A. Kausar, Shahab Uddin, Sheeba Afsar, Ambreen Afzal, A. Lahori, Olena Stepova, Muhammad Mushahid Anwer aa, Viktor Bredun
Rapid urbanization is not only an issue in plain areas but also in mountainous regions. However, urbanization affects the socio-ecological pattern of mountainous regions especially depleting natural resources, e.g., traditional agricultural practices. Although urban sprawl impinges on such fertile productive lands, it also positively affects trade activities, and high-income opportunities, and the region will have high spatial interaction. This paper presents the results of an attempt to gain insight into the mechanisms for the urban growth of district Chitral (Chitral Town) located in the Hindu Kush range north of KPK Pakistan. Over the last few decades, the urban agglomeration has become attractive among migrants from within and beyond the district, further accelerating urban growth in the surrounding area. The landscape transformation phenomenon in Chitral town was investigated with the following objectives: (i) Detection of spatiotemporal change in the study area over the last two decades, (ii) Identification of existing landscape patterns i.e. land-use assessment by analysing the acquired high-resolution remote satellite imageries for the years 2003 and 2020, (iii) Empirical analysis of data within the framework of an object-based approach. Land-use transformations like spatiotemporal change, loss of agriculture, and infrastructure patterns of urban growth were estimated for the past 17 years. The present study revealed that the agricultural Land-use has declined by 348 m2 while the Built-up area has increased by 318 m2. The research offers practical recommendations for sustainable town planning and management. As such, this study has the potential to propose future strategies and it may be helpful to the policy/decision-makers in the development of future town planning in the similar mountainous regions of Pakistan or elsewhere.
{"title":"Exploring the Complexities of Urbanization and Socio-Ecological Challenges in the High Mountainous Region of Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan","authors":"A. Kausar, Shahab Uddin, Sheeba Afsar, Ambreen Afzal, A. Lahori, Olena Stepova, Muhammad Mushahid Anwer aa, Viktor Bredun","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)817","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid urbanization is not only an issue in plain areas but also in mountainous regions. However, urbanization affects the socio-ecological pattern of mountainous regions especially depleting natural resources, e.g., traditional agricultural practices. Although urban sprawl impinges on such fertile productive lands, it also positively affects trade activities, and high-income opportunities, and the region will have high spatial interaction. This paper presents the results of an attempt to gain insight into the mechanisms for the urban growth of district Chitral (Chitral Town) located in the Hindu Kush range north of KPK Pakistan. Over the last few decades, the urban agglomeration has become attractive among migrants from within and beyond the district, further accelerating urban growth in the surrounding area. The landscape transformation phenomenon in Chitral town was investigated with the following objectives: (i) Detection of spatiotemporal change in the study area over the last two decades, (ii) Identification of existing landscape patterns i.e. land-use assessment by analysing the acquired high-resolution remote satellite imageries for the years 2003 and 2020, (iii) Empirical analysis of data within the framework of an object-based approach. Land-use transformations like spatiotemporal change, loss of agriculture, and infrastructure patterns of urban growth were estimated for the past 17 years. The present study revealed that the agricultural Land-use has declined by 348 m2 while the Built-up area has increased by 318 m2. The research offers practical recommendations for sustainable town planning and management. As such, this study has the potential to propose future strategies and it may be helpful to the policy/decision-makers in the development of future town planning in the similar mountainous regions of Pakistan or elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47792740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hina Saleemi, Z. Rehman, Saadia Tabassum, Ammad Hassan, Khan Abdur, Rahim
Pedestrians’ safe mobility at intersections is associated with the facilities provided at the crossings. Lahore is one of the most populous cities in Pakistan. Too many road accidents occur daily at various areas of Lahore in which pedestrian-vehicle collision has a major ratio. To reduce the pedestrian-vehicle collisions, pedestrian signals are installed at major intersections of Lahore city. This paper examines the relationship between pedestrian signals and Level of Service (LOS), with a focus on enhancing awareness of pedestrian signal operation and investigates the impact of pedestrian signals on the LOS of intersections in Lahore in terms of pedestrian movement. Research shows that the poor level of awareness about how pedestrian signals work contributes to the inadequate level of service of intersections in terms of pedestrian movement. The results also provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in developing effective strategies to improve the pedestrian experience and reduce pedestrian-vehicle collisions at intersections.
{"title":"Strengthening Pedestrian Safety: An Evaluation of Signals at Major Intersections in Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"Hina Saleemi, Z. Rehman, Saadia Tabassum, Ammad Hassan, Khan Abdur, Rahim","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)809","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrians’ safe mobility at intersections is associated with the facilities provided at the crossings. Lahore is one of the most populous cities in Pakistan. Too many road accidents occur daily at various areas of Lahore in which pedestrian-vehicle collision has a major ratio. To reduce the pedestrian-vehicle collisions, pedestrian signals are installed at major intersections of Lahore city. This paper examines the relationship between pedestrian signals and Level of Service (LOS), with a focus on enhancing awareness of pedestrian signal operation and investigates the impact of pedestrian signals on the LOS of intersections in Lahore in terms of pedestrian movement. Research shows that the poor level of awareness about how pedestrian signals work contributes to the inadequate level of service of intersections in terms of pedestrian movement. The results also provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in developing effective strategies to improve the pedestrian experience and reduce pedestrian-vehicle collisions at intersections.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42158157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javid Shabbir, Hafiz Muhammad Kashif Rasheed, Khadija Noreen, Abid Khan, Muhammad Adnan Ghani, Rashid Ahmed
Repeated measurements designs (RMDs) are always economical but with the use of these designs, there may arise residual effects. Minimal strongly balanced RMDs are well known to estimate the treatment effects and residual effects independently. In the situation, where these designs cannot be constructed, minimal nearly strongly balanced RMDs are used which is an efficient class of RMDs to control the residual effects. In this article, efficient minimal circular nearly strongly balanced RMDs are constructed in periods of three different sizes.
{"title":"An Efficient Class of Repeated Measurements Designs to Control the Residual Effects Using Periods of Three Different Sizes","authors":"Javid Shabbir, Hafiz Muhammad Kashif Rasheed, Khadija Noreen, Abid Khan, Muhammad Adnan Ghani, Rashid Ahmed","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)665","url":null,"abstract":"Repeated measurements designs (RMDs) are always economical but with the use of these designs, there may arise residual effects. Minimal strongly balanced RMDs are well known to estimate the treatment effects and residual effects independently. In the situation, where these designs cannot be constructed, minimal nearly strongly balanced RMDs are used which is an efficient class of RMDs to control the residual effects. In this article, efficient minimal circular nearly strongly balanced RMDs are constructed in periods of three different sizes.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41815971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farhan Haider, Afshan Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Murtaza
Pakistan has become a part of the Washington Accord in 2017 and started making reforms in its education sector. Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has been emphasized by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) for the accreditation of all engineering degree programs. This paper presents some basic literature on the existing educational models in the world and the Outcome Based Education-OBE structure that has been implemented in Pakistan yet. Pakistan has successfully designed the Program Education Objectives (PEOs) and Program Learning Objectives (PLOs) for the academic sector. PEOs are the mission/vision statements that define the career and professional goals which the program is preparing students to achieve. PLOs are the quantifiable statements that define the knowledge and skills expertise of the students upon graduation ceremony. A survey has been conducted by employers to assess the skill level of fresh graduates against 12 PLOs of the OBE system in Pakistan. Of these, the PLOs related to four measurable statements namely: (i) Problem Analysis, (ii) Design of Solutions, (iii) Investigation, and (iv) Environment & Sustainability are found underperformance as surveyed from the industry sector following the performance of freshly graduated students. The survey also includes the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) evaluation of faculty members both from the department heads and the students too. This result shows underperformance of 15 % of the teaching faculty as per prescribed grading ranges. However, the OBE faces some difficulties as well and unfortunately, there are not so many graduates who entered into the industry after learning from OBE. It will, therefore, take some time to deliver the results of OBE implementation in Pakistan. Furthermore, some other education reforms from around the globe have been presented in this paper and some suggestions have been provided.
{"title":"Adaptation of Outcome-Based Education System in Pakistan for Engineering Disciplines and its Critical Evaluation","authors":"Farhan Haider, Afshan Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Murtaza","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)773","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has become a part of the Washington Accord in 2017 and started making reforms in its education sector. Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has been emphasized by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) for the accreditation of all engineering degree programs. This paper presents some basic literature on the existing educational models in the world and the Outcome Based Education-OBE structure that has been implemented in Pakistan yet. Pakistan has successfully designed the Program Education Objectives (PEOs) and Program Learning Objectives (PLOs) for the academic sector. PEOs are the mission/vision statements that define the career and professional goals which the program is preparing students to achieve. PLOs are the quantifiable statements that define the knowledge and skills expertise of the students upon graduation ceremony. A survey has been conducted by employers to assess the skill level of fresh graduates against 12 PLOs of the OBE system in Pakistan. Of these, the PLOs related to four measurable statements namely: (i) Problem Analysis, (ii) Design of Solutions, (iii) Investigation, and (iv) Environment & Sustainability are found underperformance as surveyed from the industry sector following the performance of freshly graduated students. The survey also includes the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) evaluation of faculty members both from the department heads and the students too. This result shows underperformance of 15 % of the teaching faculty as per prescribed grading ranges. However, the OBE faces some difficulties as well and unfortunately, there are not so many graduates who entered into the industry after learning from OBE. It will, therefore, take some time to deliver the results of OBE implementation in Pakistan. Furthermore, some other education reforms from around the globe have been presented in this paper and some suggestions have been provided.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43881988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mammadov Ruslan, Tavakkul, Mikailov Khidir Mustafa, Mammadov Ruslan Tavakkul, Rustamov Bayram Nizam, Rustamova Aysel Bayram
On July 15, 2015, the second telescope of the Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory (ShAO) was used to collect 14 echelle spectra of the symbiotic star CH Cyg over the course of six hours of nocturnal exposures. Along the profiles of the lines Нα and Нβ, the intensity of line Hel λ5876 Å fluctuates simultaneously with variations in the intensity ratios of the blue and red emission components. The Hel λ5876 Å line’s center intensities and corresponding widths correlate with information from the blue emission component of the lines. There are certain correlations between the radial velocities of the absorption DNaI and the emission line Нα.
{"title":"Spectral Variability of the Symbiotic Star CH Cyg","authors":"Mammadov Ruslan, Tavakkul, Mikailov Khidir Mustafa, Mammadov Ruslan Tavakkul, Rustamov Bayram Nizam, Rustamova Aysel Bayram","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)671","url":null,"abstract":"On July 15, 2015, the second telescope of the Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory (ShAO) was used to collect 14 echelle spectra of the symbiotic star CH Cyg over the course of six hours of nocturnal exposures. Along the profiles of the lines Нα and Нβ, the intensity of line Hel λ5876 Å fluctuates simultaneously with variations in the intensity ratios of the blue and red emission components. The Hel λ5876 Å line’s center intensities and corresponding widths correlate with information from the blue emission component of the lines. There are certain correlations between the radial velocities of the absorption DNaI and the emission line Нα.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43639575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A state-of-the-art higher-order model of a synchronous generator is developed for ACP1000 nuclear power plant in the present research. The model is transformed into state space form. The state space model is decomposed into the two-time scale framework. Based on the dynamics of the synchronous generator, fast and slow states are identified. The reduced order slow model is identified by neglecting the fast dynamics. A closed-loop model is developed in the frequency domain incorporating coupled and decoupled dynamics as separate transfer functions. The closed-loop model is configured as input-output pairs and two controllers are synthesized using a hybrid fraction order proportional integral derivative sliding surface oriented adaptive fuzzy two-time-scale control algorithm. The simulation model is developed in the graphical programming environment LabVIEW. The open and closed loop dynamics of the synchronous generator is simulated and analyzed in frequency and time domain separately. The proposed closed-loop framework is robust in performance, results are accurate and stable well within robust performance bounds.
{"title":"Modeling and Robust Fractional Order Fuzzy Sliding Mode Two Time Scale Controller Design for Synchronous Generator of ACP1000 Nuclear Power Plant in LabVIEW","authors":"A. H. Malik, Feroza Arshad, A. Memon","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)787","url":null,"abstract":"A state-of-the-art higher-order model of a synchronous generator is developed for ACP1000 nuclear power plant in the present research. The model is transformed into state space form. The state space model is decomposed into the two-time scale framework. Based on the dynamics of the synchronous generator, fast and slow states are identified. The reduced order slow model is identified by neglecting the fast dynamics. A closed-loop model is developed in the frequency domain incorporating coupled and decoupled dynamics as separate transfer functions. The closed-loop model is configured as input-output pairs and two controllers are synthesized using a hybrid fraction order proportional integral derivative sliding surface oriented adaptive fuzzy two-time-scale control algorithm. The simulation model is developed in the graphical programming environment LabVIEW. The open and closed loop dynamics of the synchronous generator is simulated and analyzed in frequency and time domain separately. The proposed closed-loop framework is robust in performance, results are accurate and stable well within robust performance bounds.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48242019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Ahmed, B. Soomro, Muhammad Irfan, Noor Faraz Khan, Muhammad Bilal Afzal, J. Israr, Ambreen Saddozai, Muhammad Yousif
Sintering temperature and environment plays a very important role in strengthening powder particles of compacting surgical parts by cold powder metallurgy technique. Powder metallurgy is a process of producing components/tools by compacting finely metallic or nonmetallic powders. Generally, in the last decade, these tools were produced by conventional casting techniques but now first time in Pakistan this technique is introduced to develop surgical tools/parts. In this study, the effect of sintering behavior by varying temperatures and environments was studied. The AISI 420 Stainless steel compacted surgical parts (Scalpel and scissor) were sintered at 1000 °C to 1300 °C for 30 minutes in a vacuum and an inert environment in the presence of Argon. The compact density, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Microstructural characteristics like porosity, and crystalline size were studied by optical microscope. The hardness values and density of the final parts were also measured through the Rockwell hardness machine and by the Archimedes principle. Decreasing the porosity in the final parts will increase the mechanical properties of sintered parts. Adopting the present process for the development of surgical tools after further refining, the process will prove beneficial in the cost-effectiveness, time and energy saving of the present product.
{"title":"Temperature-Properties Relationships of Martensitic Stainless Steel for Improved Utilization in Surgical Tools","authors":"I. Ahmed, B. Soomro, Muhammad Irfan, Noor Faraz Khan, Muhammad Bilal Afzal, J. Israr, Ambreen Saddozai, Muhammad Yousif","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(60-1)800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(60-1)800","url":null,"abstract":"Sintering temperature and environment plays a very important role in strengthening powder particles of compacting surgical parts by cold powder metallurgy technique. Powder metallurgy is a process of producing components/tools by compacting finely metallic or nonmetallic powders. Generally, in the last decade, these tools were produced by conventional casting techniques but now first time in Pakistan this technique is introduced to develop surgical tools/parts. In this study, the effect of sintering behavior by varying temperatures and environments was studied. The AISI 420 Stainless steel compacted surgical parts (Scalpel and scissor) were sintered at 1000 °C to 1300 °C for 30 minutes in a vacuum and an inert environment in the presence of Argon. The compact density, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Microstructural characteristics like porosity, and crystalline size were studied by optical microscope. The hardness values and density of the final parts were also measured through the Rockwell hardness machine and by the Archimedes principle. Decreasing the porosity in the final parts will increase the mechanical properties of sintered parts. Adopting the present process for the development of surgical tools after further refining, the process will prove beneficial in the cost-effectiveness, time and energy saving of the present product.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47823706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Atif Idrees, Syed Ahmed Hassan, Muhammad Arif Hussain
Effects of climate change are a critical and globally accepted phenomenon and gradually becoming inevitable and catching the attention of policymakers around the world. Temperature is a principal climatic factor and is defined as the degree or intensity of heat causing huge consequences on human beings’ lives. This paper suggests some stochastic approaches to do an analysis of the Karachi region’s daily minimum extreme temperature from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2014. It is observed that the average daily minimum temperature fits the Markov chain and its limiting probability has reached steady-state conditions after 20 to 87 steps or transitions. The results indicate that after 20 to 87 days the distribution becomes stationary. The smaller steady-state time represents the stationary of the data series, whereas long-term behavior shows non-stationarity in trend behavior in the respective seasonal time series. Furthermore, the overall annual dormancy of 24 o C to 31o C daily minimum temperature was analyzed early part of the summer season. This study can be useful for weather variability forecasting.
{"title":"Analysis of Stochastic Patterns of Daily Minimum Extreme Temperature of Karachi in Global Climate Change Perspective","authors":"Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Atif Idrees, Syed Ahmed Hassan, Muhammad Arif Hussain","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(59-4)801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(59-4)801","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of climate change are a critical and globally accepted phenomenon and gradually becoming inevitable and catching the attention of policymakers around the world. Temperature is a principal climatic factor and is defined as the degree or intensity of heat causing huge consequences on human beings’ lives. This paper suggests some stochastic approaches to do an analysis of the Karachi region’s daily minimum extreme temperature from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2014. It is observed that the average daily minimum temperature fits the Markov chain and its limiting probability has reached steady-state conditions after 20 to 87 steps or transitions. The results indicate that after 20 to 87 days the distribution becomes stationary. The smaller steady-state time represents the stationary of the data series, whereas long-term behavior shows non-stationarity in trend behavior in the respective seasonal time series. Furthermore, the overall annual dormancy of 24 o C to 31o C daily minimum temperature was analyzed early part of the summer season. This study can be useful for weather variability forecasting.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43780180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Imran Shahzad, M. Akbar, Saeed Ahmed, Sania Shaheen, Muhammad Ahmad Raza Pakistan
This paper presents an analytical analysis of a sphere placed in fractional dimensional space. The Laplacian Equation in fractional space describes physics as a complex phenomenon. The general solution of the Laplacian equation in fractional space is obtained by the separable variable technique. We have investigated a close form solution for conducting sphere and dielectric sphere. Further, the electric potential and charge density, induced due to a point charge is calculated in fractional space, and also the energy radiated by the sphere is determined. The results are compared with the classical results by setting the fractional parameter α = 3 which normally lies in the limit 2 < α ≤ 3.
{"title":"Mathematical Analysis of Conducting and Dielectric Sphere in Fractional Space","authors":"Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Imran Shahzad, M. Akbar, Saeed Ahmed, Sania Shaheen, Muhammad Ahmad Raza Pakistan","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(59-4)667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(59-4)667","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analytical analysis of a sphere placed in fractional dimensional space. The Laplacian Equation in fractional space describes physics as a complex phenomenon. The general solution of the Laplacian equation in fractional space is obtained by the separable variable technique. We have investigated a close form solution for conducting sphere and dielectric sphere. Further, the electric potential and charge density, induced due to a point charge is calculated in fractional space, and also the energy radiated by the sphere is determined. The results are compared with the classical results by setting the fractional parameter α = 3 which normally lies in the limit 2 < α ≤ 3.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44951822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The air permeability of fabrics is one of the most important factors to be considered in making comfortable clothing for consumers. It helps to transport moisture in the form of vapours from the inner skin to the outer environment. This study aims at determining the rate of airflow through the prepared knitted fabrics after various washing intervals. Circular knitted fabrics with 100% cotton and a blend of cotton and polyester having a ratio of 70% / 30% were made by setting different construction parameters. Prepared fabrics were evaluated for their air permeability by following the ASTM D737-1996 test procedure. Then these fabrics were laundered with standard procedure and evaluated after various intervals. It was concluded from the obtained results that construction parameters such as kind of polymer, loop length, hairiness, yarn count, number and size of pores and their distribution play a major role in determining the air permeability of knitted fabrics. Moreover, an increase in washing cycles also reduces the airflow through the fabric.
{"title":"Evaluation of Air Permeability of Knitted Fabrics at Various Washing Intervals","authors":"Mehreen Ijaz, Namood-e-Sahar, Zohra Tariq","doi":"10.53560/ppasa(59-4)660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(59-4)660","url":null,"abstract":"The air permeability of fabrics is one of the most important factors to be considered in making comfortable clothing for consumers. It helps to transport moisture in the form of vapours from the inner skin to the outer environment. This study aims at determining the rate of airflow through the prepared knitted fabrics after various washing intervals. Circular knitted fabrics with 100% cotton and a blend of cotton and polyester having a ratio of 70% / 30% were made by setting different construction parameters. Prepared fabrics were evaluated for their air permeability by following the ASTM D737-1996 test procedure. Then these fabrics were laundered with standard procedure and evaluated after various intervals. It was concluded from the obtained results that construction parameters such as kind of polymer, loop length, hairiness, yarn count, number and size of pores and their distribution play a major role in determining the air permeability of knitted fabrics. Moreover, an increase in washing cycles also reduces the airflow through the fabric.","PeriodicalId":36961,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Part A","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42886016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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