Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357334
F. Korner, M. Lindmayer, M. Kurrat, D. Gentsch
According to the relevant IEC standards vacuum circuit-breakers have to meet various needs, e.g. the interruption capability, making operations, and dielectric strength. Switching of capacitor banks, overhead lines, or cables leads to very small currents in comparison with short-circuit currents. After current interruption the circuit-breaker must withstand twice the peak value of the system voltage. Furthermore, restrikes can lead to voltage multiplication. The conjunction of relatively small breaking currents with high voltage stress must be considered in detail. This work introduces a test arrangement for combined tests of making operation, current interruption, and dielectric stress of a vacuum gap under capacitive switching condition. A test vessel permits investigations of various contact materials and designs. It is connected to a synthetic test circuit which provides the appropriate test currents and capacitive voltage. Both the appearance of pre-ignitions at contact closing and the behavior under capacitive voltage stress after breaking are observed as indications of the contact surface conditions
{"title":"Synthetic Tests of Capacitive Current Switching Using a Test Vessel","authors":"F. Korner, M. Lindmayer, M. Kurrat, D. Gentsch","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357334","url":null,"abstract":"According to the relevant IEC standards vacuum circuit-breakers have to meet various needs, e.g. the interruption capability, making operations, and dielectric strength. Switching of capacitor banks, overhead lines, or cables leads to very small currents in comparison with short-circuit currents. After current interruption the circuit-breaker must withstand twice the peak value of the system voltage. Furthermore, restrikes can lead to voltage multiplication. The conjunction of relatively small breaking currents with high voltage stress must be considered in detail. This work introduces a test arrangement for combined tests of making operation, current interruption, and dielectric stress of a vacuum gap under capacitive switching condition. A test vessel permits investigations of various contact materials and designs. It is connected to a synthetic test circuit which provides the appropriate test currents and capacitive voltage. Both the appearance of pre-ignitions at contact closing and the behavior under capacitive voltage stress after breaking are observed as indications of the contact surface conditions","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128989250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357267
L. Falkingham, M. Waldron
In 1968 four 132kV, 3500MVA vacuum circuit breakers were manufactured by AEI in the UK and commissioned into service by the then Central Electricity Generating Board in the UK. This paper describes the design and history of these revolutionary circuit breakers which are believed to be the first application in the world of vacuum circuit breaker technology for circuit breakers at transmission voltages. Although technically successful, in the 1960's these circuit breakers did not compare favourably against the SF6 circuit breakers which had been developed some years previously and were being introduced to replace oil and air for transmission voltages. As a result vacuum did not go on to dominate the HV circuit breaker market, as it did for the MV market. This was mainly due to limitations of the vacuum technology at the time, as a consequence of which the AEI circuit breakers used eight interrupters in series per phase. This resulted in a complex and expensive operating system, which was excessively costly in comparison with the oil and SF6 circuit breakers of the time
{"title":"\"Vacuum for HV applications - Perhaps not so new? - Thirty Years Service Experience of 132kV Vacuum Circuit breaker\"","authors":"L. Falkingham, M. Waldron","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357267","url":null,"abstract":"In 1968 four 132kV, 3500MVA vacuum circuit breakers were manufactured by AEI in the UK and commissioned into service by the then Central Electricity Generating Board in the UK. This paper describes the design and history of these revolutionary circuit breakers which are believed to be the first application in the world of vacuum circuit breaker technology for circuit breakers at transmission voltages. Although technically successful, in the 1960's these circuit breakers did not compare favourably against the SF6 circuit breakers which had been developed some years previously and were being introduced to replace oil and air for transmission voltages. As a result vacuum did not go on to dominate the HV circuit breaker market, as it did for the MV market. This was mainly due to limitations of the vacuum technology at the time, as a consequence of which the AEI circuit breakers used eight interrupters in series per phase. This resulted in a complex and expensive operating system, which was excessively costly in comparison with the oil and SF6 circuit breakers of the time","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124742632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357306
A. Batrakov
The paper is devoted to study of cathode phenomena at low current vacuum arc, which involve several methods of plasma diagnostics being of independent methodological interest. In the first place, this concerns the plasma diagnostics with a pulsed tuneable laser. Interference and absorption-shadow imaging was successfully combined with a fast frame camera to get series images of cathode spot plasma. The paper pays emphases on description of methods and experimental arrangement for data acquisition and interpretation of results. It concerns approaches of spatial and temporal synchronization of a cathode spot and high-speed techniques and software treatment of images as well
{"title":"Low Current Vacuum Arc Diagnostics","authors":"A. Batrakov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357306","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to study of cathode phenomena at low current vacuum arc, which involve several methods of plasma diagnostics being of independent methodological interest. In the first place, this concerns the plasma diagnostics with a pulsed tuneable laser. Interference and absorption-shadow imaging was successfully combined with a fast frame camera to get series images of cathode spot plasma. The paper pays emphases on description of methods and experimental arrangement for data acquisition and interpretation of results. It concerns approaches of spatial and temporal synchronization of a cathode spot and high-speed techniques and software treatment of images as well","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123902975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357348
Xiaoming Liu, Tao Tang, Yundong Cao, Erzhi Wang
In this paper, the axial magnetic field of vacuum interrupter (VI) has been computed. Moreover, the static, transient magnetic field and 3D electric field have been analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The dynamic distributions of the axial magnetic field along the contact surface varying with interrupting instant and space have been simulated. Accordingly, the influence of the contact structure on the interrupting and insulation performance has been analyzed. The theoretical basis for optimizing the structure and investigating the interrupting capacity of the vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) has been provided
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of 3D Electromagnetic Field for Vacuum Interrupter","authors":"Xiaoming Liu, Tao Tang, Yundong Cao, Erzhi Wang","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357348","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the axial magnetic field of vacuum interrupter (VI) has been computed. Moreover, the static, transient magnetic field and 3D electric field have been analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The dynamic distributions of the axial magnetic field along the contact surface varying with interrupting instant and space have been simulated. Accordingly, the influence of the contact structure on the interrupting and insulation performance has been analyzed. The theoretical basis for optimizing the structure and investigating the interrupting capacity of the vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) has been provided","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131830208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An improved self-adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced for efficiently optimizing the complex structure and multi-variants cases. In optimizing, alleles operation and self-adaptive adjustment of the crossover and the mutant operator have been realized. The feasibility and the validity of the proposed improved GA have been verified using the typical testing function. Furthermore, the optimization of a vacuum interrupter (VI) has been successfully accomplished using the proposed GA. In optimizing, the shape of the contact has been considered as the optimized variable, and the objective function is to minimize the maximum electric field strength. Moreover the simulation results have been figured out
{"title":"Multivariable Optimal Design of Vacuum Interrupter using Novel Self-adaptive Genetic Algorithm","authors":"Xiaoming Liu, Fuyue Wen, Yundong Cao, Erzhi Wang, Yuhuan Zhao","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357349","url":null,"abstract":"An improved self-adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced for efficiently optimizing the complex structure and multi-variants cases. In optimizing, alleles operation and self-adaptive adjustment of the crossover and the mutant operator have been realized. The feasibility and the validity of the proposed improved GA have been verified using the typical testing function. Furthermore, the optimization of a vacuum interrupter (VI) has been successfully accomplished using the proposed GA. In optimizing, the shape of the contact has been considered as the optimized variable, and the objective function is to minimize the maximum electric field strength. Moreover the simulation results have been figured out","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115365699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357245
I. Muzukin, S. V. Barakhvostov
The effect of the selective acceleration of hydrogen ions in high-voltage nanosecond flashover discharge over a dielectric combined with a breakdown of a vacuum gap is found out. Various schemes of such combined discharge investigated. It is detected, that ions of hydrogen may be accelerated up to the energies essentially exceeding an applied voltage. It is shown, that the effect of the selective acceleration is observed at a vacuum gap over 0.5 mm
{"title":"Effect of the selective acceleration of light ions in vacuum flashover, combined with a vacuum gap breakdown","authors":"I. Muzukin, S. V. Barakhvostov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357245","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the selective acceleration of hydrogen ions in high-voltage nanosecond flashover discharge over a dielectric combined with a breakdown of a vacuum gap is found out. Various schemes of such combined discharge investigated. It is detected, that ions of hydrogen may be accelerated up to the energies essentially exceeding an applied voltage. It is shown, that the effect of the selective acceleration is observed at a vacuum gap over 0.5 mm","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124304300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357425
K. Ishizawa, H. Kurisu, S. Yamamoto, M. Matsuura, N. Nomura, N. Murashige, T. Morimoto, M. Hesaka
Outgassing properties and surface profiles of titanium materials have been investigated in this paper. Titanium materials showed excellent outgassing rates below 10-12 Pams-1 after baking process. These values are two orders of magnitude smaller than that for standard vacuum materials under the same pre-baking condition. Outgassing rates of the pure titanium of JIS grade 2, titanium alloy, KS100, are about 1/4 of that for a stainless steel without baking process. Titanium materials are applicable for the vacuum chamber and vacuum components. The vacuum equipment made of the titanium material has excellent vacuum performance, e.g., very quick evacuation and UHV/XHV pressures are easily obtainable
{"title":"Titanium Materials for UHV/XHV Systems","authors":"K. Ishizawa, H. Kurisu, S. Yamamoto, M. Matsuura, N. Nomura, N. Murashige, T. Morimoto, M. Hesaka","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357425","url":null,"abstract":"Outgassing properties and surface profiles of titanium materials have been investigated in this paper. Titanium materials showed excellent outgassing rates below 10-12 Pams-1 after baking process. These values are two orders of magnitude smaller than that for standard vacuum materials under the same pre-baking condition. Outgassing rates of the pure titanium of JIS grade 2, titanium alloy, KS100, are about 1/4 of that for a stainless steel without baking process. Titanium materials are applicable for the vacuum chamber and vacuum components. The vacuum equipment made of the titanium material has excellent vacuum performance, e.g., very quick evacuation and UHV/XHV pressures are easily obtainable","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114440748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357323
S. Kharin, H. Nouri, B. Miedzinski
The model of arc evolution and instability in vacuum based on the dynamics of arc root is presented in this paper. It takes into account parameters of electrical circuit, properties of contact material, heating, melting and evaporation during interaction of arc with the electrode surface. It is shown that arc root immobility is conditioned by dynamics of contact evaporation and rise of arc resistivity which depends on the vapor density in the arc and entails arc instability at certain critical current. The time and the critical contact distance of arc root immobility are found from the conditions defining the change of the direction of heat fluxes into arc for the opposite vector. Phenomenon of arc-to glow transition in low current inductive electrical circuits in vacuum due to arc instability is considered as a special case. The conditions required for this transition are obtained in dependence of contact material properties, characteristics of an electrical circuit, opening velocity and gas pressure. Special experiments with arc-to-glow transition have been carried out to verify obtained theoretical results
{"title":"Model of Arc Root Immobility in Vacuum Circuit Breakers","authors":"S. Kharin, H. Nouri, B. Miedzinski","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357323","url":null,"abstract":"The model of arc evolution and instability in vacuum based on the dynamics of arc root is presented in this paper. It takes into account parameters of electrical circuit, properties of contact material, heating, melting and evaporation during interaction of arc with the electrode surface. It is shown that arc root immobility is conditioned by dynamics of contact evaporation and rise of arc resistivity which depends on the vapor density in the arc and entails arc instability at certain critical current. The time and the critical contact distance of arc root immobility are found from the conditions defining the change of the direction of heat fluxes into arc for the opposite vector. Phenomenon of arc-to glow transition in low current inductive electrical circuits in vacuum due to arc instability is considered as a special case. The conditions required for this transition are obtained in dependence of contact material properties, characteristics of an electrical circuit, opening velocity and gas pressure. Special experiments with arc-to-glow transition have been carried out to verify obtained theoretical results","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"602 7896 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114903987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357218
K. Kato, H. Okubo
For the improvement of the electrical insulation performance of the vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) and vacuum interrupters (VI), the authors develop the computer-aided optimization technique based on the electric field calculation. For this background, the authors developed a computer-aided optimization tool for VCB and VI electrical insulation design. Using this tool, in this paper, the authors evaluated the several design variables necessary for optimizing the electrode contour of main contactor and center shield in VI. The influences of the various factors like area effect of breakdown, arrangement of VIs, etc. to the optimization result were investigated. The optimization results revealed that the electric field distribution in VI was greatly influenced by floating potential of the center shielding electrode. Finally it is concluded that the arrangement of VI in the VCB grounded wall should be carefully considered in the optimization and design procedure
{"title":"Optimization of Electrode Contour for Improvement of Insulation Performance of High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker","authors":"K. Kato, H. Okubo","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357218","url":null,"abstract":"For the improvement of the electrical insulation performance of the vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) and vacuum interrupters (VI), the authors develop the computer-aided optimization technique based on the electric field calculation. For this background, the authors developed a computer-aided optimization tool for VCB and VI electrical insulation design. Using this tool, in this paper, the authors evaluated the several design variables necessary for optimizing the electrode contour of main contactor and center shield in VI. The influences of the various factors like area effect of breakdown, arrangement of VIs, etc. to the optimization result were investigated. The optimization results revealed that the electric field distribution in VI was greatly influenced by floating potential of the center shielding electrode. Finally it is concluded that the arrangement of VI in the VCB grounded wall should be carefully considered in the optimization and design procedure","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115106300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357432
Kai Yang, Guanjun Zhang, Wenxing Zhao, Zhang Yan
Electroluminescence (EL) phenomena from polymers has been investigated under 50Hz ac electrical stress. Because the light emission is very week, so we employ a sensitive photon counting module (PCM) and put the sample into vacuum chamber to avoid the influence of gases or impurities absorbed on the surface of the sample. We use three kinds of materials such as PTFE, LDPE, and PP in this experiment. Their surface trap parameters are measured according to the theory of isothermal relaxation current (IRC). By that method we acquire the trap energy level and trap density of both electrons and holes distributing in the surface layer of each insulating polymer. We find that there is some relationship between the surface trap parameters of solid polymer insulating materials and their molecule structure, and surface trap has influence on light emission from polymer insulating material
{"title":"Surface Electroluminescence Phenomena from Polymer under AC Voltage","authors":"Kai Yang, Guanjun Zhang, Wenxing Zhao, Zhang Yan","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2006.357432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2006.357432","url":null,"abstract":"Electroluminescence (EL) phenomena from polymers has been investigated under 50Hz ac electrical stress. Because the light emission is very week, so we employ a sensitive photon counting module (PCM) and put the sample into vacuum chamber to avoid the influence of gases or impurities absorbed on the surface of the sample. We use three kinds of materials such as PTFE, LDPE, and PP in this experiment. Their surface trap parameters are measured according to the theory of isothermal relaxation current (IRC). By that method we acquire the trap energy level and trap density of both electrons and holes distributing in the surface layer of each insulating polymer. We find that there is some relationship between the surface trap parameters of solid polymer insulating materials and their molecule structure, and surface trap has influence on light emission from polymer insulating material","PeriodicalId":369861,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123979477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：