The primary circuit of the nuclear power plant is the most advanced and sophisticated loop of the Advanced Chinese Pressurized Water Reactor (ACP1000). The primary circuit is composed of most technologically advanced nuclear systems and controllers. In this research work, closed loop dynamics of primary circuit (CLPC) of ACP1000 based nuclear power plant is identified. The closed loop dynamics is comprised of highly nonlinear coupled sevencontrol systems. The turbine power, pressurizer temperature, cold leg temperature, hot leg temperature, coolant average temperature and feed water flow are the selected parameters of interest as inputs while neutron power, reactor coolant pressure, pressurizer level, steam generator pressure, steam generator level and steam generator flow as outputs. Therefore, a closed loop multi-input multi-out (MIMO) is configured. The control oriented closed loop dynamics of the primary circuit of ACP1000 is estimated by state-of-the-art novel fractional order neural network (FO-ANN) tool developed in LabVIEW. The parameters of FO-ANN of CLPC (FO-ANN-CLPC) are optimized using fractional order backpropagation (FO-BP) algorithm. The performance of FO-ANN-CLPC is tested and validated in transient conditions and the proposed model predicted the desired reactor power with minimizing error function. The robust performance of the proposed closed loop model is evaluated by dynamic simulation for a prescribed turbine load power increase transient from 20 % to 100 % and validated against reactor power and behaviour of various thermal hydraulics parameters are observed and analyzed.
{"title":"Fractional Order Neural Transient Modeling of Primary Circuit of ACP1000 Based Nuclear Power Plant in LabVIEW","authors":"A. H. Malik, A. Memon, Feroza Arshad","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-4)759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-4)759","url":null,"abstract":"The primary circuit of the nuclear power plant is the most advanced and sophisticated loop of the Advanced Chinese Pressurized Water Reactor (ACP1000). The primary circuit is composed of most technologically advanced nuclear systems and controllers. In this research work, closed loop dynamics of primary circuit (CLPC) of ACP1000 based nuclear power plant is identified. The closed loop dynamics is comprised of highly nonlinear coupled sevencontrol systems. The turbine power, pressurizer temperature, cold leg temperature, hot leg temperature, coolant average temperature and feed water flow are the selected parameters of interest as inputs while neutron power, reactor coolant pressure, pressurizer level, steam generator pressure, steam generator level and steam generator flow as outputs. Therefore, a closed loop multi-input multi-out (MIMO) is configured. The control oriented closed loop dynamics of the primary circuit of ACP1000 is estimated by state-of-the-art novel fractional order neural network (FO-ANN) tool developed in LabVIEW. The parameters of FO-ANN of CLPC (FO-ANN-CLPC) are optimized using fractional order backpropagation (FO-BP) algorithm. The performance of FO-ANN-CLPC is tested and validated in transient conditions and the proposed model predicted the desired reactor power with minimizing error function. The robust performance of the proposed closed loop model is evaluated by dynamic simulation for a prescribed turbine load power increase transient from 20 % to 100 % and validated against reactor power and behaviour of various thermal hydraulics parameters are observed and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41870715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Khalil, Nasruminallah, I. Ahmed, Salman Siddiqui
The advent of modern digital technologies has made multimedia communication systems one of the most demanding technologies of the time. The use of available bandwidth for efficient and errorless multimedia communication is the key challenge for the wireless communication research community. However, a wireless network has the disadvantage of being prone to random channel noise and data contamination. This paper proposes a robust video transmission framework by using an efficient forward error correction technique. In this work, the experimental performance of widely used forward error correction codes i.e., Convolution codes, LDPC codes, Turbo codes, and Concatenated codes, are compared based on their capability to compensate the channel noise and distortion. An efficient encoding scheme is devised for the transmission of YUV encoded frames by using the selected FEC codes in a noisy channel environment. The retrieved video is analysed by using the Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit error rate as performance metrics. The results and cross comparison shows that concatenated codes have a handsome improvement in avoiding channel contamination and distortion.
{"title":"Design of Robust Video Transmission System by Using Efficient Forward Error Correction Scheme","authors":"A. Khalil, Nasruminallah, I. Ahmed, Salman Siddiqui","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-4)767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-4)767","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of modern digital technologies has made multimedia communication systems one of the most demanding technologies of the time. The use of available bandwidth for efficient and errorless multimedia communication is the key challenge for the wireless communication research community. However, a wireless network has the disadvantage of being prone to random channel noise and data contamination. This paper proposes a robust video transmission framework by using an efficient forward error correction technique. In this work, the experimental performance of widely used forward error correction codes i.e., Convolution codes, LDPC codes, Turbo codes, and Concatenated codes, are compared based on their capability to compensate the channel noise and distortion. An efficient encoding scheme is devised for the transmission of YUV encoded frames by using the selected FEC codes in a noisy channel environment. The retrieved video is analysed by using the Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit error rate as performance metrics. The results and cross comparison shows that concatenated codes have a handsome improvement in avoiding channel contamination and distortion.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43415559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karachi city is a coastal city near the Arabian sea. Due to its location, wind speed may provide a sustainable small scale wind energy system as well as reduction in power shortage in the city. In this study, wind speed data of Karachi Airport station at 10m height is used to estimate wind speed in the surrounding area with reference to measured wind speed data of the station. This estimated wind speed will then be helpful to assess small scale wind power generation at the unsampled locations. Geo-Statics tool in ArcGIS version 10.1 software was utilised to estimate measured wind speed using different interpolation methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and compare measured and estimated wind speed. The analysis summarises the effectiveness of the estimated wind speed. Time series variations of the wind speed data was also analysed. Temporal mapping showing seasonal variations of the wind speed. The descriptive statistics illustrated a high value of correlation coefficient ‘r’, coefficient of determination R2 which is 99.8% for Ordinary and Universal kriging interpolation methods, while it was calculated 99.6% for Simple kriging. A slightly higher coefficient of variation resulted in Ordinary and Universal kriging methods than the Simple kriging method. The results indicated that all three kriging methods performed better and are more effective to estimate wind speed and wind power in the surrounding area and for Temporal display.
卡拉奇市是阿拉伯海附近的一个沿海城市。由于它的位置，风速可以提供一个可持续的小规模风能系统，并减少城市的电力短缺。本研究使用卡拉奇机场站10m高度的风速数据，参照该站实测风速数据估算周边风速。估算的风速将有助于评估未采样地点的小规模风力发电。利用ArcGIS version 10.1软件中的geostatics工具，采用不同的插值方法对实测风速进行估算。描述性统计用于分析和比较测量风速和估计风速。分析总结了估算风速的有效性。分析了风速数据的时间序列变化。显示风速季节变化的时间图。描述性统计表明，普通克里格插值法和通用克里格插值法的相关系数r和决定系数R2为99.8%，而简单克里格插值法的相关系数R2为99.6%。普通克里格法和通用克里格法的变异系数略高于简单克里格法。结果表明，三种kriging方法均能较好地估计周边地区的风速和风力，并能较好地进行时态显示。
{"title":"Geo-Statistical Estimation and Temporal Distribution of Wind Speed Data of Karachi Airport","authors":"Muhammad Irfan, Salman Zubair, Abid Hussain","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)627","url":null,"abstract":"Karachi city is a coastal city near the Arabian sea. Due to its location, wind speed may provide a sustainable small scale wind energy system as well as reduction in power shortage in the city. In this study, wind speed data of Karachi Airport station at 10m height is used to estimate wind speed in the surrounding area with reference to measured wind speed data of the station. This estimated wind speed will then be helpful to assess small scale wind power generation at the unsampled locations. Geo-Statics tool in ArcGIS version 10.1 software was utilised to estimate measured wind speed using different interpolation methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and compare measured and estimated wind speed. The analysis summarises the effectiveness of the estimated wind speed. Time series variations of the wind speed data was also analysed. Temporal mapping showing seasonal variations of the wind speed. The descriptive statistics illustrated a high value of correlation coefficient ‘r’, coefficient of determination R2 which is 99.8% for Ordinary and Universal kriging interpolation methods, while it was calculated 99.6% for Simple kriging. A slightly higher coefficient of variation resulted in Ordinary and Universal kriging methods than the Simple kriging method. The results indicated that all three kriging methods performed better and are more effective to estimate wind speed and wind power in the surrounding area and for Temporal display.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41990382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The education system in Pakistan is suffering a lot of challenges in this modern world of advanced technologies. The engineering and technical education system is implementing modern techniques to improve the quality of education. The current disaster of coronavirus has badly affected the operation of engineering education in Pakistan, and student and faculty members are suffering from several issues in implementing a successful online education of digital semester. Each stakeholder has their own problems to make online education efficient. A questionnaire survey has been conducted with students as well as faculty members of engineering disciplines from different institutions. Different problems and issues are discussed with both stakeholders to observe the flaws which have been suffered by Pakistan’s higher education in the engineering sector. The effect of teacher’s academic profile, their attitude, professional field experience and advanced skills were discussed with 1000 students randomly. Similarly, 100 faculty members were questioned regarding the problems of the digital education system and pandemic effects on their performance. Various observations are concluded with this short survey-based research, and some suggestions are provided to improve the quality of education in this pandemic situation. The proposed solutions include the training sessions for teachers to get quipped with digital technologies, enforcement of lab sessions by opening all institutions at least one day a week, and professional experience requirements for the eligibility of academic staff.
{"title":"Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Engineering Education System; A Survey Based Case Study in Pakistan","authors":"Farhan Haider, Samiullah Bhatti","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)738","url":null,"abstract":"The education system in Pakistan is suffering a lot of challenges in this modern world of advanced technologies. The engineering and technical education system is implementing modern techniques to improve the quality of education. The current disaster of coronavirus has badly affected the operation of engineering education in Pakistan, and student and faculty members are suffering from several issues in implementing a successful online education of digital semester. Each stakeholder has their own problems to make online education efficient. A questionnaire survey has been conducted with students as well as faculty members of engineering disciplines from different institutions. Different problems and issues are discussed with both stakeholders to observe the flaws which have been suffered by Pakistan’s higher education in the engineering sector. The effect of teacher’s academic profile, their attitude, professional field experience and advanced skills were discussed with 1000 students randomly. Similarly, 100 faculty members were questioned regarding the problems of the digital education system and pandemic effects on their performance. Various observations are concluded with this short survey-based research, and some suggestions are provided to improve the quality of education in this pandemic situation. The proposed solutions include the training sessions for teachers to get quipped with digital technologies, enforcement of lab sessions by opening all institutions at least one day a week, and professional experience requirements for the eligibility of academic staff.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45666320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karim Bagneid, Youssef Sherif, Maryam Soliman, M. Hussein
Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most versatile tools in modern technology and can be applied in many different domains. But one domain has started proving its need for more IoT-based systems and healthcare businesses. The main objective of this paper is to design, simulate, and implement a connected IoT-Health Care system to assist patients needing constant care and monitoring. This system is based on an integrated wearable device containing several sensors that detect and record the patient’s health information. This data will then be saved on an online database that is easily monitored and controlled through a mobile application to keep the personnel responsible for the patient’s care, constantly up to date with any recordings or alarms from the patient.
{"title":"Design, Simulation, and Implementation of Connected IoT Wearable Devices in Healthcare Applications","authors":"Karim Bagneid, Youssef Sherif, Maryam Soliman, M. Hussein","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)745","url":null,"abstract":"Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most versatile tools in modern technology and can be applied in many different domains. But one domain has started proving its need for more IoT-based systems and healthcare businesses. The main objective of this paper is to design, simulate, and implement a connected IoT-Health Care system to assist patients needing constant care and monitoring. This system is based on an integrated wearable device containing several sensors that detect and record the patient’s health information. This data will then be saved on an online database that is easily monitored and controlled through a mobile application to keep the personnel responsible for the patient’s care, constantly up to date with any recordings or alarms from the patient. ","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41723646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In artificial intelligence, text identification and analysis that are based on images play a vital role in the text retrieving process. Automatic text recognition system development is a difficult task in machine learning, but in the case of cursive languages, it poses a big challenge to the research community due to slight changes in character’s shapes and the unavailability of a standard dataset. While this recognition task becomes more challenging in the case of Pashto language due to a large number of characters in its dataset than other similar cursive languages (Persian, Urdu, Arabic) and a slight change in character’s shape. This paper aims to address accept these challenges by developing an optimal optical character recognition (OCR) system to recognise isolated handwritten Pashto characters. The proposed OCR system is developed using multiple long short-term memory (LSTM) based deep learning model. The applicability of the proposed model is validated by using the decision trees (DT) classification tool based on the zoning feature extraction technique and the invariant moment approaches. An overall accuracy rate of 89.03% is calculated for the multiple LSTM-based OCR system while DT-based recognition rate of 72.9% is achieved using zoning feature vector and 74.56% is achieved for invariant moments-based feature map. Applicability of the system is evaluated using different performance metrics of accuracy, f-score, specificity, and varying training and test sets.
{"title":"Deep Learning Based Pashto Characters Recognition","authors":"Sulaiman Khan, S. Nazir","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)743","url":null,"abstract":"In artificial intelligence, text identification and analysis that are based on images play a vital role in the text retrieving process. Automatic text recognition system development is a difficult task in machine learning, but in the case of cursive languages, it poses a big challenge to the research community due to slight changes in character’s shapes and the unavailability of a standard dataset. While this recognition task becomes more challenging in the case of Pashto language due to a large number of characters in its dataset than other similar cursive languages (Persian, Urdu, Arabic) and a slight change in character’s shape. This paper aims to address accept these challenges by developing an optimal optical character recognition (OCR) system to recognise isolated handwritten Pashto characters. The proposed OCR system is developed using multiple long short-term memory (LSTM) based deep learning model. The applicability of the proposed model is validated by using the decision trees (DT) classification tool based on the zoning feature extraction technique and the invariant moment approaches. An overall accuracy rate of 89.03% is calculated for the multiple LSTM-based OCR system while DT-based recognition rate of 72.9% is achieved using zoning feature vector and 74.56% is achieved for invariant moments-based feature map. Applicability of the system is evaluated using different performance metrics of accuracy, f-score, specificity, and varying training and test sets. ","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44980027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable energy system (RES) based microgrid applications have grown extensively over the recent years. Owing to power fluctuations in RES, acquiring stable and accurate output voltage at the DC Bus is a major concern in DC microgrid applications. Presently, switching, as well as, prediction of output voltage for RES is quite slow and total harmonic distortion cannot be reduced to a minimal level. Accordingly, this research developed a controller for Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) DC to DC converter and a Kalman filter. Initially, four seriesconnected PV panels were modelled and analysed. A boost converter was used to combine PV panels' output and provide a single output at the DC Bus. Perturb and Observe, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, was used to retrieve optimal power from modelled RES. Analysis revealed that the output voltage waveform contained harmonics and had a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of 27.73 %. Thus, a Kalman filter was modeled and analysed to remove the harmonics. The THD value was consequently reduced to 2.1 %, which is quite within the allowable limit prescribed by IEEE, for the THD of a PV system. Analysis revealed that a stable and accurate output from a PV based RES could be achieved with the proposed scheme, and further THD was also well within limits prescribed by IEEE.
{"title":"Multiple Input Single Output DC to DC Converter Control Using Kalman Filter for Microgrid Applications","authors":"Waqas Farooq, M. J. Alvi, T. Izhar","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)752","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy system (RES) based microgrid applications have grown extensively over the recent years. Owing to power fluctuations in RES, acquiring stable and accurate output voltage at the DC Bus is a major concern in DC microgrid applications. Presently, switching, as well as, prediction of output voltage for RES is quite slow and total harmonic distortion cannot be reduced to a minimal level. Accordingly, this research developed a controller for Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) DC to DC converter and a Kalman filter. Initially, four seriesconnected PV panels were modelled and analysed. A boost converter was used to combine PV panels' output and provide a single output at the DC Bus. Perturb and Observe, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, was used to retrieve optimal power from modelled RES. Analysis revealed that the output voltage waveform contained harmonics and had a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of 27.73 %. Thus, a Kalman filter was modeled and analysed to remove the harmonics. The THD value was consequently reduced to 2.1 %, which is quite within the allowable limit prescribed by IEEE, for the THD of a PV system. Analysis revealed that a stable and accurate output from a PV based RES could be achieved with the proposed scheme, and further THD was also well within limits prescribed by IEEE.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42803107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world has produced 289454 and 308238 research publications in materials sciences in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Twenty-four (24), Thirty-four (34) and Forty-six (46) countries have published atleast 3000, 2000 and 1000 research documents, respectively. Based on the number of publications, the top three countries for the year 2020 are China (n=124207/40.29%), United States (n=37245/12.08%) and India (n=22754/7.38%). We also calculated the relative growth rate (GR) (for the year 2019-2020) of top fifty (50) countries. The highest GR was recorded for Viet Nam (n=43.83), Saudi Arabia (N=40.03), Indonesia (n=38.77), United Arab Emirates (n=37.23) and Pakistan (n=33.75). It is worth noting that, based on the number of publications in 2020, Pakistan also occupied 20th position (n=3844) globally. This motivated us to explore the publication history of Pakistan in Material Sciences. From 1947 to 2000, Pakistan published only 819 documents. Infact, the 1st document was published in 1964. We also provided the per year global production (after 1964) and contribution of Pakistan. The lowest ranking was recorded in 1998 (n=71st), where Pakistan published only 46 research documents (0.04% global share). From 1964 to 2000, the average per year share was only 0.036%. From 2001 to 2020, Pakistan published 19313 documents. Or the average per year global share was 11.66 times higher than 20th century i.e. 0.42%. Based on the number of publications, the list of top 50 researchers, universities and sources are described for both eras. This astonishing increase in publication could be attributed to the establishment of higher education commission (HEC) Islamabad, increase in number of universities, rise in educational budget, funding, and international collaboration.
{"title":"The Research Publications Growth Rate of Pakistan in the Field of Material Sciences: Comparison with 50 countries","authors":"Waseem Hassan, Sajid Rahman, Amina Ara","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)617","url":null,"abstract":"The world has produced 289454 and 308238 research publications in materials sciences in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Twenty-four (24), Thirty-four (34) and Forty-six (46) countries have published atleast 3000, 2000 and 1000 research documents, respectively. Based on the number of publications, the top three countries for the year 2020 are China (n=124207/40.29%), United States (n=37245/12.08%) and India (n=22754/7.38%). We also calculated the relative growth rate (GR) (for the year 2019-2020) of top fifty (50) countries. The highest GR was recorded for Viet Nam (n=43.83), Saudi Arabia (N=40.03), Indonesia (n=38.77), United Arab Emirates (n=37.23) and Pakistan (n=33.75). It is worth noting that, based on the number of publications in 2020, Pakistan also occupied 20th position (n=3844) globally. This motivated us to explore the publication history of Pakistan in Material Sciences. From 1947 to 2000, Pakistan published only 819 documents. Infact, the 1st document was published in 1964. We also provided the per year global production (after 1964) and contribution of Pakistan. The lowest ranking was recorded in 1998 (n=71st), where Pakistan published only 46 research documents (0.04% global share). From 1964 to 2000, the average per year share was only 0.036%. From 2001 to 2020, Pakistan published 19313 documents. Or the average per year global share was 11.66 times higher than 20th century i.e. 0.42%. Based on the number of publications, the list of top 50 researchers, universities and sources are described for both eras. This astonishing increase in publication could be attributed to the establishment of higher education commission (HEC) Islamabad, increase in number of universities, rise in educational budget, funding, and international collaboration.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47099072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Muhammad Ali Abbas Naqvi, F. Afridi, B. Jan, M. Zai, Mirza Jawad Baig, Arshad Hussain, S. H. Rashid, Abid Hussain
The earlier period investigations of Neutrinos emission from deep space indicate the existence of this particle which has been detected in various laboratories of the world. These laboratories are responsible for recording neutrinos emission originated from deep space. One laboratory situated near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada known as Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). Another laboratory is in Japan known as Kamikanado. We obtained a set of observations from both labs. It is obvious that the observations recorded at SNO have been utilized in this manuscript. From the same communication, the neutrino behaviour could be better understood by analyzing the SNO observed data set-I from November 1999 to May 2001 of D2O, while dataset-II is from July 2001 to August 2003 of salt water with particulars recorded, Run start Time since midnight. The samples used in this paper are 250 entries from both the observations sets. In this presentation, the most spectacular exhibition of the neutrino flux in its frequency components of the particles have been depicted in the form of a Periodogram that identifies covariance structure in the neutrino flux reaching this biosphere and parametric values obtained in this paper have been tabulated in various table frame of work. This communication does claim the neutrino emission characteristics in the real world. It has also been known from the literature survey that the same kind of work has not been framed in the third world countries where no neutrino detection laboratories exist. This piece of information will be beneficial for the private and public organizations where the experts are trying to explore deep space emissions detection and their characterization like the present study.
{"title":"Analytic Preview of Spectral Contribution of the Neutrinos Emission from Deep Space during Specified Period","authors":"Syed Muhammad Ali Abbas Naqvi, F. Afridi, B. Jan, M. Zai, Mirza Jawad Baig, Arshad Hussain, S. H. Rashid, Abid Hussain","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(58-3)602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-3)602","url":null,"abstract":"The earlier period investigations of Neutrinos emission from deep space indicate the existence of this particle which has been detected in various laboratories of the world. These laboratories are responsible for recording neutrinos emission originated from deep space. One laboratory situated near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada known as Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). Another laboratory is in Japan known as Kamikanado. We obtained a set of observations from both labs. It is obvious that the observations recorded at SNO have been utilized in this manuscript. From the same communication, the neutrino behaviour could be better understood by analyzing the SNO observed data set-I from November 1999 to May 2001 of D2O, while dataset-II is from July 2001 to August 2003 of salt water with particulars recorded, Run start Time since midnight. The samples used in this paper are 250 entries from both the observations sets. In this presentation, the most spectacular exhibition of the neutrino flux in its frequency components of the particles have been depicted in the form of a Periodogram that identifies covariance structure in the neutrino flux reaching this biosphere and parametric values obtained in this paper have been tabulated in various table frame of work. This communication does claim the neutrino emission characteristics in the real world. It has also been known from the literature survey that the same kind of work has not been framed in the third world countries where no neutrino detection laboratories exist. This piece of information will be beneficial for the private and public organizations where the experts are trying to explore deep space emissions detection and their characterization like the present study.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43854461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hafiz Zain Pervaiz, S. Raza, Muhammad Moeen Butt, Saira Sharif, Muhammad Haider
In this paper, we propose a Hybrid Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (HEWMA) control chart based on a mixture ratio estimator of mean using a single auxiliary variable and a single auxiliary attribute (Moeen et al., [1]). We call it as Z- HEWMA control chart. The proposed control chart performance is evaluated using outof- control-Average Run Length (ARL1). The control limits of the proposed chart is based on estimator, its mean square errors. A simulated example is used to compare the proposed Z-HEWMA, traditional/simple EWMA chart and CUSUM control chart. From this study the fact is revealed that Z-HEWMA control chart shows more efficient results as compared to traditional/simple EWMA and CUSUM control charts. The Z-HEWMA chart can be used for efficient monitoring of the production process in manufacturing industries where auxiliary information about a numerical variable and an attribute is available.
在本文中，我们提出了一种混合指数加权移动平均（HEWMA）控制图，该控制图基于使用单个辅助变量和单个辅助属性的均值混合比估计器（Moeen et al.，[1]）。我们称之为Z-HEWMA控制图。使用失控平均运行长度（ARL1）来评估所提出的控制图性能。所提出的图表的控制极限是基于估计器的均方误差。通过仿真实例对所提出的Z-HEWMA、传统/简单EWMA图和CUSUM控制图进行了比较。从这项研究中可以看出，与传统/简单的EWMA和CUSUM控制图相比，Z-HEWMA控制图显示出更有效的结果。Z-HEWMA图表可用于有效监控制造业的生产过程，其中可以获得有关数值变量和属性的辅助信息。
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