Water is an essential component in the manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of the present study is to develop a compact and easy-to-maintain one-platform solution for generating high-purity water with near to zero Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and low conductivity for pharmaceutical applications. To achieve this objective, different purification methods were explored and integrated into a single platform. The purification process involved the use of Electro-Deionization (EDI) in combination with double-pass Reverse Osmosis (RO), an activated carbon filter, water softeners, and micron filtration. The resource water was carefully selected based on specific criteria to ensure the quality of the final purified water. The developed one-platform solution successfully produced purified water with near to zero TDS and a conductivity level below 1 micro siemens/cm2. The integrated approach involving EDI and double-pass RO, along with supplementary filtration and treatment steps, proved to be highly effective in achieving the desired purity levels. The study demonstrated that the suggested one-platform solution is a reliable and efficient method for the production of high-purity water in the pharmaceutical industry. This system offers an easily maintainable and compact solution, making it suitable for various other industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and electric power generation where purified water with zero TDS is required. By providing a robust water purification process, this solution contributes to enhancing the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products and other critical applications that rely on ultra-pure water.
{"title":"Practical Analysis of Tap Water Dissolved Solids Efficient Reduction","authors":"None Muhammad Imran Majid, None Naeem Shahzad","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-3)799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-3)799","url":null,"abstract":"Water is an essential component in the manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of the present study is to develop a compact and easy-to-maintain one-platform solution for generating high-purity water with near to zero Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and low conductivity for pharmaceutical applications. To achieve this objective, different purification methods were explored and integrated into a single platform. The purification process involved the use of Electro-Deionization (EDI) in combination with double-pass Reverse Osmosis (RO), an activated carbon filter, water softeners, and micron filtration. The resource water was carefully selected based on specific criteria to ensure the quality of the final purified water. The developed one-platform solution successfully produced purified water with near to zero TDS and a conductivity level below 1 micro siemens/cm2. The integrated approach involving EDI and double-pass RO, along with supplementary filtration and treatment steps, proved to be highly effective in achieving the desired purity levels. The study demonstrated that the suggested one-platform solution is a reliable and efficient method for the production of high-purity water in the pharmaceutical industry. This system offers an easily maintainable and compact solution, making it suitable for various other industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and electric power generation where purified water with zero TDS is required. By providing a robust water purification process, this solution contributes to enhancing the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products and other critical applications that rely on ultra-pure water.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":"27 15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135935239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Enobong Patrick Obot, None Rufus Chika Okoro, None Daniel Effiong Oku, None Christian Nlemchukwu Nwosu, None Michael Ugwu Onuu
This study concentrates on measuring, analyzing and recommending the ceiling materials most suited for the reduction of distinct frequency noise levels with focus on rain noise. A frequency analyzer has been used to measure and obtained accurate sound level (LP) data of the rain noise outside, and inside five buildings with diverse acoustical ceiling materials in South Eastern Nigeria. It was done with and without the ceiling partition (or noise barrier) for the audio and narrow frequency band without contribution from other outdoor-related noise sources. Insertion losses of the ceiling materials were calculated using the data obtained from the measured LP. Result obtained from the analysis indicated that the ceiling material found to effectively reduce the noise levels from external noise source. The type for speech reception threshold frequencies of more than 125 Hz and higher audiometric range was moabi wood with peak LP of 21.20 dB at 500 Hz. While for lower frequencies where the ears are least responsive was plaster of Paris (POP) with peak LP of 12.61 dB at 62.5 Hz. This makes “moabi wood” most suitable in lecture rooms, conference halls and large auditoriums as ceiling material, in consideration of its capability to provide notable attenuation of rain noise within the building. This is in accordance with several other studies done on this subject. In general, at much low frequencies and frequencies greater than 2k Hz significant reduction in the rain noise level was observed.
{"title":"Acoustical Analysis of Insertion Losses of Ceiling Materials","authors":"None Enobong Patrick Obot, None Rufus Chika Okoro, None Daniel Effiong Oku, None Christian Nlemchukwu Nwosu, None Michael Ugwu Onuu","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-3)635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-3)635","url":null,"abstract":"This study concentrates on measuring, analyzing and recommending the ceiling materials most suited for the reduction of distinct frequency noise levels with focus on rain noise. A frequency analyzer has been used to measure and obtained accurate sound level (LP) data of the rain noise outside, and inside five buildings with diverse acoustical ceiling materials in South Eastern Nigeria. It was done with and without the ceiling partition (or noise barrier) for the audio and narrow frequency band without contribution from other outdoor-related noise sources. Insertion losses of the ceiling materials were calculated using the data obtained from the measured LP. Result obtained from the analysis indicated that the ceiling material found to effectively reduce the noise levels from external noise source. The type for speech reception threshold frequencies of more than 125 Hz and higher audiometric range was moabi wood with peak LP of 21.20 dB at 500 Hz. While for lower frequencies where the ears are least responsive was plaster of Paris (POP) with peak LP of 12.61 dB at 62.5 Hz. This makes “moabi wood” most suitable in lecture rooms, conference halls and large auditoriums as ceiling material, in consideration of its capability to provide notable attenuation of rain noise within the building. This is in accordance with several other studies done on this subject. In general, at much low frequencies and frequencies greater than 2k Hz significant reduction in the rain noise level was observed.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136107661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Mehak Maqbool Memon, None Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani, None Filmann Taput Simpao, None Anthony Cinco Sales, None Neil Quinones Santillan, None Dodo Khan
Blockchain's core attributes, including decentralization, transparency, and immutability, have positioned it as a pioneering technology in the realm of financial technology (fintech) and have rendered it highly applicable across diverse industries. The current enterprise ecosystem has faced setbacks primarily due to a lack of trust in the existing infrastructure. This issue can be traced back to the centralized management of healthcare data, making it vulnerable to tampering and fraudulent activities, resulting in financial losses. The existing enterprise ecosystem failed due to the lack of trust in the currently in-place infrastructure. This problem can be attributed to the centralized healthcare data management, which is prone to tampering and fraudulent activities leading to capital loss. The present study relates to a comprehensive survey conducted in timespan from 2018 to 2022 on the implementation of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry, identifying and discussing the key challenges facing the healthcare industry, such as fraud, and scams against healthcare data. It is found that there is an enormous inclination towards the decentralization of patient-centric data. However, a rapid decline is reported due to the privacy and security concerns of the confidential and sensitive data. Moreover, it is noticed that most of the implementations utilized either Ethereum or Hyperledger. Based on the survey's findings, the study proposed a blockchain-based healthcare framework that can address the identified challenges by providing a secure and transparent platform for collecting, storing, and sharing patient health data while prioritizing security and privacy.
{"title":"Blockchain in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey of Implementations and a Secure Model Proposal","authors":"None Mehak Maqbool Memon, None Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani, None Filmann Taput Simpao, None Anthony Cinco Sales, None Neil Quinones Santillan, None Dodo Khan","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-3)816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-3)816","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain's core attributes, including decentralization, transparency, and immutability, have positioned it as a pioneering technology in the realm of financial technology (fintech) and have rendered it highly applicable across diverse industries. The current enterprise ecosystem has faced setbacks primarily due to a lack of trust in the existing infrastructure. This issue can be traced back to the centralized management of healthcare data, making it vulnerable to tampering and fraudulent activities, resulting in financial losses. The existing enterprise ecosystem failed due to the lack of trust in the currently in-place infrastructure. This problem can be attributed to the centralized healthcare data management, which is prone to tampering and fraudulent activities leading to capital loss. The present study relates to a comprehensive survey conducted in timespan from 2018 to 2022 on the implementation of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry, identifying and discussing the key challenges facing the healthcare industry, such as fraud, and scams against healthcare data. It is found that there is an enormous inclination towards the decentralization of patient-centric data. However, a rapid decline is reported due to the privacy and security concerns of the confidential and sensitive data. Moreover, it is noticed that most of the implementations utilized either Ethereum or Hyperledger. Based on the survey's findings, the study proposed a blockchain-based healthcare framework that can address the identified challenges by providing a secure and transparent platform for collecting, storing, and sharing patient health data while prioritizing security and privacy.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135369008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arshad Habib Malik, Feroza Arshad, Aftab Ahmad Memon
An advanced neutronics and thermal hydraulics nuclear code, called GNTHACP code, is designed and developed in LabVIEW as Graphical Neutronics and Thermal Hydraulics toolkit for 1100 MWe Advanced Chinese PWR (ACP-1000) nuclear power plant. The reactor neutronics model is developed using a nonlinear point reactor kinetics model, while, the reactor thermal hydraulics model is developed based on nonlinear fuel and coolant temperature dynamics. The heart of the GNTHACP code is the control rod reactivity model. Control rod reactivity banks are comprised of four power compensation banks G1, G2, N1, N2 and one temperature compensation bank R. The reactivity control configuration of these banks is highly nonlinear, complex and challenging in nature. The control rod reactivity model as a function of G1, G2, N1, N2 and R banks is optimized using two distinct techniques. The control rod reactivity model is optimized using Simplex Linear Programming (SLP) technique under constraints of reactor power as safety limit and control rod speed as maximum speed limit in LabVIEW. The control rod reactivity model is also optimized and investigated using nonlinear Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) technique under same constraints in LabVIEW. All the models are integrated and the state-of-the-art virtual instruments (VIs) are designed for cost function optimization, configuring models and calibration of model parameters in LabVIEW. The integrated model as graphical coupled neutronics and thermal hydraulics modeling code is optimized and validated against the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) and different parameters of interest are investigated and proved within design limits as reported with CORCA and CORTH benchmark nuclear codes. The proposed code is stable, highly efficient and accurate as compared to other nuclear codes.
{"title":"Design and Development of Neutronics and Thermal Hydraulics Modeling Code for ACP1000 Nuclear Reactor Dynamics in LabVIEW","authors":"Arshad Habib Malik, Feroza Arshad, Aftab Ahmad Memon","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)781","url":null,"abstract":"An advanced neutronics and thermal hydraulics nuclear code, called GNTHACP code, is designed and developed in LabVIEW as Graphical Neutronics and Thermal Hydraulics toolkit for 1100 MWe Advanced Chinese PWR (ACP-1000) nuclear power plant. The reactor neutronics model is developed using a nonlinear point reactor kinetics model, while, the reactor thermal hydraulics model is developed based on nonlinear fuel and coolant temperature dynamics. The heart of the GNTHACP code is the control rod reactivity model. Control rod reactivity banks are comprised of four power compensation banks G1, G2, N1, N2 and one temperature compensation bank R. The reactivity control configuration of these banks is highly nonlinear, complex and challenging in nature. The control rod reactivity model as a function of G1, G2, N1, N2 and R banks is optimized using two distinct techniques. The control rod reactivity model is optimized using Simplex Linear Programming (SLP) technique under constraints of reactor power as safety limit and control rod speed as maximum speed limit in LabVIEW. The control rod reactivity model is also optimized and investigated using nonlinear Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) technique under same constraints in LabVIEW. All the models are integrated and the state-of-the-art virtual instruments (VIs) are designed for cost function optimization, configuring models and calibration of model parameters in LabVIEW. The integrated model as graphical coupled neutronics and thermal hydraulics modeling code is optimized and validated against the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) and different parameters of interest are investigated and proved within design limits as reported with CORCA and CORTH benchmark nuclear codes. The proposed code is stable, highly efficient and accurate as compared to other nuclear codes.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43133580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to recent research on the brain and cognition, the microtubule level activities in the brain are in accordance with the quantum mechanical concepts. Consciousness is the emergent phenomenon of the brain’s subsystems and the quantum neural correlates. Based on the global work-space theory and traditional neural networks, investigations in machine consciousness and machine intelligence are reporting new techniques. In this study, a novel approach using circuit-based quantum neural network is proposed and simulated. This approach satisfies all the criteria of quantum computing and is tested for the exclusive OR (XOR) gate’s nonlinear learning. As a result of the use of quantum gates, various quantum circuits, such as quantum adders and subtractors, are also created and included in the designing and simulation of circuit of the quantum neural networks. Moreover, it is also argued that the proposed circuit of quantum neural network may also be tested and implemented on real quantum computer hardware. The present study also stresses the applicability of techniques of machine learning algorithms such as quantum and classical neural networks to various challenges of High Energy Physics.
{"title":"Quantum Computer Architecture: A Quantum Circuit-Based Approach Towards Quantum Neural Network","authors":"Tariq Mahmood, Talab Hussain, Maqsood Ahmed","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)668","url":null,"abstract":"According to recent research on the brain and cognition, the microtubule level activities in the brain are in accordance with the quantum mechanical concepts. Consciousness is the emergent phenomenon of the brain’s subsystems and the quantum neural correlates. Based on the global work-space theory and traditional neural networks, investigations in machine consciousness and machine intelligence are reporting new techniques. In this study, a novel approach using circuit-based quantum neural network is proposed and simulated. This approach satisfies all the criteria of quantum computing and is tested for the exclusive OR (XOR) gate’s nonlinear learning. As a result of the use of quantum gates, various quantum circuits, such as quantum adders and subtractors, are also created and included in the designing and simulation of circuit of the quantum neural networks. Moreover, it is also argued that the proposed circuit of quantum neural network may also be tested and implemented on real quantum computer hardware. The present study also stresses the applicability of techniques of machine learning algorithms such as quantum and classical neural networks to various challenges of High Energy Physics.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42810241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aijaz Bhatti, Owais Ali Rajput, Zubair Ahmed Kalhoro
The present study derives a stable version of “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”. It is discovered that the earlier proposed scheme "A Modified Algorithm for Error Reduction in Combined Numerical Integration" exhibits accuracy fluctuations when the number of slits, , is increased . Starting with the number of slits and increasing the count of sub-intervals, the error increases spontaneously. This spontaneous spike in error is resolved by considering a better combination of quadrature rules. To this, the notable result of this study is the identification of an optimal choice for quadrature formulae that could minimizes error fluctuations in combined numerical integration regardless the number of slits ( ). With this revised choice, the error remains relatively stable and predictable even as the count of sub-intervals is increased.
{"title":"A Stable Version of the Modified Algorithm for Error Minimization in Combined Numerical Integration","authors":"Aijaz Bhatti, Owais Ali Rajput, Zubair Ahmed Kalhoro","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)813","url":null,"abstract":"The present study derives a stable version of “A Modified Algorithm for Reduction of Error in Combined Numerical Integration”. It is discovered that the earlier proposed scheme \"A Modified Algorithm for Error Reduction in Combined Numerical Integration\" exhibits accuracy fluctuations when the number of slits, , is increased . Starting with the number of slits and increasing the count of sub-intervals, the error increases spontaneously. This spontaneous spike in error is resolved by considering a better combination of quadrature rules. To this, the notable result of this study is the identification of an optimal choice for quadrature formulae that could minimizes error fluctuations in combined numerical integration regardless the number of slits ( ). With this revised choice, the error remains relatively stable and predictable even as the count of sub-intervals is increased.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46706175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akbar Fardos, Abdul Salam, Jamshaid Ul Hassan, Hurria Ali, Khadija Noreen, Rashid Ahmed
Minimal neighbor designs minimize the bias raised due to the neighbor effects using the minimum number of experimental units. Minimal circular balanced and strongly balanced neighbour designs can be constructed only for odd v (number of treatments to be compared). For v even, minimal Quasi Rees and nearly strongly balanced neighbor designs are constructed. In this article, the construction procedures of these four classes are described. Catalogues of these designs in blocks of three different sizes are also presented which provide the readymade solution to the experimenters and researchers.
{"title":"Catalogues of Some Useful Classes of Circular Designs in Blocks of Three Different Sizes to Control Neighbor Effects","authors":"Akbar Fardos, Abdul Salam, Jamshaid Ul Hassan, Hurria Ali, Khadija Noreen, Rashid Ahmed","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)812","url":null,"abstract":"Minimal neighbor designs minimize the bias raised due to the neighbor effects using the minimum number of experimental units. Minimal circular balanced and strongly balanced neighbour designs can be constructed only for odd v (number of treatments to be compared). For v even, minimal Quasi Rees and nearly strongly balanced neighbor designs are constructed. In this article, the construction procedures of these four classes are described. Catalogues of these designs in blocks of three different sizes are also presented which provide the readymade solution to the experimenters and researchers.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45943815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a micro-climatic phenomenon that influences the urban areas by elevating its temperature. UHI not only causes the thermal discomfort but also exert serious health issues along with aggravation of urban microclimate. Although a lot of research has been done on this phenomenon but UHI effect on micro scale is still less explored. This paper attempts to make a contribution in UHI studies of micro-climate. It consists of examination of UHI impact on microclimate of Aligarh city areas using mobile traverse method. This study determined the presence and extent of UHI’s microclimate variation within urban communities of different environmental layout and functional uses. The UHI effect started to appear from early afternoon and continue to rise with maximum UHI intensity recorded at early night. The highest recorded UHI intensity was 3.1 °C (at 21:00 hrs.), and the lowest was 0.6 °C (at 09:00 hrs.). A comparison of two districts of the same city located at a distance of 3 km and differing in population density, the number of buildings and landscaping showed that in the L1 area with more dense population and low landscaping, the temperature was consistently higher during the daily period; also in the L1 region had less humidity, which, combined with the already high temperature, makes it difficult to breathe and control the microclimate. These findings can be used for consideration for the future sustainable development of the affected area in regard of thermal comfort, environmental health and urban planning.
{"title":"Analysis of a City's Heat Island Effect on the Micro-Climate Parameters within Cities","authors":"Rishabh Sharma, Khan Amadur Rahman, Vasyl Tyshchenko, Oksana Illiash, Iryna Mezentseva","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)827","url":null,"abstract":"The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a micro-climatic phenomenon that influences the urban areas by elevating its temperature. UHI not only causes the thermal discomfort but also exert serious health issues along with aggravation of urban microclimate. Although a lot of research has been done on this phenomenon but UHI effect on micro scale is still less explored. This paper attempts to make a contribution in UHI studies of micro-climate. It consists of examination of UHI impact on microclimate of Aligarh city areas using mobile traverse method. This study determined the presence and extent of UHI’s microclimate variation within urban communities of different environmental layout and functional uses. The UHI effect started to appear from early afternoon and continue to rise with maximum UHI intensity recorded at early night. The highest recorded UHI intensity was 3.1 °C (at 21:00 hrs.), and the lowest was 0.6 °C (at 09:00 hrs.). A comparison of two districts of the same city located at a distance of 3 km and differing in population density, the number of buildings and landscaping showed that in the L1 area with more dense population and low landscaping, the temperature was consistently higher during the daily period; also in the L1 region had less humidity, which, combined with the already high temperature, makes it difficult to breathe and control the microclimate. These findings can be used for consideration for the future sustainable development of the affected area in regard of thermal comfort, environmental health and urban planning.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48122225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study examines how adjusting vegetation patches in a rectangular open channel with two impermeable spur dikes alters the displacement of the recirculation region. The Reynolds stress turbulence model is implemented via the 3D numerical code FLUENT (ANSYS). Mean stream-wise velocity profiles were drawn at selected positions and at mid of flow depth i.e., 3.5 cm, a horizontal plane is cut through the open channel for analyzing velocity contours and streamline flow. The findings indicate that the stream-wise velocity profiles showed fluctuations in the presence of different shapes and arrangement of cylindrical patch discussed and the maximum velocity within the field of spur dike is of the order of 0.018 m/s due to the prism shape. By changing the position of the cylindrical patch, the location of the recirculation region displaces within the field of impermeable spur dike.
{"title":"Flow Control in a Rectangular Open Channel using Two Impermeable Spur Dikes: A Numerical Study","authors":"Hafiz Syed Moazzum Gillani, Zain-ul-Hassan, Hafiz Rana Azeem Sarwar, Muhammad Sohail Jameel, Waqar Hasan, Ehsaan Manzoor, Imran Khan","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)808","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines how adjusting vegetation patches in a rectangular open channel with two impermeable spur dikes alters the displacement of the recirculation region. The Reynolds stress turbulence model is implemented via the 3D numerical code FLUENT (ANSYS). Mean stream-wise velocity profiles were drawn at selected positions and at mid of flow depth i.e., 3.5 cm, a horizontal plane is cut through the open channel for analyzing velocity contours and streamline flow. The findings indicate that the stream-wise velocity profiles showed fluctuations in the presence of different shapes and arrangement of cylindrical patch discussed and the maximum velocity within the field of spur dike is of the order of 0.018 m/s due to the prism shape. By changing the position of the cylindrical patch, the location of the recirculation region displaces within the field of impermeable spur dike.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44417693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Didik Riyanto, Edy Kurniawan, Husein Muhammad Fras1, Hanifha Nur Azizah, Rizal Arifin
The remarkable characteristics of graphene render it well-suited for a diverse range of applications, particularly in the realm of electronic devices. After the synthesis process, the two-dimensional material known as graphene is then transferred onto a substrate. Silicon (Si) is considered a suitable choice for this purpose. Therefore, it has become essential to investigate the stability of graphene on silicon surfaces. This study utilized reactive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the thermal stability of graphene on a Si (111) substrate across a temperature range of 300 to 1500 K. The results demonstrate the exceptional stability of graphene on this particular surface. This phenomenon can be explained by the restricted intermolecular interactions between the carbon atoms in graphene and the silicon atoms on the substrate surface. The study findings indicate that graphene exhibits a dome-shaped configuration on the Si (111) surface. In this configuration, only the carbon atoms located at the periphery of the graphene structure interact with the silicon atoms present on the underlying substrate.
{"title":"Stability of Graphene on the Si (111) Surface: Insights from Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations","authors":"Didik Riyanto, Edy Kurniawan, Husein Muhammad Fras1, Hanifha Nur Azizah, Rizal Arifin","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-2)823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-2)823","url":null,"abstract":"The remarkable characteristics of graphene render it well-suited for a diverse range of applications, particularly in the realm of electronic devices. After the synthesis process, the two-dimensional material known as graphene is then transferred onto a substrate. Silicon (Si) is considered a suitable choice for this purpose. Therefore, it has become essential to investigate the stability of graphene on silicon surfaces. This study utilized reactive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the thermal stability of graphene on a Si (111) substrate across a temperature range of 300 to 1500 K. The results demonstrate the exceptional stability of graphene on this particular surface. This phenomenon can be explained by the restricted intermolecular interactions between the carbon atoms in graphene and the silicon atoms on the substrate surface. The study findings indicate that graphene exhibits a dome-shaped configuration on the Si (111) surface. In this configuration, only the carbon atoms located at the periphery of the graphene structure interact with the silicon atoms present on the underlying substrate.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46860975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：