Isabel Bilotta, Shannon K. Cheng, Linnea C. Ng, Abby Corrington, Ivy Watson, E. King, Mikki R. Hebl
COVID-19 has led to staggering numbers of people being laid off or furloughed. The way these decisions are communicated to employees can critically affect how workers receive and process the news. Specifically, if employees perceive layoff decisions as unfair, both those who are let go and those who remain may suffer untoward mental and physical effects from the layoffs, and these effects, in turn, can have negative consequences for the organization (such as reputational damage). In this article, we draw on prior research into perceptions of justice—including distributive justice (focused on how resources and burdens are allocated), procedural justice (focused on how decisions are made and implemented), and interactional justice (focused on how decisions are communicated) — to offer behaviorally based policy recommendations that organizational leaders and managers can apply to buffer some of the negative effects that layoff decisions can have on both employees and organizations.
{"title":"Softening the blow: Incorporating employee perceptions of justice into best practices for layoffs during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Isabel Bilotta, Shannon K. Cheng, Linnea C. Ng, Abby Corrington, Ivy Watson, E. King, Mikki R. Hebl","doi":"10.1353/BSP.2020.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/BSP.2020.0017","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has led to staggering numbers of people being laid off or furloughed. The way these decisions are communicated to employees can critically affect how workers receive and process the news. Specifically, if employees perceive layoff decisions as unfair, both those who are let go and those who remain may suffer untoward mental and physical effects from the layoffs, and these effects, in turn, can have negative consequences for the organization (such as reputational damage). In this article, we draw on prior research into perceptions of justice—including distributive justice (focused on how resources and burdens are allocated), procedural justice (focused on how decisions are made and implemented), and interactional justice (focused on how decisions are communicated) — to offer behaviorally based policy recommendations that organizational leaders and managers can apply to buffer some of the negative effects that layoff decisions can have on both employees and organizations.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"69 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46810359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600218
Christopher G. Myers
Health professionals confronting the COVID-19 pandemic need to learn vicariously—that is, learn the lessons of others’ experiences—if they are to adopt and spread best practices for treatment, avoid costly repetition of prior mistakes, and not waste time “reinventing the wheel.” Digital communication tools and social media could be leveraged to facilitate this vicarious learning in much the same way that they are being used to support other types of interpersonal interactions amid social distancing. Yet these tools are often not used to their full potential for learning and knowledge sharing among health professionals fighting COVID-19. Drawing on organizational and behavioral science research into how individuals and organizations learn from others’ experiences, I recommend guidelines, policies, and practices that can increase both the use and the effectiveness of technological tools and social media to enhance vicarious learning among the health professionals at the front lines of pandemic care.
{"title":"Vicarious learning in the time of coronavirus","authors":"Christopher G. Myers","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600218","url":null,"abstract":"Health professionals confronting the COVID-19 pandemic need to learn vicariously—that is, learn the lessons of others’ experiences—if they are to adopt and spread best practices for treatment, avoid costly repetition of prior mistakes, and not waste time “reinventing the wheel.” Digital communication tools and social media could be leveraged to facilitate this vicarious learning in much the same way that they are being used to support other types of interpersonal interactions amid social distancing. Yet these tools are often not used to their full potential for learning and knowledge sharing among health professionals fighting COVID-19. Drawing on organizational and behavioral science research into how individuals and organizations learn from others’ experiences, I recommend guidelines, policies, and practices that can increase both the use and the effectiveness of technological tools and social media to enhance vicarious learning among the health professionals at the front lines of pandemic care.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"153 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47355486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600211
Matthew B. Perrigino, Roshni Raveendhran
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of employees find themselves working from home for the first time, and organizational leaders and supervisors are coping with the challenge of managing remote workers who are struggling to set and maintain a boundary between work and home life. Using an evidence-based management approach, we offer actionable insights into how managers can assess, create, and support work-from-home practices that address employees’ daily boundary control needs and challenges effectively. Our assess–create–support framework provides a blueprint for how managers can establish and optimize psychological and time-related work-home boundaries to enhance remote workers’ health, well-being, and performance.
{"title":"Managing remote workers during quarantine: Insights from organizational research on boundary management","authors":"Matthew B. Perrigino, Roshni Raveendhran","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600211","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of employees find themselves working from home for the first time, and organizational leaders and supervisors are coping with the challenge of managing remote workers who are struggling to set and maintain a boundary between work and home life. Using an evidence-based management approach, we offer actionable insights into how managers can assess, create, and support work-from-home practices that address employees’ daily boundary control needs and challenges effectively. Our assess–create–support framework provides a blueprint for how managers can establish and optimize psychological and time-related work-home boundaries to enhance remote workers’ health, well-being, and performance.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"87 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65686154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600216
Kelly A. Nault, B. Rogers, Ovul Sezer, Nadav Klein
Social distancing is a necessary policy with an unfortunate name. Although maintaining geographical, or physical, distance from one another is important for slowing the spread of COVID-19, people should strive to maintain social connections even while physically apart. That is because the lack of connection and the attendant loneliness that can result from physical distancing are not benign: loneliness can impair well-being and harm health. In this article, we review evidence demonstrating the ill effects of loneliness and summarize actions that psychological science suggests can enhance social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic despite physical distancing. We also discuss ways that governments, nonprofit organizations, and for-profit organizations can help motivate people to adopt these actions. Efforts to mitigate the medical risks of COVID-19 should not have to exacerbate the public health problem of loneliness.
{"title":"Behavioral insights for minimizing loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Kelly A. Nault, B. Rogers, Ovul Sezer, Nadav Klein","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600216","url":null,"abstract":"Social distancing is a necessary policy with an unfortunate name. Although maintaining geographical, or physical, distance from one another is important for slowing the spread of COVID-19, people should strive to maintain social connections even while physically apart. That is because the lack of connection and the attendant loneliness that can result from physical distancing are not benign: loneliness can impair well-being and harm health. In this article, we review evidence demonstrating the ill effects of loneliness and summarize actions that psychological science suggests can enhance social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic despite physical distancing. We also discuss ways that governments, nonprofit organizations, and for-profit organizations can help motivate people to adopt these actions. Efforts to mitigate the medical risks of COVID-19 should not have to exacerbate the public health problem of loneliness.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"137 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45025130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600203
William H. Ryan, E. Evers
Graphs that depict numbers of COVID-19 cases often use a linear or logarithmic scale on the y-axis. To examine the effect of scale on how the general public interprets the curves and uses that understanding to infer the urgency of the need for protective actions, we conducted a series of experiments that presented laypeople with the same data plotted on one scale or the other. We found that graphs with a logarithmic, as opposed to a linear, scale resulted in laypeople making less accurate predictions of how fast cases would increase, viewing COVID-19 as less dangerous, and expressing both less support for policy interventions and less intention to take personal actions to combat the disease. Education about the differences between linear and logarithmic graphs reduces but does not eliminate these effects. These results suggest that communications to the general public should mostly use linear graphs. When logarithmic graphs must be used, they should be presented alongside linear graphs of the same data and with guidance on how to interpret the plots.
{"title":"Graphs with logarithmic axes distort lay judgments","authors":"William H. Ryan, E. Evers","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600203","url":null,"abstract":"Graphs that depict numbers of COVID-19 cases often use a linear or logarithmic scale on the y-axis. To examine the effect of scale on how the general public interprets the curves and uses that understanding to infer the urgency of the need for protective actions, we conducted a series of experiments that presented laypeople with the same data plotted on one scale or the other. We found that graphs with a logarithmic, as opposed to a linear, scale resulted in laypeople making less accurate predictions of how fast cases would increase, viewing COVID-19 as less dangerous, and expressing both less support for policy interventions and less intention to take personal actions to combat the disease. Education about the differences between linear and logarithmic graphs reduces but does not eliminate these effects. These results suggest that communications to the general public should mostly use linear graphs. When logarithmic graphs must be used, they should be presented alongside linear graphs of the same data and with guidance on how to interpret the plots.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"13 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43668404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600217
C. Zigler, Nicole Lucas, Debra Henke, Ilona Fridman
The emotional factors that influence adherence to public health guidelines for containing the spread of COVID-19 are poorly understood and are limiting policymakers’ ability to elicit compliance. In this article, we report the results of a nationwide survey conducted in April 2020 to gain insight into the relation between emotional stress and adherence to the public health guidelines of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found that levels of anxiety and perceived risk from COVID-19 correlated with adherence to the CDCs recommended cleanliness behaviors, such as handwashing. High anxiety increased individuals’ adherence in part by increasing the perceived seriousness of the risk COVID-19 posed to them. Anxiety and perceived risk were not, however, associated with adherence to social distancing guidelines. Our findings highlight a need for more research into the emotional factors that predict public compliance with the CDCs recommendations. The results also indicate that policymakers may need to deliver different messages to promote different COVID-limiting behaviors, such as handwashing and social distancing.
{"title":"Fear & anxiety in the time of COVID-19: How they influence behavior","authors":"C. Zigler, Nicole Lucas, Debra Henke, Ilona Fridman","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600217","url":null,"abstract":"The emotional factors that influence adherence to public health guidelines for containing the spread of COVID-19 are poorly understood and are limiting policymakers’ ability to elicit compliance. In this article, we report the results of a nationwide survey conducted in April 2020 to gain insight into the relation between emotional stress and adherence to the public health guidelines of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found that levels of anxiety and perceived risk from COVID-19 correlated with adherence to the CDCs recommended cleanliness behaviors, such as handwashing. High anxiety increased individuals’ adherence in part by increasing the perceived seriousness of the risk COVID-19 posed to them. Anxiety and perceived risk were not, however, associated with adherence to social distancing guidelines. Our findings highlight a need for more research into the emotional factors that predict public compliance with the CDCs recommendations. The results also indicate that policymakers may need to deliver different messages to promote different COVID-limiting behaviors, such as handwashing and social distancing.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"145 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45555029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600215
Timothy R. Hannigan, M. Wang, Christopher W. J. Steele, M. Seidel, Eduardo Cervantes, P. Jennings
We showcase the usefulness of a community-based sociocultural network approach to understanding and combating COVID-19 contagion. Rather than recommending the standard approach to modeling contagion, which uses the individual person as the unit of interest (SEIR-type modeling), we encourage researchers and policymakers to focus on social units (such as households) and to conceive of the social units as being part of a community (a local configuration of a sociocultural network) that is embedded in a regional or national culture. Contagion occurs via culturally conditioned interactions between social units in these community networks. On the basis of this approach and our preliminary simulation results, we offer three policy suggestions for analysts, two for policymakers, and two for practitioners.
{"title":"A community-based sociocultural network approach to controlling COVID-19 contagion: Seven suggestions for improving policy","authors":"Timothy R. Hannigan, M. Wang, Christopher W. J. Steele, M. Seidel, Eduardo Cervantes, P. Jennings","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600215","url":null,"abstract":"We showcase the usefulness of a community-based sociocultural network approach to understanding and combating COVID-19 contagion. Rather than recommending the standard approach to modeling contagion, which uses the individual person as the unit of interest (SEIR-type modeling), we encourage researchers and policymakers to focus on social units (such as households) and to conceive of the social units as being part of a community (a local configuration of a sociocultural network) that is embedded in a regional or national culture. Contagion occurs via culturally conditioned interactions between social units in these community networks. On the basis of this approach and our preliminary simulation results, we offer three policy suggestions for analysts, two for policymakers, and two for practitioners.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"123 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43592897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600219
Ning Zhang
Although China's central and local governments do not have behavioral insights teams, they nonetheless incorporated strategies consistent with behavioral science research when they instituted plans to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. They made it easy for the public to implement health-protective behaviors; eliminated financial barriers to obtaining treatment; set the most stringent protocols as the default to protect health care professionals; simplified decisionmaking about which groups of people needed to self-isolate (thereby enhancing the efficiency of infection-control programs); and provided timely, tailored mental health services to those in need of psychological assistance. Adopting similar practices might help other countries contain the COVID-19 pandemic and enhance future pandemic preparedness and resiliency.
{"title":"Behavioral insights for containing the COVID-19 pandemic: Some practices in China","authors":"Ning Zhang","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600219","url":null,"abstract":"Although China's central and local governments do not have behavioral insights teams, they nonetheless incorporated strategies consistent with behavioral science research when they instituted plans to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. They made it easy for the public to implement health-protective behaviors; eliminated financial barriers to obtaining treatment; set the most stringent protocols as the default to protect health care professionals; simplified decisionmaking about which groups of people needed to self-isolate (thereby enhancing the efficiency of infection-control programs); and provided timely, tailored mental health services to those in need of psychological assistance. Adopting similar practices might help other countries contain the COVID-19 pandemic and enhance future pandemic preparedness and resiliency.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"163 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42735850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/237946152000600207
Hilde Mobekk, Laila Stokke
Hand hygiene has taken on new importance as a key behavior for limiting the spread of COVID-19. In the study reported here, we tested ways to increase hand sanitizer use by hospital visitors. We placed dispensers at entrances to hospital units and compared the effect of simply having the dispenser readily accessible (the control condition) with the effects of two nudges: combining the dispenser with an eye-catching sign emphasizing that hand sanitizer use is the norm (“Here we use HAND DISINFECTANT”) or with the same sign except for the addition of an altruistic motive for the norm-emphasizing message (“Here we use HAND DISINFECTANT … to protect your relatives”). Both signs greatly improved compliance, although including the altruistic element did not significantly add to the impact of stating the norm. The results indicate that to improve hand hygiene, hospitals should go beyond locating hand sanitizer dispensers conveniently: they should make the dispensers more visible and stress that using hand sanitizer is the norm.
{"title":"Nudges emphasizing social norms increased hospital visitors’ hand sanitizer use","authors":"Hilde Mobekk, Laila Stokke","doi":"10.1177/237946152000600207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600207","url":null,"abstract":"Hand hygiene has taken on new importance as a key behavior for limiting the spread of COVID-19. In the study reported here, we tested ways to increase hand sanitizer use by hospital visitors. We placed dispensers at entrances to hospital units and compared the effect of simply having the dispenser readily accessible (the control condition) with the effects of two nudges: combining the dispenser with an eye-catching sign emphasizing that hand sanitizer use is the norm (“Here we use HAND DISINFECTANT”) or with the same sign except for the addition of an altruistic motive for the norm-emphasizing message (“Here we use HAND DISINFECTANT … to protect your relatives”). Both signs greatly improved compliance, although including the altruistic element did not significantly add to the impact of stating the norm. The results indicate that to improve hand hygiene, hospitals should go beyond locating hand sanitizer dispensers conveniently: they should make the dispensers more visible and stress that using hand sanitizer is the norm.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"51 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65685991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abby Corrington, Mikki R. Hebl, Linnea C. Ng, Ivy Watson, Isabel Bilotta, Shannon K. Cheng, E. King
The Asian community in the United States has seen an enormous uptick in discriminatory experiences since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian individuals have reported discrimination within their workplaces, in their communities, and against Asian-owned businesses. Many for-profit organizations have failed to acknowledge this surge. We argue that organizations should adopt policies to protect their Asian employees and clientele. On the basis of behavioral science research and knowledge of best practices for promoting diversity and inclusion, we suggest that organizational leaders create crisis task forces to find ways to reduce discrimination against Asian employees and that the leaders more generally reaffirm organizational commitments to diversity and inclusion, communicate those commitments to stakeholders, visibly enact expected organizational norms related to diversity and inclusion, and establish or reassess accountability systems to ensure that policies and norms are followed.
{"title":"How behavioral science can inform policies to prevent discrimination against the Asian community in the era of COVID-19","authors":"Abby Corrington, Mikki R. Hebl, Linnea C. Ng, Ivy Watson, Isabel Bilotta, Shannon K. Cheng, E. King","doi":"10.1353/BSP.2020.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/BSP.2020.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian community in the United States has seen an enormous uptick in discriminatory experiences since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian individuals have reported discrimination within their workplaces, in their communities, and against Asian-owned businesses. Many for-profit organizations have failed to acknowledge this surge. We argue that organizations should adopt policies to protect their Asian employees and clientele. On the basis of behavioral science research and knowledge of best practices for promoting diversity and inclusion, we suggest that organizational leaders create crisis task forces to find ways to reduce discrimination against Asian employees and that the leaders more generally reaffirm organizational commitments to diversity and inclusion, communicate those commitments to stakeholders, visibly enact expected organizational norms related to diversity and inclusion, and establish or reassess accountability systems to ensure that policies and norms are followed.","PeriodicalId":36971,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Science and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"101 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49618865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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