Muhammad Nisar Khan, Gulnaz Hameed, Arshad Mahmood Malik, Saima Asad
The current research is being conducted in Muzaffargarh district of Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the profitability and land equivalent ratio of intercropping onion and tomato. An economic analysis of intercropping in the Muzaffargarh district can inform farmers about the profitability and sustainability of this practice, aiding their decision-making between intercropping and monocropping. The study utilized a simple random sampling technique to select 45 vegetable growers out of 60, from two major vegetable-growing villages; Hajiwah and Beli Janubi. Descriptive analysis, including frequency distribution, mean, and percentages, was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that intercropping had a significantly higher yield (17897 kg/acre) than sole cropping of onions (6075 kg/acre) and tomatoes (16050 kg/acre). Intercropping also had a higher benefit-cost ratio of 1.59, compared to onion sole cropping (1.37) and tomato sole cropping (1.48). The land equivalent ratio was 1.31, which indicated that intercropping was more efficient in terms of land use than sole cropping. The study also revealed that intercropping onions and tomatoes provided additional income to farmers and helped maximize land use. However, farmers encountered challenges such as high seed costs, diseases, low output prices, and high transportation costs. In conclusion, the study suggested that intercropping onion and tomato is a viable agronomic strategy in the Muzaffargarh district, as it improves land-use efficiency and maximizes returns. The study showed that intercropping complemented each other and contributed to increasing yield per unit area and improving nutritional properties.
{"title":"Economics of Inter-Cropping: A Case Study of Onion and Tomato at District Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Nisar Khan, Gulnaz Hameed, Arshad Mahmood Malik, Saima Asad","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)833","url":null,"abstract":"The current research is being conducted in Muzaffargarh district of Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the profitability and land equivalent ratio of intercropping onion and tomato. An economic analysis of intercropping in the Muzaffargarh district can inform farmers about the profitability and sustainability of this practice, aiding their decision-making between intercropping and monocropping. The study utilized a simple random sampling technique to select 45 vegetable growers out of 60, from two major vegetable-growing villages; Hajiwah and Beli Janubi. Descriptive analysis, including frequency distribution, mean, and percentages, was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that intercropping had a significantly higher yield (17897 kg/acre) than sole cropping of onions (6075 kg/acre) and tomatoes (16050 kg/acre). Intercropping also had a higher benefit-cost ratio of 1.59, compared to onion sole cropping (1.37) and tomato sole cropping (1.48). The land equivalent ratio was 1.31, which indicated that intercropping was more efficient in terms of land use than sole cropping. The study also revealed that intercropping onions and tomatoes provided additional income to farmers and helped maximize land use. However, farmers encountered challenges such as high seed costs, diseases, low output prices, and high transportation costs. In conclusion, the study suggested that intercropping onion and tomato is a viable agronomic strategy in the Muzaffargarh district, as it improves land-use efficiency and maximizes returns. The study showed that intercropping complemented each other and contributed to increasing yield per unit area and improving nutritional properties.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48902381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amjid Khan, Fouzia Bibi, Sohail Ahmad Jan, Zabta Khan Shinwari
For the survival of the rapidly growing global populace, plant species must exhibit tolerance towards climate change. Plants possess mechanisms to respond to stress by changing their biological processes and stimulating stress-responsive genes. The Dof (TFs) family, which binds to DNA with a single finger, reflects a plant-specific group of TFs that play an important part in regulating plants that are facing different types of abiotic stresses which may influence their growth and development. Discovery of this family has made a significant impact on the field of plant sciences. However, the characterization of Dof transcription factors in crop plants is currently limited reported. Several Dof transcription factors (TFs) of plants have been shown in nature. The transcription factors TaDofs, StDof, MnDofs, JrDof3TF, Va/VvDofs, GhDof1, OsDof1, SmeDof, ZmDof, CsDof, DcDof, CaDofs, ThDof, BraDof, and AcDof are important for abiotic stressors such heat, cold, salt, drought, and heavy metals. In addition, Dof transcription factors play a role in the regulation of factors related to yield and quality. Nevertheless, some outstanding issues remain. The review article provides a summary of the role of various stress-responsive Dof transcription factors in response to abiotic stresses. Additionally, this study investigates the limitations and possible opportunities associated with Dof transcription factors in the development of crops that are capable of withstanding climate change. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct comprehensive research on Dof transcription factors (TFs) across many different transcription factors fields to find their potential novel functionality, which will be beneficial to our retention of the delicate biological processes in plants.
{"title":"Role of Dof Transcription Factors under Abiotic Stresses","authors":"Amjid Khan, Fouzia Bibi, Sohail Ahmad Jan, Zabta Khan Shinwari","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)905","url":null,"abstract":"For the survival of the rapidly growing global populace, plant species must exhibit tolerance towards climate change. Plants possess mechanisms to respond to stress by changing their biological processes and stimulating stress-responsive genes. The Dof (TFs) family, which binds to DNA with a single finger, reflects a plant-specific group of TFs that play an important part in regulating plants that are facing different types of abiotic stresses which may influence their growth and development. Discovery of this family has made a significant impact on the field of plant sciences. However, the characterization of Dof transcription factors in crop plants is currently limited reported. Several Dof transcription factors (TFs) of plants have been shown in nature. The transcription factors TaDofs, StDof, MnDofs, JrDof3TF, Va/VvDofs, GhDof1, OsDof1, SmeDof, ZmDof, CsDof, DcDof, CaDofs, ThDof, BraDof, and AcDof are important for abiotic stressors such heat, cold, salt, drought, and heavy metals. In addition, Dof transcription factors play a role in the regulation of factors related to yield and quality. Nevertheless, some outstanding issues remain. The review article provides a summary of the role of various stress-responsive Dof transcription factors in response to abiotic stresses. Additionally, this study investigates the limitations and possible opportunities associated with Dof transcription factors in the development of crops that are capable of withstanding climate change. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct comprehensive research on Dof transcription factors (TFs) across many different transcription factors fields to find their potential novel functionality, which will be beneficial to our retention of the delicate biological processes in plants.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45271166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a consequence of climate change/global warming earth’s agriculture output is under rigorous stress. There is a growing need to develop strategies to cope with these abiotic stresses. Biochar exhibiting many beneficial qualities appeared to alleviate these problems by improving soil fertility by adding carbon and preventing nutrient losses etc. Biochar can also enhance BNF and could be used as a carrier for rhizobium by providing a suitable microenvironment. The current study is aimed to find the ameliorative potential of different biochar types to be used as rhizobium carriers for Phaseolus vulgaris L. exposed to drought stress. Both types of biochar were analyzed for physico-chemical and morphological parameters. Presence of Silicon content remains the key finding for rice husk biochar which was absent in Lantana biochar. Increased C, K, and Ca weight percentages were found in Lantana biochar as compared to their proportions for rice husk biochar. On the contrary, the oxygen content was higher in rice husk biochar as compared to that in Lantana. Phaseolus seeds were used for the pot experiment where stress treatment was applied by FTSW (Fractionable Transpirable Soil Water) technique. One isolated strain along with two types of biochar carrier was applied to the plants in combination with water stress treatment. Plants were analyzed for growth and physiological parameters including plant height, leaf area, biomass, photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, where rice husk biochar responded better than the one obtained from Lantana. Plants responded positively for all the growth as well as physiological parameters when treated in combination with the inoculum for both stress levels i.e., 100% and 60% field capacity F.C. The present study advocates rice husk biochar for its ability to enhance tolerance in Phaseolus against drought stress through its role as an inoculum carrier contributing suitable habitat for the microorganism.
{"title":"Amending Soil with Rhizobium carrying Biochar Ameliorates Drought Stress on Phaseolus vulgaris","authors":"Aniqa Batool, A. Rashid, I. Aziz","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)882","url":null,"abstract":"As a consequence of climate change/global warming earth’s agriculture output is under rigorous stress. There is a growing need to develop strategies to cope with these abiotic stresses. Biochar exhibiting many beneficial qualities appeared to alleviate these problems by improving soil fertility by adding carbon and preventing nutrient losses etc. Biochar can also enhance BNF and could be used as a carrier for rhizobium by providing a suitable microenvironment. The current study is aimed to find the ameliorative potential of different biochar types to be used as rhizobium carriers for Phaseolus vulgaris L. exposed to drought stress. Both types of biochar were analyzed for physico-chemical and morphological parameters. Presence of Silicon content remains the key finding for rice husk biochar which was absent in Lantana biochar. Increased C, K, and Ca weight percentages were found in Lantana biochar as compared to their proportions for rice husk biochar. On the contrary, the oxygen content was higher in rice husk biochar as compared to that in Lantana. Phaseolus seeds were used for the pot experiment where stress treatment was applied by FTSW (Fractionable Transpirable Soil Water) technique. One isolated strain along with two types of biochar carrier was applied to the plants in combination with water stress treatment. Plants were analyzed for growth and physiological parameters including plant height, leaf area, biomass, photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, where rice husk biochar responded better than the one obtained from Lantana. Plants responded positively for all the growth as well as physiological parameters when treated in combination with the inoculum for both stress levels i.e., 100% and 60% field capacity F.C. The present study advocates rice husk biochar for its ability to enhance tolerance in Phaseolus against drought stress through its role as an inoculum carrier contributing suitable habitat for the microorganism.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44258993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several types of vaccines have been approved to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Few studies are conducted on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination is important to eliminate and fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and several vaccines have been approved. This study aimed to assess the incidence density of COVID-19 infection among the community, estimate the effectiveness of different types of vaccines (inactivated virus, viral vector or mRNA) and efficiency of incomplete and complete vaccination. In this observational cross-sectional study, a total of 4924 specimens were received from 1st January 2022 to 2nd February 2022 for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The patient’s age, gender, and vaccination data were recorded and S, N, and ORF 1ab genes were amplified after RNA extraction through PCR. out of which 1034 (20.99%) cases were positive. Among 1034 (20.99%) positive cases, 418 and 616 patients were vaccinated and non-vaccinated respectively. The cases of SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated patients were categorized into a sudden infection (≤ 10 days) and late infection (≥10 days) after the incomplete and complete dose of vaccination. Vaccination provides partial protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This might be due to the low efficacy and inability to detect recent variations in the protein structure of the virus.
{"title":"An Estimate of Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV2: Comparison of Different Vaccine Types","authors":"Waseem Iqbal, Ikram Ullah, Uroosa Irum, Saima Siddiqi, Khalid Mahmood Khan","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)749","url":null,"abstract":"Several types of vaccines have been approved to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Few studies are conducted on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination is important to eliminate and fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and several vaccines have been approved. This study aimed to assess the incidence density of COVID-19 infection among the community, estimate the effectiveness of different types of vaccines (inactivated virus, viral vector or mRNA) and efficiency of incomplete and complete vaccination. In this observational cross-sectional study, a total of 4924 specimens were received from 1st January 2022 to 2nd February 2022 for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The patient’s age, gender, and vaccination data were recorded and S, N, and ORF 1ab genes were amplified after RNA extraction through PCR. out of which 1034 (20.99%) cases were positive. Among 1034 (20.99%) positive cases, 418 and 616 patients were vaccinated and non-vaccinated respectively. The cases of SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated patients were categorized into a sudden infection (≤ 10 days) and late infection (≥10 days) after the incomplete and complete dose of vaccination. Vaccination provides partial protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This might be due to the low efficacy and inability to detect recent variations in the protein structure of the virus.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41300664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaa O. Manea, Mohammed A. Fayyadh, Yehya A. Salih
Recently, Iraq has imported large numbers of tissue culture date palm offshoots from different countries. It is to build new orchards of date palm trees or plant them with the old orchards and some of them in the home's gardens. As a result of the widespread of many symptoms associated with these offshoots, this study was conducted in Basra Governorate, Iraq. To examine the capability of silver nanoparticles in controlling pathogens. The 36 fungi species were isolated from the shoot system of tissue culture date palm offshoots. Alternaria sp. was recorded at a high frequency compared to the Cladosporium spp. and Ulocladium spp. Neodieghtonia phoenicum, Scytalidium lignicola, and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum caused black scorch. Moreover, Phoma costarricensis has been recorded as causing the leaf spot disease. The roots infected by wilt disease have shown three various fungi, Fusarium solani, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium fujikuroi. The study also illustrated that silver nanoparticles possessed a high ability to inhibit fungi growth in the laboratory.
{"title":"Efficiency Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles in the Controlling of the Fungi Associated with the Date Palm Offshoots","authors":"Alaa O. Manea, Mohammed A. Fayyadh, Yehya A. Salih","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)788","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, Iraq has imported large numbers of tissue culture date palm offshoots from different countries. It is to build new orchards of date palm trees or plant them with the old orchards and some of them in the home's gardens. As a result of the widespread of many symptoms associated with these offshoots, this study was conducted in Basra Governorate, Iraq. To examine the capability of silver nanoparticles in controlling pathogens. The 36 fungi species were isolated from the shoot system of tissue culture date palm offshoots. Alternaria sp. was recorded at a high frequency compared to the Cladosporium spp. and Ulocladium spp. Neodieghtonia phoenicum, Scytalidium lignicola, and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum caused black scorch. Moreover, Phoma costarricensis has been recorded as causing the leaf spot disease. The roots infected by wilt disease have shown three various fungi, Fusarium solani, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium fujikuroi. The study also illustrated that silver nanoparticles possessed a high ability to inhibit fungi growth in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45918630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ali Lakhan1, Ambreen Afzal, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Lahori, Muhammad Irfan, Salman Zubair, Anila Kausar, Shella Bano, Sergij Vambol, Viola Vambol, Igor Mishchenko
The present study aimed to assess the threat of transformation of Karachi into an Urban Heat Island, so, ambit was having calculated temperature, buildup areas, and normalized difference vegetation index through remote sensing and GIS techniques. The Landsat satellite data was used to differentiate the temperature in different years. These images were processed through Envi 4.7, Erdas Imagine, and ArcGIS 10.3.1. The results revealed that the maximum temperature was found up to 30.52, 35.25, 33.60, 46.73 °C; the buildup area was 23, 34, 26, 45 %; the NDVI results showed ranging from 0.224-1, 0.07-0.43, 0.201-1, 0.29-0.7 during this years. The average spatial land use temperature and buildup area increased by 1.03 and 1.9 times from 1990 to 2019. The maximum NDVI was observed during 2019, because of heavy rainfall as a result which supports promoting more greenery. With an increase in the buildup area, a significant change in the temperature of the territory was simultaneously observed. Therefore, this indicates a major task for urban developers extenuating the subsequent urban heat island occurrence. That is, for the first time it is scientifically substantiated and confirmed by the results that when creating a city development plan, it is extremely important to exclude the possibility of the urban heat island occurrence through preliminary studies. The practical value of the study lies in sound recommendations, one of which is the need for future urban development to emphasize urban plantings, including vertical forests to prevent UHI occurrence in the area of Karachi city.
{"title":"Assessment of Karachi as an Urban Heat Island Threat through Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","authors":"Muhammad Ali Lakhan1, Ambreen Afzal, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Lahori, Muhammad Irfan, Salman Zubair, Anila Kausar, Shella Bano, Sergij Vambol, Viola Vambol, Igor Mishchenko","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)848","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to assess the threat of transformation of Karachi into an Urban Heat Island, so, ambit was having calculated temperature, buildup areas, and normalized difference vegetation index through remote sensing and GIS techniques. The Landsat satellite data was used to differentiate the temperature in different years. These images were processed through Envi 4.7, Erdas Imagine, and ArcGIS 10.3.1. The results revealed that the maximum temperature was found up to 30.52, 35.25, 33.60, 46.73 °C; the buildup area was 23, 34, 26, 45 %; the NDVI results showed ranging from 0.224-1, 0.07-0.43, 0.201-1, 0.29-0.7 during this years. The average spatial land use temperature and buildup area increased by 1.03 and 1.9 times from 1990 to 2019. The maximum NDVI was observed during 2019, because of heavy rainfall as a result which supports promoting more greenery. With an increase in the buildup area, a significant change in the temperature of the territory was simultaneously observed. Therefore, this indicates a major task for urban developers extenuating the subsequent urban heat island occurrence. That is, for the first time it is scientifically substantiated and confirmed by the results that when creating a city development plan, it is extremely important to exclude the possibility of the urban heat island occurrence through preliminary studies. The practical value of the study lies in sound recommendations, one of which is the need for future urban development to emphasize urban plantings, including vertical forests to prevent UHI occurrence in the area of Karachi city.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45552847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metals contaminated soils and water sources are one of the major global causes of inhibition of plant growth and productivity. Different strategies are being employed to overcome the challenging issue to increase plant yield requirements to fulfil the needs of future generations. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of spray (foliar) of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (100 ppm), alone and its interaction in conjugation with Cd (Cd+ZnO-NPs) 100 ppm of both on the growth and biochemical activities of the target plant, i.e., two chilli varieties. After two weeks of transplant, treatments viz., Control (T1), ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm (T2), Cd 100 ppm (T3), and ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm + Cd 100 ppm (T4) were given for six weeks and different parameters of growth and biochemical analysis were made. Results have shown that 100 ppm foliar spray of ZnO-NPs has significantly increasing effects on root and shoot growth of chilli plants in alone (ZnO nanoparticles) and Combined (ZnO nanoparticles +Cd heavy metal) treatments mitigating toxic effects of Cd stress. A similar increase in values of total carbohydrates, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and photosynthetic pigments were observed mostly in a combination of Cd+ZnO-NPs treatment showing remediation properties of ZnO nanoparticles against Cd stress in chilli plant. In conclusion, it may be suggested that 100 ppm ZnO-NPs foliar spray can have an increasing effect on the growth parameters of the plants under stressful conditions of Cd heavy metal.
{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles mitigate toxic effects of Cadmium heavy metal in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)","authors":"Syed Mazhar Irfan, Khizar Hayat Bhatti","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)854","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals contaminated soils and water sources are one of the major global causes of inhibition of plant growth and productivity. Different strategies are being employed to overcome the challenging issue to increase plant yield requirements to fulfil the needs of future generations. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of spray (foliar) of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (100 ppm), alone and its interaction in conjugation with Cd (Cd+ZnO-NPs) 100 ppm of both on the growth and biochemical activities of the target plant, i.e., two chilli varieties. After two weeks of transplant, treatments viz., Control (T1), ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm (T2), Cd 100 ppm (T3), and ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm + Cd 100 ppm (T4) were given for six weeks and different parameters of growth and biochemical analysis were made. Results have shown that 100 ppm foliar spray of ZnO-NPs has significantly increasing effects on root and shoot growth of chilli plants in alone (ZnO nanoparticles) and Combined (ZnO nanoparticles +Cd heavy metal) treatments mitigating toxic effects of Cd stress. A similar increase in values of total carbohydrates, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and photosynthetic pigments were observed mostly in a combination of Cd+ZnO-NPs treatment showing remediation properties of ZnO nanoparticles against Cd stress in chilli plant. In conclusion, it may be suggested that 100 ppm ZnO-NPs foliar spray can have an increasing effect on the growth parameters of the plants under stressful conditions of Cd heavy metal.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49105009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rabbia Rehmat, Lubna Rafique, Muhammad Irfan, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Lahori, Aqsa Muhammadi, Muhammad Taha, Sergij Vambol, Mykhailo Shulga
In this study, we used Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data to examine the NO2 and gas concentrations in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan, and to use environmental valuation methods that focus on air quality problems. Furthermore, the causes and main sources of NO2 are discussed with its effect on the environment and the health of humans. This study examines the correlation between the tropospheric NO2 collected from the recently launched Sentinel-5 Precursor, a low-earth-orbit atmospheric mission dedicated to observing air pollution and outfitted with the spectrometer TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument). The average amount of NO2 that was gathered between May 2018 and May 2022. The results showed higher levels of NO2 concentrations were recorded in both, Karachi and Lahore. The concentrations exceed the WHO standard levels for NO2 in ambient air. The NO2 concentrations in Karachi ranged from 3.0e-6 mol/m2 being the minimum average concentration to 4.0e-1 mol/m2 being the maximum concentration. However, in Lahore, the minimum average value of NO2 was ranging from 4.0e-5 mol/m2 to 5.5e-1 mol/m2 as the maximum average, which was higher than the minimum and maximum values of Karachi. The study also revealed that the NO2 concentrations measured for both cities were higher than the WHO's yearly limit threshold, which is 53 ppb/year. Thus, it was crucial to take action to address this issue before it poses a severe risk to the local people. This study's identification of the key regions with the greatest NO2 concentrations will aid in understanding the significance of satellite data for monitoring NO2 concentration. Thus, the originality of the study lies in the fact that using the example of Karachi and Lahore, the dynamics of the deterioration of the environmental situation was revealed, and the main reasons for what was happening were also established. In this case, an available tool was used - remote sensing tools. The competent authorities can assist this study in managing and regulating the air quality in the most densely populated areas.
{"title":"Space-borne Air Quality Monitoring of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over Karachi and Lahore using Remote Sensing Tools","authors":"Rabbia Rehmat, Lubna Rafique, Muhammad Irfan, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Lahori, Aqsa Muhammadi, Muhammad Taha, Sergij Vambol, Mykhailo Shulga","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)875","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we used Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite data to examine the NO2 and gas concentrations in the cities of Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan, and to use environmental valuation methods that focus on air quality problems. Furthermore, the causes and main sources of NO2 are discussed with its effect on the environment and the health of humans. This study examines the correlation between the tropospheric NO2 collected from the recently launched Sentinel-5 Precursor, a low-earth-orbit atmospheric mission dedicated to observing air pollution and outfitted with the spectrometer TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument). The average amount of NO2 that was gathered between May 2018 and May 2022. The results showed higher levels of NO2 concentrations were recorded in both, Karachi and Lahore. The concentrations exceed the WHO standard levels for NO2 in ambient air. The NO2 concentrations in Karachi ranged from 3.0e-6 mol/m2 being the minimum average concentration to 4.0e-1 mol/m2 being the maximum concentration. However, in Lahore, the minimum average value of NO2 was ranging from 4.0e-5 mol/m2 to 5.5e-1 mol/m2 as the maximum average, which was higher than the minimum and maximum values of Karachi. The study also revealed that the NO2 concentrations measured for both cities were higher than the WHO's yearly limit threshold, which is 53 ppb/year. Thus, it was crucial to take action to address this issue before it poses a severe risk to the local people. This study's identification of the key regions with the greatest NO2 concentrations will aid in understanding the significance of satellite data for monitoring NO2 concentration. Thus, the originality of the study lies in the fact that using the example of Karachi and Lahore, the dynamics of the deterioration of the environmental situation was revealed, and the main reasons for what was happening were also established. In this case, an available tool was used - remote sensing tools. The competent authorities can assist this study in managing and regulating the air quality in the most densely populated areas.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47665388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vertical farming now a day is gaining status as complementary to traditional farming practices, allowing for more sustainable food production for the world's growing population. While early studies on vertical farming systems focused primarily on the advancement of technology through innovative designs, hydroponic cultivation automation monitoring, and the use of advanced LED lighting systems, more recent studies have focused on the resilience and circularity of vertical farming. Over the last few decades, there have been elevated concerns about ethical cultivation practices and environmental issues, reliance on non renewable resources, commitment to biodiversity conservation, ration scarcity, and its leverage to hunger. Environmental issues, such as economic justice issues, biodiversity commitments, and a focus on food security issues, have gained traction in social work. Vertical farming is one of the solutions to many problems including food and nutritional security, environment safety, resource utilization, land fragmentation, climate resilience agriculture, etc.
{"title":"Vertical Farming of Horticulture Crops: A Recent Trend","authors":"Pallvi Verma, Manish Bakshi, Lakshya","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)701","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical farming now a day is gaining status as complementary to traditional farming practices, allowing for more sustainable food production for the world's growing population. While early studies on vertical farming systems focused primarily on the advancement of technology through innovative designs, hydroponic cultivation automation monitoring, and the use of advanced LED lighting systems, more recent studies have focused on the resilience and circularity of vertical farming. Over the last few decades, there have been elevated concerns about ethical cultivation practices and environmental issues, reliance on non renewable resources, commitment to biodiversity conservation, ration scarcity, and its leverage to hunger. Environmental issues, such as economic justice issues, biodiversity commitments, and a focus on food security issues, have gained traction in social work. Vertical farming is one of the solutions to many problems including food and nutritional security, environment safety, resource utilization, land fragmentation, climate resilience agriculture, etc.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44157062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Solangi, Mushtaque Ahmed Jatoi, Abdul Aziz Mirani, Waheed Ali Mirbahar, M. A. Solangi, A. Abul-soad, G. S. Markhand
Current study described stage-wise protocols for in vitro propagation of commercially important varieties of mango. Induction of somatic embryos (SE) and plantlet regeneration was obtained using nucellar explants of three superior monoembryonic mango vars.‘Saroli’, ‘Langra’, and ‘Chaunsa’ were cultivated in Khairpur, Pakistan. The immature fruits (2.5-4.0 cm long) were surface disinfected using a 30% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. Results revealed that significantly highest direct somatic embryogenesis (93%) was obtained in var. ‘Chaunsa’ under full dark on culture medium comprising of 2.0 mg L-1 N6 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Medium consisted of 2iP 4.0 mg L-1, 2,4-D 1.0 mg L-1 induced significantly highest embryogenic callus (91%) using nucellar explants in var.‘Chaunsa’. Significantly highest germination (95%) of SE was achieved in var. ‘Chaunsa’ on the medium comprising microsalts of MS, macrosalts of B5, 2iP 0.1 mg L-1, Kinetin (Kin) 0.5 mg L-1. Highest shoot length (5.1 cm) and root length (4 cm) were obtained in var. ‘Langra’ on the medium consisted of microsalts of MS, macrosalts of B5, 30 g L-1 sucrose, 200 mg L-1 activated charcoal (AC), 0.1 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA). Stage-wise protocols established for the regeneration of plantlets can be useful for micropropagation of the other mango varieties of the world.
{"title":"Influence of Basal Salts, Sucrose and Plant Growth Regulator Levels on Nucellar Embryogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration in Monoembryonic Mango Varieties","authors":"N. Solangi, Mushtaque Ahmed Jatoi, Abdul Aziz Mirani, Waheed Ali Mirbahar, M. A. Solangi, A. Abul-soad, G. S. Markhand","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-3)842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-3)842","url":null,"abstract":"Current study described stage-wise protocols for in vitro propagation of commercially important varieties of mango. Induction of somatic embryos (SE) and plantlet regeneration was obtained using nucellar explants of three superior monoembryonic mango vars.‘Saroli’, ‘Langra’, and ‘Chaunsa’ were cultivated in Khairpur, Pakistan. The immature fruits (2.5-4.0 cm long) were surface disinfected using a 30% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. Results revealed that significantly highest direct somatic embryogenesis (93%) was obtained in var. ‘Chaunsa’ under full dark on culture medium comprising of 2.0 mg L-1 N6 2-isopentenyl adenine (2iP), 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Medium consisted of 2iP 4.0 mg L-1, 2,4-D 1.0 mg L-1 induced significantly highest embryogenic callus (91%) using nucellar explants in var.‘Chaunsa’. Significantly highest germination (95%) of SE was achieved in var. ‘Chaunsa’ on the medium comprising microsalts of MS, macrosalts of B5, 2iP 0.1 mg L-1, Kinetin (Kin) 0.5 mg L-1. Highest shoot length (5.1 cm) and root length (4 cm) were obtained in var. ‘Langra’ on the medium consisted of microsalts of MS, macrosalts of B5, 30 g L-1 sucrose, 200 mg L-1 activated charcoal (AC), 0.1 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 0.2 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA). Stage-wise protocols established for the regeneration of plantlets can be useful for micropropagation of the other mango varieties of the world.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42243817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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