Muhammad Islam, F. Shehzad, Abdul Qayyum, Mirza Waseem Abbas, R. Siddiqui
Food availability is one of the important pillars of food security. It is essential to ensure food availability in the world to avoid starvation. The key concern of the present study is to integrate the fluctuations in the growth rate of the population and important food crop production using time series data from 1950-2021. Semi-log compound growth rate models are applied for the projection, Cuddy-Della and Valle instability index are used for the stability analysis, and decomposition analysis models are applied to determine the contribution of factors toward production. Semi log compound growth rate model indicates that the population of Pakistan is increasing rapidly, while the contribution of productivity and area of all food crops are not enough to meet food sustainability. The growth rate in the area and production of Wheat, Rice, and Maize are positive, while it is negative for Sorghum (jawar), Millet (bajra), and Barley. For areas, a low degree of instability is prevailing for Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum (jawar), and population, while the medium is for Millet (bajra) and Barley. For yield, the degree of instability is low for all food crops except Maize, which lies in the medium instability index. Semi log compound growth rate model was found best fitted for area and productivity for all food crops, while for the production side, it is found best for Wheat, Rice, and Maize and bit fit for Sorghum (jawar), Millet (bajra) and Barley. Decomposition analysis model predicted that crop productivity is a major concern to attain food security in Pakistan.
{"title":"Growth Analysis of Production of Food Crops and Population Growth for Food Security in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Islam, F. Shehzad, Abdul Qayyum, Mirza Waseem Abbas, R. Siddiqui","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)762","url":null,"abstract":"Food availability is one of the important pillars of food security. It is essential to ensure food availability in the world to avoid starvation. The key concern of the present study is to integrate the fluctuations in the growth rate of the population and important food crop production using time series data from 1950-2021. Semi-log compound growth rate models are applied for the projection, Cuddy-Della and Valle instability index are used for the stability analysis, and decomposition analysis models are applied to determine the contribution of factors toward production. Semi log compound growth rate model indicates that the population of Pakistan is increasing rapidly, while the contribution of productivity and area of all food crops are not enough to meet food sustainability. The growth rate in the area and production of Wheat, Rice, and Maize are positive, while it is negative for Sorghum (jawar), Millet (bajra), and Barley. For areas, a low degree of instability is prevailing for Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum (jawar), and population, while the medium is for Millet (bajra) and Barley. For yield, the degree of instability is low for all food crops except Maize, which lies in the medium instability index. Semi log compound growth rate model was found best fitted for area and productivity for all food crops, while for the production side, it is found best for Wheat, Rice, and Maize and bit fit for Sorghum (jawar), Millet (bajra) and Barley. Decomposition analysis model predicted that crop productivity is a major concern to attain food security in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47159895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mukhtar, Sania Sahreen, Sundas Sharif, Hamna Ahmad
The marvels of DNA recombination technology have revolutionized the field of biotechnology. Several hormones, antibody subunits, vaccines, enzymes, and interferons are being produced at the industrial level, in suitable expression systems, under optimized conditions. For recombinant protein production, a range of expression systems are available such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant cells, insects and animal cells, etc. Each recombinant protein has different nature due to which it requires different challenges regarding the expression system and production conditions. Every expression system has its advantages and limitations on the basis of which it can be considered or rejected for a particular protein production. Therefore, it is very significant to investigate the potential and limitations of several expression systems to choose the suitable one for particular protein production at an industrial scale. The optimization criteria of an expression system is evaluated on several factors such as productivity, efficiency, physiological characteristics, total cost, safety, convenience, and down-streaming conditions. Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae remained the organisms of choice to produce recombinant proteins for a long time, but now several other microorganisms are also being targeted to evaluate their efficiency toward recombinant protein production. Prokaryotic expression systems can be used to produce eukaryotic proteins as well however, the use of a eukaryotic expression system is preferable because it retains the structural, functional, and regulatory properties of therapeutic proteins. This review illustrates a brief view of a variety of expression systems, their efficiency, and limitations in recombinant protein production.
{"title":"Comparison of Host Expression Systems used for Efficient Recombinant Proteins Production","authors":"H. Mukhtar, Sania Sahreen, Sundas Sharif, Hamna Ahmad","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)731","url":null,"abstract":"The marvels of DNA recombination technology have revolutionized the field of biotechnology. Several hormones, antibody subunits, vaccines, enzymes, and interferons are being produced at the industrial level, in suitable expression systems, under optimized conditions. For recombinant protein production, a range of expression systems are available such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, plant cells, insects and animal cells, etc. Each recombinant protein has different nature due to which it requires different challenges regarding the expression system and production conditions. Every expression system has its advantages and limitations on the basis of which it can be considered or rejected for a particular protein production. Therefore, it is very significant to investigate the potential and limitations of several expression systems to choose the suitable one for particular protein production at an industrial scale. The optimization criteria of an expression system is evaluated on several factors such as productivity, efficiency, physiological characteristics, total cost, safety, convenience, and down-streaming conditions. Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae remained the organisms of choice to produce recombinant proteins for a long time, but now several other microorganisms are also being targeted to evaluate their efficiency toward recombinant protein production. Prokaryotic expression systems can be used to produce eukaryotic proteins as well however, the use of a eukaryotic expression system is preferable because it retains the structural, functional, and regulatory properties of therapeutic proteins. This review illustrates a brief view of a variety of expression systems, their efficiency, and limitations in recombinant protein production.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48876286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Postpartum depression is a psychological condition that deteriorates a mother’s cognitive health and overall family functioning. This survey-based cross-sectional study was done on postpartum mothers between 15-40 years of age to determine the epidemiology of postpartum depression in Pakistan. Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS) and an adapted relationship assessment tool were used to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression. A total of n=103 responses were collected from different regions of Pakistan. Univariate and Bivariate analyses, Pearson Correlation Tests, and Binary Logistic Regression Analyses were applied to investigate the predictors. Postpartum depression was found in 67.96 % of the participating women and EPDS was found to be the most reliable tool to evaluate postpartum depression.
{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Study Elucidating Associated Predictors in Postpartum Depression among Pakistani Women","authors":"Shumaila Zulfiqar, Zahra Tariq, Hafsa Adnan, Iram Anjum","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)776","url":null,"abstract":"Postpartum depression is a psychological condition that deteriorates a mother’s cognitive health and overall family functioning. This survey-based cross-sectional study was done on postpartum mothers between 15-40 years of age to determine the epidemiology of postpartum depression in Pakistan. Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS) and an adapted relationship assessment tool were used to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression. A total of n=103 responses were collected from different regions of Pakistan. Univariate and Bivariate analyses, Pearson Correlation Tests, and Binary Logistic Regression Analyses were applied to investigate the predictors. Postpartum depression was found in 67.96 % of the participating women and EPDS was found to be the most reliable tool to evaluate postpartum depression.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70616922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Pakistan’s digital catalogue on the website will provide updated knowledge of the number of species, genera and families distributed in Pakistan. The current counts are 36 families, 119 genera and 19 species based on literature and intensive surveys since 2013. This website will ease the worldwide research for spider species’ global biodiversity explorations and distributions.
{"title":"Online Catalogue of the Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Pakistan","authors":"Pir Asmat Ali","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)803","url":null,"abstract":"The present spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Pakistan’s digital catalogue on the website will provide updated knowledge of the number of species, genera and families distributed in Pakistan. The current counts are 36 families, 119 genera and 19 species based on literature and intensive surveys since 2013. This website will ease the worldwide research for spider species’ global biodiversity explorations and distributions.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cave actinobacteria are relatively less explored and are considered as the new targets for the discovery of novel antimicrobials, specifically against highly resistant pathogens such as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella. In this study N=20 actinobacteria isolates were retrieved from the least disturbed caves situated at Bahadurkhel Karak, Pakistan (33° 16’ 52” North, 70° 79’ 07” East) and (33° 15’ 90” North, 70° 94’ 72” East). The isolates were identified using standard morphological and biochemical characterization procedures as well as by 16S rDNA sequencing. N= 16 isolates were targeted for further antimicrobial activity screening based on their preliminary morphological and biochemical identification. The methanolic extracts were prepared from the culture broth of the isolates by using Amberlite® XAD-16 resin to execute in situ solid phase extraction. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of a variety of different compounds in the crude extracts of the secondary metabolites. The extracts’ antimicrobial potential was analyzed against several test strains, including Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Among the isolated strains, the isolates SNK 93 and SNK47 were found to be the most active against the tested pathogenic bacteria, showing growth inhibition zones of 20 mm and 27 mm respectively against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella. Based on these results it can be concluded that cave actinobacteria are a promising source of potentially novel antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and XDR pathogens.
{"title":"Exploring the Antimicrobials Production Potential of Actinobacteria Isolated from Caves at Bahadurkhel Karak, Pakistan","authors":"Shahid Nawaz, A. Fatima, Maira Saleem, I. Sajid","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)785","url":null,"abstract":"Cave actinobacteria are relatively less explored and are considered as the new targets for the discovery of novel antimicrobials, specifically against highly resistant pathogens such as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella. In this study N=20 actinobacteria isolates were retrieved from the least disturbed caves situated at Bahadurkhel Karak, Pakistan (33° 16’ 52” North, 70° 79’ 07” East) and (33° 15’ 90” North, 70° 94’ 72” East). The isolates were identified using standard morphological and biochemical characterization procedures as well as by 16S rDNA sequencing. N= 16 isolates were targeted for further antimicrobial activity screening based on their preliminary morphological and biochemical identification. The methanolic extracts were prepared from the culture broth of the isolates by using Amberlite® XAD-16 resin to execute in situ solid phase extraction. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of a variety of different compounds in the crude extracts of the secondary metabolites. The extracts’ antimicrobial potential was analyzed against several test strains, including Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Among the isolated strains, the isolates SNK 93 and SNK47 were found to be the most active against the tested pathogenic bacteria, showing growth inhibition zones of 20 mm and 27 mm respectively against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella. Based on these results it can be concluded that cave actinobacteria are a promising source of potentially novel antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and XDR pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46283553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The venom proteome of Naja naja from Sindh, Pakistan was decomplexed utilizing reverse phase HPLC and SDS PAGE. The results were compared with already reported Naja naja species of the region. The banding pattern represents all the major families of proteins including three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2, snake venom metalloproteases, L-amino acid oxidases, phosphodiesterase, nucleotidases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, serine proteases, nerve growth factor, cobra venom factor, acetylcholinesterases, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors and C-type lectin proteins. The decomplexation of the venom showed the best possible separation through RP-HPLC elution of venom components containing small peptides, small and large proteins based on hydrophobicity. The SDS PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions of HPLC fractions highlighted the presence of several proteins.
{"title":"Decomplexation of Venom Proteome of Pakistani Cobra (Naja naja naja)","authors":"S. F. Moin, Sadia Erum Khan, H. Waheed","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)843","url":null,"abstract":"The venom proteome of Naja naja from Sindh, Pakistan was decomplexed utilizing reverse phase HPLC and SDS PAGE. The results were compared with already reported Naja naja species of the region. The banding pattern represents all the major families of proteins including three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2, snake venom metalloproteases, L-amino acid oxidases, phosphodiesterase, nucleotidases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, serine proteases, nerve growth factor, cobra venom factor, acetylcholinesterases, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors and C-type lectin proteins. The decomplexation of the venom showed the best possible separation through RP-HPLC elution of venom components containing small peptides, small and large proteins based on hydrophobicity. The SDS PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions of HPLC fractions highlighted the presence of several proteins.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45688057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Bhatti, Sumaira Younis, S. Bajwa, Jie Xu, Saba Jamil
Water contamination is a challenging issue for the maintenance of environmental sustainability. Industrial effluents are considered major sources of water pollution which affect the quality of surface as well as ground water. In the present research work, semiconducting Bismuth Molybdate/Graphene Oxide (Bi2MoO6/GO) composite nanomaterial has been introduced as the solar light-driven catalyst for photodegradation of Direct Violet (DV) 51 dye and industrial wastewater. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the Bi2MoO6 /GO composite material. Experimental findings revealed that flake-like Bi2MoO6 /GO composite exhibits 99.00 % degradation activity against DV dye within 80 minutes. Bi2MoO6 /GO nanoflakes degrade DV dye up to 98.70 % at pH 7 and 99.99 % with a 100 mg catalyst dose within 60 minutes, respectively. The stability/reusability study presented 99.82 % - 93.84 % dye degradation from the 1st to 7th day within 80 minutes while optimizing experimental parameters. According to kinetic studies of experimental outcomes, the pseudo-first-order model was best fitted to the obtained data with a coefficient of determination R2=0.954. Moreover, a 69.23 % reduction was observed in chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the photodegradation study of industrial wastewater. Results indicate that Bi2MoO6 /GO nanoflakes have good photocatalytic potential and stability to degrade organic water pollutants under sunlight. Such materials can be used effectively for the photodegradation of organic water pollutants to enhance environmental safety.
{"title":"Photodegradation of Direct Violet 51 Dye using Bi2 MoO6 /GO Nanoflakes as Promising Solar Light-driven Photocatalys","authors":"H. Bhatti, Sumaira Younis, S. Bajwa, Jie Xu, Saba Jamil","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-1)796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-1)796","url":null,"abstract":"Water contamination is a challenging issue for the maintenance of environmental sustainability. Industrial effluents are considered major sources of water pollution which affect the quality of surface as well as ground water. In the present research work, semiconducting Bismuth Molybdate/Graphene Oxide (Bi2MoO6/GO) composite nanomaterial has been introduced as the solar light-driven catalyst for photodegradation of Direct Violet (DV) 51 dye and industrial wastewater. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the Bi2MoO6 /GO composite material. Experimental findings revealed that flake-like Bi2MoO6 /GO composite exhibits 99.00 % degradation activity against DV dye within 80 minutes. Bi2MoO6 /GO nanoflakes degrade DV dye up to 98.70 % at pH 7 and 99.99 % with a 100 mg catalyst dose within 60 minutes, respectively. The stability/reusability study presented 99.82 % - 93.84 % dye degradation from the 1st to 7th day within 80 minutes while optimizing experimental parameters. According to kinetic studies of experimental outcomes, the pseudo-first-order model was best fitted to the obtained data with a coefficient of determination R2=0.954. Moreover, a 69.23 % reduction was observed in chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the photodegradation study of industrial wastewater. Results indicate that Bi2MoO6 /GO nanoflakes have good photocatalytic potential and stability to degrade organic water pollutants under sunlight. Such materials can be used effectively for the photodegradation of organic water pollutants to enhance environmental safety.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47431470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)proceedings845
Irum Iqrar, Muhammad Ali, Z. Shinwari
An EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or country. A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Epidemics and pandemics are some of the leading threats to global health security. They not only affect people’s health and well-being, but they can also have a massive impact on livelihoods and entire societies too. Pandemics can cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social, political, and economic disruption. The world has endured several notable pandemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Most new pandemics have originated through the “zoonotic” transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and the next pandemic is likely to be a zoonosis as well. Zoonoses enter human populations from both domesticated animals (such as farmed swine or poultry) and wildlife. Many historically significant zoonoses were introduced through increased human-animal interaction following domestication, and potentially high-risk zoonoses (including avian influenzas) continue to emerge from livestock production systems. Some pathogens (including Ebola) have emerged from wildlife reservoirs and entered human populations through the hunting and consumption of wild species (such as bushmeat), the wild animal trade, and other contacts with wildlife. Spending and costs specifically associated with pandemic preparedness and response efforts are poorly tracked. There is no widely accepted, consistent methodology for estimating the economic impacts of pandemics. To highlight strategies to combat pandemics, a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness was jointly organized by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Alliance of International Science Organization (ANSO), and MonbukagakushoMEXT Alumni Association of Pakistan (MAAP) organized a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on “Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness” from December 5 - 7, 2022 in the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad. In total, 31 lectures were delivered at the ANSOPAS-MAAP Conference by leading experts in five technical sessions focused on the surveillance and preparedness against global Pandemics and epidemics. Of these, seven (07) lectures were presented by international speakers and twenty-six (26) lectures were presented by Pakistani speakers. The resource persons were leading foreign experts from different countries i.e., China, New Zealand, Italy, USA, and Pakistan. While 32 posters were presented on various themes of pandemics and epidemics in the Poster competition, in which young scientists from across the country participated. Over 400 academicians, scientists, researchers, and postgraduate students from Pakistan and abroad have registered to participate in the deliberations of the conference through physical and/or virt
{"title":"Proceedings of the ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness","authors":"Irum Iqrar, Muhammad Ali, Z. Shinwari","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)proceedings845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)proceedings845","url":null,"abstract":"An EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or country. A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents. Epidemics and pandemics are some of the leading threats to global health security. They not only affect people’s health and well-being, but they can also have a massive impact on livelihoods and entire societies too. Pandemics can cause sudden, widespread morbidity and mortality as well as social, political, and economic disruption. The world has endured several notable pandemics, including the Black Death, Spanish flu, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Most new pandemics have originated through the “zoonotic” transmission of pathogens from animals to humans, and the next pandemic is likely to be a zoonosis as well. Zoonoses enter human populations from both domesticated animals (such as farmed swine or poultry) and wildlife. Many historically significant zoonoses were introduced through increased human-animal interaction following domestication, and potentially high-risk zoonoses (including avian influenzas) continue to emerge from livestock production systems. Some pathogens (including Ebola) have emerged from wildlife reservoirs and entered human populations through the hunting and consumption of wild species (such as bushmeat), the wild animal trade, and other contacts with wildlife. Spending and costs specifically associated with pandemic preparedness and response efforts are poorly tracked. There is no widely accepted, consistent methodology for estimating the economic impacts of pandemics. \u0000To highlight strategies to combat pandemics, a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness was jointly organized by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Alliance of International Science Organization (ANSO), and MonbukagakushoMEXT Alumni Association of Pakistan (MAAP) organized a three-day ANSO-PAS-MAAP Conference on “Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness” from December 5 - 7, 2022 in the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad. In total, 31 lectures were delivered at the ANSOPAS-MAAP Conference by leading experts in five technical sessions focused on the surveillance and preparedness against global Pandemics and epidemics. Of these, seven (07) lectures were presented by international speakers and twenty-six (26) lectures were presented by Pakistani speakers. The resource persons were leading foreign experts from different countries i.e., China, New Zealand, Italy, USA, and Pakistan. While 32 posters were presented on various themes of pandemics and epidemics in the Poster competition, in which young scientists from across the country participated. Over 400 academicians, scientists, researchers, and postgraduate students from Pakistan and abroad have registered to participate in the deliberations of the conference through physical and/or virt","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45864464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-27DOI: 10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)835
F. Khan
The COVID-19 epidemic has strained healthcare systems, causing stress among personnel and facing significant economic and social issues. COVID-19 patients have significant symptoms, necessitating prompt treatment. It is a global urgency to develop effective vaccinations against COVID-19. Quick immunization of the whole world population against an ever-changing, extremely deadly virus is alarming, and various vaccine techniques are being researched. Bacteriophages are helpful in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. But, their clinical efficacy may go far beyond. One of the most significant bioproducts in medicine is thought to be vaccines. Vaccines for a variety of diseases have been made. However, certain vaccinations have disadvantages, such as high prices and immunological responses. In this regard, the use of bacteriophages has been suggested as an exciting alternative for making more inexpensive vaccines. Bacteriophage-displayed vaccines are based on the antigens being expressed on the phage surface. This tactic uses the inherent advantages of these particles, including their high stability, inexpensive production, and adjuvant capacity. Phage-displayed, phages DNA and hybrid phage-DNA vaccines are the three phage-based vaccines that are currently offered. The traditional method for finding novel barrier protection epitopes, antigens, and mimotopes is phage display. In this frame of reference, phage particles serve as a versatile, effective, and promising strategy for making vaccine delivery systems that are more effective and should be widely applied in the future. The phage-vaccine technique can potentially address the growing demand for innovative vaccinations against emerging diseases. This short communication addresses bacteriophage uses in vaccine development and discusses recent developments in bacteriophage-based vaccinations. It also focuses on and describes bacteriophages as a novel vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
{"title":"Bacteriophage-based Vaccine: A New Dawn for Vaccine Design and Development","authors":"F. Khan","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)835","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 epidemic has strained healthcare systems, causing stress among personnel and facing significant economic and social issues. COVID-19 patients have significant symptoms, necessitating prompt treatment. It is a global urgency to develop effective vaccinations against COVID-19. Quick immunization of the whole world population against an ever-changing, extremely deadly virus is alarming, and various vaccine techniques are being researched. Bacteriophages are helpful in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. But, their clinical efficacy may go far beyond. One of the most significant bioproducts in medicine is thought to be vaccines. Vaccines for a variety of diseases have been made. However, certain vaccinations have disadvantages, such as high prices and immunological responses. In this regard, the use of bacteriophages has been suggested as an exciting alternative for making more inexpensive vaccines. Bacteriophage-displayed vaccines are based on the antigens being expressed on the phage surface. This tactic uses the inherent advantages of these particles, including their high stability, inexpensive production, and adjuvant capacity. Phage-displayed, phages DNA and hybrid phage-DNA vaccines are the three phage-based vaccines that are currently offered. The traditional method for finding novel barrier protection epitopes, antigens, and mimotopes is phage display. In this frame of reference, phage particles serve as a versatile, effective, and promising strategy for making vaccine delivery systems that are more effective and should be widely applied in the future. The phage-vaccine technique can potentially address the growing demand for innovative vaccinations against emerging diseases. This short communication addresses bacteriophage uses in vaccine development and discusses recent developments in bacteriophage-based vaccinations. It also focuses on and describes bacteriophages as a novel vaccine candidate for COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":36960,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42480536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)817
Azam Jan, Afridi, Azam Afridi, Amina Zuberi, A. Yousafzai, Syed Ahsan Shahid, Muhammad Kamran, Sonaina Kanwal
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious and significant economic disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the family Poxviridae and genus Capripoxvirus. The present study aimed to determine the severity of the lumpy skin disease outbreak and associated losses in tehsil Bara, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire from farmers who have cows in their homes; the reported data varied in five different areas of tehsil Bara, collected from June 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022. The total number of reported cases from five selected areas were 2021, of which 168 were healthy and 1853 were infected. Out of the total infected 766 were recovered and 922 were in the recovery stage. Out of five selected areas, the disease’s highest infection followed by the highest mortality rate and lowest recovery cases were 466 (96.28 %), 59 (12.66 %), and 173 (37.12 %) respectively, recorded from Shlobar Quam. The lowest mortality rate was 8 (4.65 %) recorded from Nala Sourdandh and the highest recovery rate was 113 (53.30 %) recorded from Bar Qambar Khel. The disease is characterized by widespread nodules on the skin and causes decreased milk production and lack of appetite, and animals show pharyngeal and nasal secretions, accompanied by secondary infection. It is transmitted by the transportation of illegally bought and sold animals across borders to a new area and spread by insect vectors, including biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Antibiotics, antihistamines, analgesicantipyretics, immunity boosters, and the management of wounds are the general lines of treatment. The current study recommends the multi-task role of government, and the private sector, as well as the isolation of infected animals, burial of dead bodies, annual vaccination, and the prevention of illegal transportation across the border.
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