Pub Date : 2021-06-27DOI: 10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.309
A. Demir, M. E. Usta
The main purpose of this study is to collect information and develop suggestions about the problems faced by school administrators in supplying resources to the school and the spending areas of their allowances. The study group of the study consisted of a total of 20 school administrators, 5 of which are kindergartens, 5 primary schools, 5 secondary schools and 5 high schools, working in the public schools in the central Haliliye, Eyyübiye and Karaköprü districts of Şanlıurfa province, selected by the stratified sampling method. The study was conducted with the qualitative research method, and the data were collected by preparing a "Semi-Structured Interview Form." The data of the research were analysed by content analysis method. In the research conducted; it has been concluded that the amount of allowance allocated to the school by school administrators does not meet the school expenses, that the lack of sufficient financial support reduces the quality of education, the supply of resources to the school is expected from the school administrators in addition to their primary duties, the income obtained from the School Family Associations differs according to the regions, and this is incompatible with the equality of opportunity. Suggestions have been made such as increasing the share allocated to education from the general budget, granting allowances to schools according to the number of students, and removing the aids collected from parents.
{"title":"Problems Encountered by School Managers in Supplying School Allowances and Expense Areas","authors":"A. Demir, M. E. Usta","doi":"10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.04.02.309","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study is to collect information and develop suggestions about the problems faced by school administrators in supplying resources to the school and the spending areas of their allowances. The study group of the study consisted of a total of 20 school administrators, 5 of which are kindergartens, 5 primary schools, 5 secondary schools and 5 high schools, working in the public schools in the central Haliliye, Eyyübiye and Karaköprü districts of Şanlıurfa province, selected by the stratified sampling method. The study was conducted with the qualitative research method, and the data were collected by preparing a \"Semi-Structured Interview Form.\" The data of the research were analysed by content analysis method. In the research conducted; it has been concluded that the amount of allowance allocated to the school by school administrators does not meet the school expenses, that the lack of sufficient financial support reduces the quality of education, the supply of resources to the school is expected from the school administrators in addition to their primary duties, the income obtained from the School Family Associations differs according to the regions, and this is incompatible with the equality of opportunity. Suggestions have been made such as increasing the share allocated to education from the general budget, granting allowances to schools according to the number of students, and removing the aids collected from parents.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126951537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary objective of this article is to trace the origin, history, and development of learning seminaries in Islamic history. How did learning institutions develop in Islamic history? How do they differ from all other western and eastern non-Muslim educational institutes? Tracing the origin, history, and development of the institutions of learning in Islam, G. Makdisi argues that the concept of university education was originated and developed in Christian traditions. He further contends that the Institutions of learning in Islam originated and developed from a different social, religious, and cultural background. He argues that institutions of Madrasa and related cognate Islamic seminaries developed in different social and historical contexts. Therefore, the concept of university education has nothing to do with Islamic learning traditions. Yet, this claim has been challenged by some Muslim academics. Muslim academics and historians have claimed that the oldest university was originated and developed by Muslims following the intellectual renaissance during the Middle age in Abbasside caliphate. This article examines these claims and counterclaims to understand the nature and development of learning institutions in Islamic history. Moreover, this article also examines the ethos and philosophy of education in Islamic and Christian traditions to understand the aims and objective of education in both traditions. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part traces the origin and nature of Islamic education, the second part deals with history and development if Islamic seminaries, the third part analyses the consequence of the dichotomous attitudes of Muslims towards education. The final part underscores the importance of updating Islamic seminaries.
{"title":"Islamic Seminaries: A Brief Historical Survey","authors":"Dr. Rifai Sulaiman Lebbe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3857572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3857572","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this article is to trace the origin, history, and development of learning seminaries in Islamic history. How did learning institutions develop in Islamic history? How do they differ from all other western and eastern non-Muslim educational institutes? Tracing the origin, history, and development of the institutions of learning in Islam, G. Makdisi argues that the concept of university education was originated and developed in Christian traditions. He further contends that the Institutions of learning in Islam originated and developed from a different social, religious, and cultural background. He argues that institutions of Madrasa and related cognate Islamic seminaries developed in different social and historical contexts. Therefore, the concept of university education has nothing to do with Islamic learning traditions. Yet, this claim has been challenged by some Muslim academics. Muslim academics and historians have claimed that the oldest university was originated and developed by Muslims following the intellectual renaissance during the Middle age in Abbasside caliphate. This article examines these claims and counterclaims to understand the nature and development of learning institutions in Islamic history. Moreover, this article also examines the ethos and philosophy of education in Islamic and Christian traditions to understand the aims and objective of education in both traditions. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part traces the origin and nature of Islamic education, the second part deals with history and development if Islamic seminaries, the third part analyses the consequence of the dichotomous attitudes of Muslims towards education. The final part underscores the importance of updating Islamic seminaries.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"146 S281","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120850540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to extend the concept of expertise, with a focus on its application to polymathy studies and to the three elements of polymathy: depth, breadth and integration. Departing from Herling’s (2000) "Operational definitions of expertise and competence", in which he outlines three basic components of expertise (knowledge, problem-solving, and experience), I propose a more sophisticated differentiation that involves four types of knowledge: (1) Epistemic Knowledge; (2) Tooled Knowledge; (3) Idiosyncratic Knowledge; and (4) Meta-Knowledge.
{"title":"Four Components of Expertise","authors":"M. Araki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3806101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3806101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to extend the concept of expertise, with a focus on its application to polymathy studies and to the three elements of polymathy: depth, breadth and integration. Departing from Herling’s (2000) \"Operational definitions of expertise and competence\", in which he outlines three basic components of expertise (knowledge, problem-solving, and experience), I propose a more sophisticated differentiation that involves four types of knowledge: (1) Epistemic Knowledge; (2) Tooled Knowledge; (3) Idiosyncratic Knowledge; and (4) Meta-Knowledge.<br>","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129266825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergent properties are properties referring to a system as a whole, but they do not make sense to its elements or parts being small enough. Furthermore certain emergent properties are reducible to those of elements or relevant parts often. The paper means the special case where the description of the system by means of its emergent properties is much simpler than that of its relevant elements or parts. The concept is investigated by a case study based on statistic thermodynamics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics.
{"title":"Reducing Emergence: The Case Studies in Statistic Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics","authors":"Vasil Penchev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3643695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643695","url":null,"abstract":"The emergent properties are properties referring to a system as a whole, but they do not make sense to its elements or parts being small enough. Furthermore certain emergent properties are reducible to those of elements or relevant parts often. The paper means the special case where the description of the system by means of its emergent properties is much simpler than that of its relevant elements or parts. The concept is investigated by a case study based on statistic thermodynamics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"2654 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127485648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keynes’s and Boole’s contributions to the theory of imprecise probability are not just “notions” or “suggestions” or “intuitions”. Keynes and Boole actually worked out problems in great detail in which they derive lower and upper probability bounds based on their foundation of Boolean algebra and logic. Their work is very advanced and compares very favorably to work done up to the mid 1980’s, when T. Hailperin made major advances in the generalization of the Boole-Keynes approach.
Unfortunately,it appears that these contributions are not known,have been ignored,or are of a technical nature that is too difficult for present day researchers to master. Only Emil Borel in 1924 gave an answer, which was that it was too difficult for him to cover.
{"title":"After 100 Years, the Time Has Come to Acknowledge That Boole and Keynes Founded a Mathematically, Technically, and Logically Advanced Approach to Imprecise Probability","authors":"M. E. Brady","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3632526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3632526","url":null,"abstract":"Keynes’s and Boole’s contributions to the theory of imprecise probability are not just “notions” or “suggestions” or “intuitions”. Keynes and Boole actually worked out problems in great detail in which they derive lower and upper probability bounds based on their foundation of Boolean algebra and logic. Their work is very advanced and compares very favorably to work done up to the mid 1980’s, when T. Hailperin made major advances in the generalization of the Boole-Keynes approach. <br><br>Unfortunately,it appears that these contributions are not known,have been ignored,or are of a technical nature that is too difficult for present day researchers to master. Only Emil Borel in 1924 gave an answer, which was that it was too difficult for him to cover.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126523795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper considers the significance of the problem of policymaker ignorance for political efforts to limit human suffering due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To the extent that policymakers are ignorant of knowledge required to deliberately realize this goal, it can be realized only if luck, fortune, or other spontaneous forces intervene to mitigate the effects of policymaker ignorance. We discuss the nature of the knowledge that policymakers require to deliberately realize the goal of limiting suffering due to the virus and the nature of the spontaneous forces that might assist to realize this goal. We also consider the effects that ignorance has on policymakers' motivations and incentives to pursue the relevant goal and conclude, rather dispiritingly, that policymakers may not be earnestly pursuing the goal of limiting suffering due to the novel coronavirus.
{"title":"The Problem of Policymaker Ignorance and Political Responses to COVID-19","authors":"Scott Scheall, Parker Crutchfield","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3567948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567948","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the significance of the problem of policymaker ignorance for political efforts to limit human suffering due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To the extent that policymakers are ignorant of knowledge required to deliberately realize this goal, it can be realized only if luck, fortune, or other spontaneous forces intervene to mitigate the effects of policymaker ignorance. We discuss the nature of the knowledge that policymakers require to deliberately realize the goal of limiting suffering due to the virus and the nature of the spontaneous forces that might assist to realize this goal. We also consider the effects that ignorance has on policymakers' motivations and incentives to pursue the relevant goal and conclude, rather dispiritingly, that policymakers may not be earnestly pursuing the goal of limiting suffering due to the novel coronavirus.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116623670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.1504/IJPEE.2019.10023248
John B. Davis
This paper outlines a framework for explaining change in agent identities, and uses the recent financial crisis to illustrate it by comparing two examples of identity change brought about by the crisis. The agent identity theory employed is the idea of a having capability for keeping a self-narrative or autobiographical account of oneself. This is developed in terms of two ways individuals identify with social groups and in terms of individuals performing a self-concept. The two examples of identity change concern sub-prime homeowners and bank depositors. The paper closes with comments on the role of identity analysis in a pluralistic economics.
{"title":"Explaining Changing Individual Identity: Two Examples From the Financial Crisis","authors":"John B. Davis","doi":"10.1504/IJPEE.2019.10023248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPEE.2019.10023248","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines a framework for explaining change in agent identities, and uses the recent financial crisis to illustrate it by comparing two examples of identity change brought about by the crisis. The agent identity theory employed is the idea of a having capability for keeping a self-narrative or autobiographical account of oneself. This is developed in terms of two ways individuals identify with social groups and in terms of individuals performing a self-concept. The two examples of identity change concern sub-prime homeowners and bank depositors. The paper closes with comments on the role of identity analysis in a pluralistic economics.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"135 2-3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120896032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of flows of events that evolve, conditioned by a specific set of structures and contextual conditions, such as complex, dynamic, and contingent social phenomena. A discrete rule-based model for patterns of sequences of events deduced from Generative Grammar Theory and Category Theory depicts theoretical propositions and identifies causal relationships in empirical evidence. Regarding the ontological and epistemological assumptions of Critical Realism, the proposed modeling methodology adopts the logic of retroduction instead of the logic of falsification as a knowledge-extending means of drawing explanatory inferences from data in a systematic way.
{"title":"A Categorical-Generative Theory of Social Processes: Towards the Ontological and Mathematical Foundations of a Grammar-based Model for Qualitative Research","authors":"Bruno da Rocha Braga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2859861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2859861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of flows of events that evolve, conditioned by a specific set of structures and contextual conditions, such as complex, dynamic, and contingent social phenomena. A discrete rule-based model for patterns of sequences of events deduced from Generative Grammar Theory and Category Theory depicts theoretical propositions and identifies causal relationships in empirical evidence. Regarding the ontological and epistemological assumptions of Critical Realism, the proposed modeling methodology adopts the logic of retroduction instead of the logic of falsification as a knowledge-extending means of drawing explanatory inferences from data in a systematic way.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128244668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ijzerman, Lison Neyroud, R. Courset, M. Schrama, Jorick Post, Tila M. Pronk
Body temperature regulation is of crucial importance for nonhuman and human animals. Because other animals are crucial in helping to regulate body temperature, temperature differences likely determines how humans think about their social environment. Since 2008, the psychological literature on social thermoregulation has flourished with approximately 80 reports, ranging from economic decision-making to self-regulation. However, questions have arisen to its robustness and about underlying mechanisms, particularly in relation to differences in past relationship experiences. In this report, the authors used an inductive approach, exploring individual differences to identify items that alter the temperature-social thought relationship in Study 1, and confirming the effects in Study 2 (total N = 366): Coldness (vs. warmth) makes people think about closer others when past relationship experiences were positive, while the reverse is true for negative past relationship experiences. The authors find robust results and provide future directions for the field of social thermoregulation.
{"title":"Socially Thermoregulated Thinking: How Past Experiences Matter in Thinking About Our Loved Ones","authors":"H. Ijzerman, Lison Neyroud, R. Courset, M. Schrama, Jorick Post, Tila M. Pronk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2807943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2807943","url":null,"abstract":"Body temperature regulation is of crucial importance for nonhuman and human animals. Because other animals are crucial in helping to regulate body temperature, temperature differences likely determines how humans think about their social environment. Since 2008, the psychological literature on social thermoregulation has flourished with approximately 80 reports, ranging from economic decision-making to self-regulation. However, questions have arisen to its robustness and about underlying mechanisms, particularly in relation to differences in past relationship experiences. In this report, the authors used an inductive approach, exploring individual differences to identify items that alter the temperature-social thought relationship in Study 1, and confirming the effects in Study 2 (total N = 366): Coldness (vs. warmth) makes people think about closer others when past relationship experiences were positive, while the reverse is true for negative past relationship experiences. The authors find robust results and provide future directions for the field of social thermoregulation.","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122423993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study seeks to investigate the arrangement of the science of mythology at the turn of the 19th century, and an understanding of the scientific work, which enabled to consider mythology a discipline. The research in a case of interpretation of the notions of myth and symbol explores prerequisites and framework for the study. The findings of the research illustrate the role of the disciplinary argument and publishing strategies in the debates surrounding mythology’s conceptual bases. The research demonstrates that at the turn of the 19th century mythology was established both as a subject of research and as a discipline in its own right on the crossroads of disciplinary arguments, knowledge differentiation and knowledge distribution strategies
{"title":"The Scientific Study of Myth: Romantic Account of Symbolism and Mythology","authors":"A. V. Shalaeva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2594796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2594796","url":null,"abstract":"The present study seeks to investigate the arrangement of the science of mythology at the turn of the 19th century, and an understanding of the scientific work, which enabled to consider mythology a discipline. The research in a case of interpretation of the notions of myth and symbol explores prerequisites and framework for the study. The findings of the research illustrate the role of the disciplinary argument and publishing strategies in the debates surrounding mythology’s conceptual bases. The research demonstrates that at the turn of the 19th century mythology was established both as a subject of research and as a discipline in its own right on the crossroads of disciplinary arguments, knowledge differentiation and knowledge distribution strategies","PeriodicalId":369373,"journal":{"name":"Epistemology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129663843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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