Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important environmental risk factor in the development of cutaneous melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), rates of which have been steadily increasing worldwide over the last 40 years [1]. UVR can also cause painful sunburn reactions, skin pigment changes, accelerated skin ageing and eye disorders such as cataracts. Conversely, UVR has important health benefits. Exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation stimulates vitamin-D production, which is essential for skeletal health and optimal immune function [2]. There is emerging evidence that UVR has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors independently of Vitamin D [3]. Sunlight is also known to have mood-lifting effects [4]. Playing golf has overall physical and mental health benefits, [5,6] however by being placed in the sun for extended periods of time, the golfing population face an increased risk Review Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Golf and Skin Health: A Narrative Review","authors":"A. G. Matthews, H. Preston, A. Murray, R. Hawkes","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.013","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important environmental risk factor in the development of cutaneous melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), rates of which have been steadily increasing worldwide over the last 40 years [1]. UVR can also cause painful sunburn reactions, skin pigment changes, accelerated skin ageing and eye disorders such as cataracts. Conversely, UVR has important health benefits. Exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation stimulates vitamin-D production, which is essential for skeletal health and optimal immune function [2]. There is emerging evidence that UVR has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors independently of Vitamin D [3]. Sunlight is also known to have mood-lifting effects [4]. Playing golf has overall physical and mental health benefits, [5,6] however by being placed in the sun for extended periods of time, the golfing population face an increased risk Review Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88159471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The percentage of Americans over the age of 65 is expected to increase to nearly 20% by 2030 [1]. This change will have significant effects on the economy, healthcare, and society in general. Aging is the highest risk factor for the majority of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer [2]. While lifespan continues to rise, healthspan (the length of time someone is healthy) has increased more slowly and Americans are living longer with impaired health and disabilities [3]. Interventions are needed to improve the health and quality of life of the aging population, and studies show that the compression of morbidity is possible with lifestyle changes, pharmaceuticals, and continuous medical advances [2].
{"title":"Monocytes in Aging and Exercise","authors":"Johnathan R. Yarbro, B. Pence","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.015","url":null,"abstract":"The percentage of Americans over the age of 65 is expected to increase to nearly 20% by 2030 [1]. This change will have significant effects on the economy, healthcare, and society in general. Aging is the highest risk factor for the majority of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer [2]. While lifespan continues to rise, healthspan (the length of time someone is healthy) has increased more slowly and Americans are living longer with impaired health and disabilities [3]. Interventions are needed to improve the health and quality of life of the aging population, and studies show that the compression of morbidity is possible with lifestyle changes, pharmaceuticals, and continuous medical advances [2].","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76200762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HR (heart rate) is the simplest physiological variable to measure for estimation of exercise intensity (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The recent rapid development of wearable technology incorporating HR and motion sensors facilitates measurement of EE over extended periods of time and this information may assist individuals in making healthy lifestyle changes. In both a home and work setting, technology has resulted in decreased levels of physical activity. Within manufacturing industries, automation, mechanisation and robotics have reduced the physical demands of OPA resulting in increased sedentary behaviour [1] considered to be associated with an adverse health risk [2]. The use of HR to estimate EI is reliant on the linear relationship of HR to oxygen uptake (VO2) [3]. However cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and tobacco smoking will influence this relationship [3] and to use HR without individual calibration of the HR-VO2 limits its use. When using HR to estimate EE at near sedentary levels of activity where the HR-VO2 relationship is less precise, the flex HR (HRflex) method is frequently used [4]. Individual HR-VO2 calibration is a prerequisite and in defining HRflex as the average of the highest resting HR (HRrest) and the lowest level of activity HR (HRactivity), time spent below HRflex is considered to be 1 MET (1 MET being the VO2 at rest, namely 3.5mL O2·kg-1·min-1)[5]. The ability to correct for variables such as CRF and smokResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Heart Rate Index Corrects for The Limitations of Heart Rate Assessment of Occupational Physical Activity","authors":"J. Wicks, K. McKenna, S. McSorley, D. Craig","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.014","url":null,"abstract":"HR (heart rate) is the simplest physiological variable to measure for estimation of exercise intensity (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The recent rapid development of wearable technology incorporating HR and motion sensors facilitates measurement of EE over extended periods of time and this information may assist individuals in making healthy lifestyle changes. In both a home and work setting, technology has resulted in decreased levels of physical activity. Within manufacturing industries, automation, mechanisation and robotics have reduced the physical demands of OPA resulting in increased sedentary behaviour [1] considered to be associated with an adverse health risk [2]. The use of HR to estimate EI is reliant on the linear relationship of HR to oxygen uptake (VO2) [3]. However cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and tobacco smoking will influence this relationship [3] and to use HR without individual calibration of the HR-VO2 limits its use. When using HR to estimate EE at near sedentary levels of activity where the HR-VO2 relationship is less precise, the flex HR (HRflex) method is frequently used [4]. Individual HR-VO2 calibration is a prerequisite and in defining HRflex as the average of the highest resting HR (HRrest) and the lowest level of activity HR (HRactivity), time spent below HRflex is considered to be 1 MET (1 MET being the VO2 at rest, namely 3.5mL O2·kg-1·min-1)[5]. The ability to correct for variables such as CRF and smokResearch Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90881191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lipid-lowering drugs are amongst the most commonly subsidized prescribed drugs world-wide, including Europe and the United States (USA). In 2016, atorvastatin and simvastatin were ranked in positions 1 and 7 in the USA [1]. In the same year, in Australia, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were in positions 1 and 3, with the number of Australians per thousand taking the drug daily being 53 for atorvastatin and 34 for rosuvastatin [2]. Physiologically, these drugs inhibit liver enzyme HMGCoA reductase, blocking cholesterol synthesis. They are recognized as effective in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [3]. However, it is now well established that a healthy diet and regular physical activity are valuable contributors to maintaining healthy blood lipids, with exercise improving cardiovascular fitness; reducing all-cause mortality and the risk of coronary heart and cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Statins Do Not Impair Whole-body Fat Oxidation During Moderate-intensity Exercise in Dyslipidemic Adults","authors":"M. A. Matuszek, R. Grant","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.012","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid-lowering drugs are amongst the most commonly subsidized prescribed drugs world-wide, including Europe and the United States (USA). In 2016, atorvastatin and simvastatin were ranked in positions 1 and 7 in the USA [1]. In the same year, in Australia, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were in positions 1 and 3, with the number of Australians per thousand taking the drug daily being 53 for atorvastatin and 34 for rosuvastatin [2]. Physiologically, these drugs inhibit liver enzyme HMGCoA reductase, blocking cholesterol synthesis. They are recognized as effective in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [3]. However, it is now well established that a healthy diet and regular physical activity are valuable contributors to maintaining healthy blood lipids, with exercise improving cardiovascular fitness; reducing all-cause mortality and the risk of coronary heart and cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83388631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacqueline S Lee, A. Alpous, Warsame Yusuf, Sam Cardarelli, Tosha Rhodenizer, Kelly Shaw-Swettenham, R. Adams, P. Longmuir
Physical inactivity is a global health crisis of the 21st century. The World Health Organization reports that each year physical inactivity will cost the lives of approximately 3.2 million people worldwide [1], making it the fourth leading cause of mortality [2]. Physical inactivity also increases morbidity, as it is strongly related to an increased risk of obesity2, as well as several non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer [3]. Physical inactivity has also been associated with the development of mental health disorders [4], as well as decreased emotional well-being [5] and reduced quality of life [6]. Although most of the ill effects related to physical inactivity manifest in adulthood, the development of these problems begins much earlier. Adolescence is when individuals establish many of their lifestyle choices, and as such interventions addressing physical inactivity should target adolescence for establishing healthy lifestyle habits. Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Y Kids Academy Program Increases Knowledge of Healthy Living in Young Adolescents","authors":"Jacqueline S Lee, A. Alpous, Warsame Yusuf, Sam Cardarelli, Tosha Rhodenizer, Kelly Shaw-Swettenham, R. Adams, P. Longmuir","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.010","url":null,"abstract":"Physical inactivity is a global health crisis of the 21st century. The World Health Organization reports that each year physical inactivity will cost the lives of approximately 3.2 million people worldwide [1], making it the fourth leading cause of mortality [2]. Physical inactivity also increases morbidity, as it is strongly related to an increased risk of obesity2, as well as several non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer [3]. Physical inactivity has also been associated with the development of mental health disorders [4], as well as decreased emotional well-being [5] and reduced quality of life [6]. Although most of the ill effects related to physical inactivity manifest in adulthood, the development of these problems begins much earlier. Adolescence is when individuals establish many of their lifestyle choices, and as such interventions addressing physical inactivity should target adolescence for establishing healthy lifestyle habits. Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81504294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zachary Zeigler, Malachi Votaw, Connor Dreos, Lydia Durnil, Jamie S. Terran, Danielle Akin, T. Nordin
According to the World Health Organization, more than a third of the world’s deaths can be attributed to a small number of risk factors. Among the top five leading risk factors are hypertension (HTN), obesity and physical inactivity [1]. Based off the recent blood pressure (BP) guideline changes roughly 46% of Americans are now classified as HTN [2]. Approximately 7.1 million deaths worldwide are attributed to HTN [3], and lifetime risk for developing HTN is estimated at 90% [4]. The recent BP guidelines also emphasized an “at risk” BP classification being titled “elevated Blood Pressure” (Systolic BP (SBP) 120-129 and Diastolic BP (DBP) < 80 mmHg) [2]. Those with elevated BP are the most vulnerable population for developing HTN [5], and are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [6]. However, the only recommended treatment for those classified in the category of elevated BP is lifestyle modification, including exercise Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
{"title":"Impact of Daily Exercise Compared to Exercise on Alternating Days on Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Reduction in Men with Elevated Blood Pressure","authors":"Zachary Zeigler, Malachi Votaw, Connor Dreos, Lydia Durnil, Jamie S. Terran, Danielle Akin, T. Nordin","doi":"10.26644/EM.2018.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26644/EM.2018.009","url":null,"abstract":"According to the World Health Organization, more than a third of the world’s deaths can be attributed to a small number of risk factors. Among the top five leading risk factors are hypertension (HTN), obesity and physical inactivity [1]. Based off the recent blood pressure (BP) guideline changes roughly 46% of Americans are now classified as HTN [2]. Approximately 7.1 million deaths worldwide are attributed to HTN [3], and lifetime risk for developing HTN is estimated at 90% [4]. The recent BP guidelines also emphasized an “at risk” BP classification being titled “elevated Blood Pressure” (Systolic BP (SBP) 120-129 and Diastolic BP (DBP) < 80 mmHg) [2]. Those with elevated BP are the most vulnerable population for developing HTN [5], and are at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [6]. However, the only recommended treatment for those classified in the category of elevated BP is lifestyle modification, including exercise Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056","PeriodicalId":36798,"journal":{"name":"Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85177033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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