a backpack) carrying methods are used based on individual preference and situation (e.g., commuting), weight, and shape of luggage. Although walking with a bag is useful for carrying luggage, it sometimes has an adverse effect on the body and may increase risk of lower back pain and strain on fingers, wrists, and shoulders [1,2]. Additionally, differences in bag carrying methods may influence walking performance (e.g., gait posture, walking cadence, and muscle activity) [1-3]. Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83818004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R actual surface-swim performance, a swimmer’s ability to reach high speeds is determined by the ability to cover a long distance per stroke, while stroking at maximum frequency [1]. Short sprint swimming (50 – 100 m) requires a continuous high stroke rate and stroke length throughout the race [2,3]. The ability to cover a long distance per stroke demonstrates a greater propulsive efficiency [4] of a swimmer to reduce drag [5] and stroke length has been reported as the best discriminative factor for swim velocity [6]. Handgrip strength results from the forceful flexion of all hand joints (finger joints, thumbs, and wrists) and is measured as the maximum voluntary force that subjects are able to exert under normal biokinetic conditions. There are 35 muscles involved in grip strength which is created by the muscles involved in the flexor mechanism of the hand and forearm, whereas stabilization of the wrist occurs from the extensors of the forearm [7]. In addition to resistance training, handgrip strength is known to be affected by a number of factors such as age, body size, and gender [8]. Maximising propulsive force is a key factor in competitive swimming performance and isometric handgrip strength has been positively correlated with swimming performance [9]. Correlations are stronger in shorter compared to longer swimming races and are stronger for freestyle compared to other strokes [10]. In a recent review, giving mixed results Cronin et al., [11] found that stronger correlations were obResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Effect of 8 Weeks of Grip Strength Training on Adolescent Sprint Swimming: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"K. Alshdokhi, C. Petersen, J. Clarke","doi":"10.26644/em.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/em.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"R actual surface-swim performance, a swimmer’s ability to reach high speeds is determined by the ability to cover a long distance per stroke, while stroking at maximum frequency [1]. Short sprint swimming (50 – 100 m) requires a continuous high stroke rate and stroke length throughout the race [2,3]. The ability to cover a long distance per stroke demonstrates a greater propulsive efficiency [4] of a swimmer to reduce drag [5] and stroke length has been reported as the best discriminative factor for swim velocity [6]. Handgrip strength results from the forceful flexion of all hand joints (finger joints, thumbs, and wrists) and is measured as the maximum voluntary force that subjects are able to exert under normal biokinetic conditions. There are 35 muscles involved in grip strength which is created by the muscles involved in the flexor mechanism of the hand and forearm, whereas stabilization of the wrist occurs from the extensors of the forearm [7]. In addition to resistance training, handgrip strength is known to be affected by a number of factors such as age, body size, and gender [8]. Maximising propulsive force is a key factor in competitive swimming performance and isometric handgrip strength has been positively correlated with swimming performance [9]. Correlations are stronger in shorter compared to longer swimming races and are stronger for freestyle compared to other strokes [10]. In a recent review, giving mixed results Cronin et al., [11] found that stronger correlations were obResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82029639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patients with a patellofemoral pain are either in an acute state after a patellofemoral dislocation or are suffering from a chronic anterior knee pain (AKP), whereas AKP might be accompanied by patellar instability without dislocation. Whereas the acute state after a dislocation is mostly clear and its examination limited, the examination of a AKP is much more complex. A profound knowledge of the anatomy, the painful structures and patellofemoral biomechanics is essential in order to find the underlying pathology within the heterogeneous and diverse etiologies. Furthermore, a meticulous and precise examination is key to find the adequate treatment for AKP.
{"title":"Physical examination of the patellofemoral joint","authors":"C. Laux, S. Fucentese, P. Tscholl","doi":"10.34045/ssem/2020/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34045/ssem/2020/2","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with a patellofemoral pain are either in an acute state after a patellofemoral dislocation or are suffering from a chronic anterior knee pain (AKP), whereas AKP might be accompanied by patellar instability without dislocation. Whereas the acute state after a dislocation is mostly clear and its examination limited, the examination of a AKP is much more complex. A profound knowledge of the anatomy, the painful structures and patellofemoral biomechanics is essential in order to find the underlying pathology within the heterogeneous and diverse etiologies. Furthermore, a meticulous and precise examination is key to find the adequate treatment for AKP.","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70000648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Der Begriff «Sportkardiologie» ist manchmal umstritten und wirft Fragen auf. Ist es wirklich notwendig, medizinische Subspezialitäten, zumindest semantisch, mit der Sportmedizin zu vermischen? Das ist es, meiner Meinung nach, absolut. Selbstverständlich ist es in der heutigen Zeit der unzähligen Subspezialisierungen und Nischenbildungen in der Medizin nicht sinnvoll, eine an sich breite, weit über die verschiedensten Fachrichtungen übergreifende Disziplin wie die Sportmedizin künstlich zu kategorisieren. Aber dies geschieht auch nicht.
{"title":"Editorial 2/2019","authors":"M. Kostić","doi":"10.34045/ssem/2019/41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34045/ssem/2019/41","url":null,"abstract":"Der Begriff «Sportkardiologie» ist manchmal umstritten und wirft Fragen auf. Ist es wirklich notwendig, medizinische Subspezialitäten, zumindest semantisch, mit der Sportmedizin zu vermischen? Das ist es, meiner Meinung nach, absolut. Selbstverständlich ist es in der heutigen Zeit der unzähligen Subspezialisierungen und Nischenbildungen in der Medizin nicht sinnvoll, eine an sich breite, weit über die verschiedensten Fachrichtungen übergreifende Disziplin wie die Sportmedizin künstlich zu kategorisieren. Aber dies geschieht auch nicht.","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41840239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pilates-Based Training for Postural Stability in Patients with Schizophrenia","authors":"E. Erdem, E. Akbaş, Banu Ünver","doi":"10.26644/em.2019.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/em.2019.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76479539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R advances in wearable technology, in particular global positioning systems (GPS), enable measurement of athlete movement patterns and physical demands involved in sport [1]. Sports scientists and coaches, use this quantitative data to help establish the external loads of training and competition, in sports such as football [2]. Information obtained provide a detailed analysis of what each player has experienced during training and match play. This then allows Practitioners to tailor periodised training programs [3], which help to reduce the likelihood of injury [4,5] and attempt to optimise future performances [6,7]. Moreover, coaches are able to identify specific positional demands and individual performances and thus gain an advantage over their opponents as they are able to make tactical adjustments to compliment the physical characteristics identified [8]. Key metrics such as total distance covered, running at different speeds and distance covered are among the various types of activity measured [9]. There are many more including maximum speed achieved, distance covered walking, Jogging, Running, Sprinting and even positional mapping [10] and have now become the norm during training sessions and in match play [11,12]. Advances in technology has allowed these to become more accessible and has resulted in these becoming more common place in most professional and some non-professional teams. The wearing of devices to track player activity in football has recently been allowed under the rules of The Football Association [13], termed Elite Performance Tracking Systems (EPTS). These are worn by players in a suitably constructed top normally underneath their playing jersey in a purpose designed tight fitting vest ensuring stability of device in situ between the shoulder blades whilst enabling unrestricted movement of upper limbs and torso, that allows Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"A Comparison of a Smartphone App with Other GPS Tracking Type Devices Employed in Football","authors":"P. Tierney, N. Clarke","doi":"10.26644/EM.2019.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2019.004","url":null,"abstract":"R advances in wearable technology, in particular global positioning systems (GPS), enable measurement of athlete movement patterns and physical demands involved in sport [1]. Sports scientists and coaches, use this quantitative data to help establish the external loads of training and competition, in sports such as football [2]. Information obtained provide a detailed analysis of what each player has experienced during training and match play. This then allows Practitioners to tailor periodised training programs [3], which help to reduce the likelihood of injury [4,5] and attempt to optimise future performances [6,7]. Moreover, coaches are able to identify specific positional demands and individual performances and thus gain an advantage over their opponents as they are able to make tactical adjustments to compliment the physical characteristics identified [8]. Key metrics such as total distance covered, running at different speeds and distance covered are among the various types of activity measured [9]. There are many more including maximum speed achieved, distance covered walking, Jogging, Running, Sprinting and even positional mapping [10] and have now become the norm during training sessions and in match play [11,12]. Advances in technology has allowed these to become more accessible and has resulted in these becoming more common place in most professional and some non-professional teams. The wearing of devices to track player activity in football has recently been allowed under the rules of The Football Association [13], termed Elite Performance Tracking Systems (EPTS). These are worn by players in a suitably constructed top normally underneath their playing jersey in a purpose designed tight fitting vest ensuring stability of device in situ between the shoulder blades whilst enabling unrestricted movement of upper limbs and torso, that allows Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87043571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C disease currently accounts for the majority of deaths in the United States [1]. Although modern medical treatments exist to combat chronic disease, they are mostly ineffective. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has identified that over 71% of the U.S. population is overweight [2]. Obesity often results in the accumulation of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which drastically decreases quality of life and longevity. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services suggested that over 31% of adults in the U.S. are living with at least two or more chronic conditions in 2014 [3]. The top two chronic diseases in 2016, cardiovascular disease and cancer, accounted for 45% of the total deaths that year [4]. High infectious disease mortality rates have decreased over time due to the advent of modern medicine. As such, people have been living long enough to accumulate a myriad of chronic diseases. In turn, chronic disease has become the leading cause of death in developed nations [5]. Chronic disease is generally understood as a class of noncommunicable diseases that progress at a slow rate and persist for extended periods of time [6]. Among the top chronic diseases today, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer as having a negative impact internationally [6]. Seven of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. are from chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, some cancers, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, kidney disease) [4]. One of the root causes behind the recent rise of chronic disease lies buried in the modern lifestyle. A sedentary lifestyle can be a major contributing factor to the onset of chronic disease. Accelerometer data indicated that adults Review Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
目前在美国，C病占死亡人数的大多数[1]。虽然现有的现代医学疗法可以对抗慢性疾病，但它们大多无效。美国疾病控制中心(CDC)发现，超过71%的美国人口超重[2]。肥胖往往导致慢性疾病如糖尿病和心血管疾病的积累，这大大降低了生活质量和寿命。美国卫生与公众服务部指出，2014年，超过31%的美国成年人患有至少两种或两种以上的慢性疾病[3]。2016年排名前两位的慢性病是心血管疾病和癌症，占当年总死亡人数的45%[4]。由于现代医学的出现，高传染病死亡率随着时间的推移而下降。因此，人们活得太久，积累了无数的慢性疾病。反过来，慢性病已成为发达国家的主要死亡原因[5]。慢性病通常被理解为一类进展缓慢且持续时间较长的非传染性疾病[6]。在当今排名前列的慢性病中，世界卫生组织(WHO)认为心血管疾病、糖尿病和癌症在国际上具有负面影响[6]。美国十大主要死亡原因中有七个来自慢性病(心血管疾病、某些癌症、慢性下呼吸道疾病、脑血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病、糖尿病、肾病)[4]。近年来慢性病发病率上升的根本原因之一在于现代生活方式。久坐不动的生活方式可能是慢性疾病发病的一个主要因素。加速度计数据显示成人Review Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"The Underutilization of Lifestyle Modifications in Primary Care Medicine","authors":"J. Lucas, K. Kozlowski","doi":"10.26644/EM.2019.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2019.003","url":null,"abstract":"C disease currently accounts for the majority of deaths in the United States [1]. Although modern medical treatments exist to combat chronic disease, they are mostly ineffective. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has identified that over 71% of the U.S. population is overweight [2]. Obesity often results in the accumulation of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which drastically decreases quality of life and longevity. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services suggested that over 31% of adults in the U.S. are living with at least two or more chronic conditions in 2014 [3]. The top two chronic diseases in 2016, cardiovascular disease and cancer, accounted for 45% of the total deaths that year [4]. High infectious disease mortality rates have decreased over time due to the advent of modern medicine. As such, people have been living long enough to accumulate a myriad of chronic diseases. In turn, chronic disease has become the leading cause of death in developed nations [5]. Chronic disease is generally understood as a class of noncommunicable diseases that progress at a slow rate and persist for extended periods of time [6]. Among the top chronic diseases today, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer as having a negative impact internationally [6]. Seven of the top 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. are from chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, some cancers, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, kidney disease) [4]. One of the root causes behind the recent rise of chronic disease lies buried in the modern lifestyle. A sedentary lifestyle can be a major contributing factor to the onset of chronic disease. Accelerometer data indicated that adults Review Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87049619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T massage therapy can be examined as a tool for restoration, activation and recreation. This therapy has a wide application in sport. The development of the massage techniques is implemented in two directions: east and west. According to many studies, both directions have a positive effect on the human life [1-9]. Eastern massage therapy is based on the impact on biologically active points and energy meridians [1,4-6,9]. The Western massage therapy uses massage techniques to influence the lymph system [2,3,7,8]. The massage therapy is defined as older than recorded time. The rubbing is considered as the primary form of medicine until the pharmaceutical revolution of the 1940s. Popularized again as part of the alternative medicine movement, massage therapy has recently received empirical support for facilitating growth, reducing pain, increasing alertness, diminishing depression, and enhancing immune function [2]. This study combines several issues in regard to massage therapy, sports and technological development. First, the literature review confirms that the massage therapy has extensive application as rehabilitation means for eliminating painful symptoms, for increasing the range of motion [1,4,10-14] and in sports performance [4,11,15-19]. Second, the technological development in recent years, allows exResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Application of the Visualization through Stereoscopic Glasses in the Massage Therapy","authors":"V. Angelov, Jana Gotova, E. Albert, O. Tishinov","doi":"10.26644/EM.2019.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2019.002","url":null,"abstract":"T massage therapy can be examined as a tool for restoration, activation and recreation. This therapy has a wide application in sport. The development of the massage techniques is implemented in two directions: east and west. According to many studies, both directions have a positive effect on the human life [1-9]. Eastern massage therapy is based on the impact on biologically active points and energy meridians [1,4-6,9]. The Western massage therapy uses massage techniques to influence the lymph system [2,3,7,8]. The massage therapy is defined as older than recorded time. The rubbing is considered as the primary form of medicine until the pharmaceutical revolution of the 1940s. Popularized again as part of the alternative medicine movement, massage therapy has recently received empirical support for facilitating growth, reducing pain, increasing alertness, diminishing depression, and enhancing immune function [2]. This study combines several issues in regard to massage therapy, sports and technological development. First, the literature review confirms that the massage therapy has extensive application as rehabilitation means for eliminating painful symptoms, for increasing the range of motion [1,4,10-14] and in sports performance [4,11,15-19]. Second, the technological development in recent years, allows exResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86312748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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