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Eye movements during conditional discrimination training and equivalence class formation 条件辨别训练中的眼动与等价类形成
Pub Date : 2018-12-05 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1553379
Steffen Hansen, E. Arntzen
ABSTRACT Ocular observing response topographies, as duration and number of eye fixations, vary among conditional discrimination procedures. Such measures have yet to be accounted for as a function of different training structures as the many-to-one (MTO), one-to-many (OTM), or linear series (LS). The present experiment explored differential outcomes in eye movement topographies, as duration and number of eye fixations, during the potential formation of six 3-member equivalence classes—prepared simultaneously and in a sequential training arrangement. Nine college students participated. Results showed that one of three participants, prepared with MTO, OTM, and LS, respectively, formed equivalence classes. Participants who responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence revealed longer fixation durations to sample stimuli and shorter fixation durations to comparison stimuli and, furthermore, fixated longer and more often on correct comparison stimuli, regardless of equivalence classformation. These findings have implications with respect to eye movements predictive value of delayed emergence of equivalence classes.
眼睛观察反应的地形,如眼睛注视的持续时间和次数,在条件辨别程序中是不同的。这些措施还没有被解释为不同训练结构的函数,如多对一(MTO)、一对多(OTM)或线性序列(LS)。本实验探讨了在同时准备和顺序训练安排的6个3人等效类的潜在形成过程中,眼动地形的不同结果,如眼睛注视的持续时间和次数。共有9名大学生参加。结果表明,分别用MTO、OTM和LS制备的3个参与者中有1个形成了等价类。根据刺激等效性做出反应的参与者对样本刺激的注视时间更长,对比较刺激的注视时间更短,而且,无论是否存在等效分类,对正确的比较刺激的注视时间更长、更频繁。这些发现对眼动对等价类延迟出现的预测价值具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 7
Macro-level analyses of voter behaviour 选民行为的宏观分析
Pub Date : 2018-11-27 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1546795
Harley Lang, B. Witts
ABSTRACT Our understanding of culture and public policy can arguably become richer with additional research that makes use of behavioural perspectives and tools. In this manuscript, we provide an example of how behavioural assessments can be conducted at the meso-/macro-level for such analyses. In particular, we analyzed historical voting data with interrupted time series designs by using aggregated behaviour as the dependent measure. The first analysis used a multiple-baseline design and t-tests to evaluate compulsory voting laws on voter turnout, the second used scatterplots and regression analysis to evaluate the relation between registered voter density to polling stations and voter turnout, and the final used a repeated A-B design and t-tests to evaluate how party control duration influenced voting. We identified several factors that might prove influential over voter turnout. This research yields information related to electoral public policy and behavioural methodology for groups, and calls for more behaviour-analytic research and application in public policy and cultural design.
我们对文化和公共政策的理解可以通过使用行为视角和工具的额外研究而变得更加丰富。在本文中,我们提供了一个例子,说明如何在中观/宏观水平上进行行为评估。特别是,我们通过使用聚合行为作为依赖度量来分析具有中断时间序列设计的历史投票数据。第一个分析使用多基线设计和t检验来评估强制投票法对投票率的影响,第二个分析使用散点图和回归分析来评估投票站登记选民密度与投票率之间的关系,最后使用重复的a -b设计和t检验来评估政党控制持续时间如何影响投票。我们确定了几个可能对选民投票率有影响的因素。这项研究提供了与选举公共政策和群体行为方法有关的信息,并呼吁在公共政策和文化设计中进行更多的行为分析研究和应用。
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引用次数: 3
The ontology of behaviour 行为本体论
Pub Date : 2018-10-24 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1539606
J. Leslie
ABSTRACT Behaviour analysis provides a functional definition of operant behaviour but at the same time often uses topographic definitions of classically-conditioned behaviour. This may be an ontological error, which would have serious consequences. Functional accounts of classical conditioning have been proposed, and they are part of a move towards locating all conditioning processes within behavioural ecology. It is recommended that behaviour analysts use a systematically functional account of all behaviour, which distinguishes between the roles of phylogenetic and ontogenetic functions, and which can embrace unconditioned behavioural repertoires as well as the behaviour changes produced by classical conditioning and operant conditioning in one framework.
行为分析提供了操作性行为的功能定义,但同时也经常使用经典条件行为的地形定义。这可能是一个本体论错误,会产生严重的后果。经典条件作用的功能描述已经被提出,它们是在行为生态学中定位所有条件作用过程的一部分。建议行为分析师使用所有行为的系统功能描述,区分系统发育和个体发育功能的作用,并且可以在一个框架中包含无条件行为库以及由经典条件反射和操作性条件反射产生的行为变化。
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引用次数: 2
Assessment of social validity trends in the journal of applied behavior analysis 社会效度评估趋势,刊于应用行为分析杂志
Pub Date : 2018-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1534771
J. L. Ferguson, Joseph H. Cihon, Justin B. Leaf, Sarah M. Van Meter, J. Mceachin, Ronald Leaf
ABSTRACT Montrose Wolf provided a definition and outline of the importance of the assessment of social validity as it applies to the field of applied behavior analysis. Since Wolf’s seminal paper, researchers have conducted analyses of the social validity trends of the first 31 years (1968-1998) of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). The purpose of the current review is to extend the findings those analyses by assessing the trends of the assessment of social validity in JABA from 1999-2016. Overall, the results of the present review indicated that social validity measures were reported in an average of 12% of articles published within JABA that met the inclusion criteria. The results are discussed within the context of the potential implications for the field of applied behavior analysis as well as areas of future research to improve the reporting of the assessment of social validity.
摘要:Montrose Wolf对社会效度评估在应用行为分析领域的重要性进行了定义和概述。自Wolf发表这篇开创性的论文以来,研究人员对《应用行为分析杂志》(JABA)前31年(1968-1998)的社会效度趋势进行了分析。本研究的目的是通过评估1999-2016年JABA社会效度评估的趋势来扩展这些分析的结果。总体而言,本综述的结果表明,在JABA中发表的符合纳入标准的文章中,平均有12%的文章报告了社会效度测量。研究结果在应用行为分析领域的潜在影响以及未来研究领域的背景下进行了讨论,以改进社会效度评估的报告。
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引用次数: 54
Correspondence between functional analyses of mands and functional analyses of problem behavior 需求功能分析与问题行为功能分析之间的对应关系
Pub Date : 2018-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1535162
Joseph M. Lambert, Sarah E. Bloom, S. S. Kunnavatana, Megan A. Boyle, Andrew L. Samaha
ABSTRACT When problem behavior is dangerous, there is precedent in the literature for inferring its function by conducting a functional analysis (FA) of less severe response topographies that reliably precede it (e.g., FAs of “precursor” behavior). In such cases, it could be advantageous to target socially desirable responses (e.g., mands) rather than less severe problem behavior. In our study, we compared the results of FAs of problem behavior with two FAs (one with prompts and one without) of mands and found poor correspondence in both instances. Although we conclude that FAs of mands are not viable replacements for FAs of problem behavior, these analyses may possess some therapeutic utility. Potential alternative uses for this methodology are discussed.
当问题行为是危险的,在文献中有先例,通过进行功能分析(FA)来推断其功能,该功能分析是在其之前可靠的不太严重的响应拓扑(例如,“前兆”行为的FA)。在这种情况下,针对社会期望的反应(例如,命令)而不是不太严重的问题行为可能是有利的。在我们的研究中,我们将问题行为的FAs结果与指令的两个FAs(一个有提示,一个没有提示)的结果进行了比较,发现两者的一致性都很差。虽然我们得出结论,手部的FAs不能替代问题行为的FAs,但这些分析可能具有一些治疗效用。讨论了该方法的潜在替代用途。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the preschool life skills program to teach school readiness skills: An irish pilot study 评估学前生活技能计划以教授入学准备技能:一项爱尔兰试点研究
Pub Date : 2018-10-12 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1531962
Ciara Gunning, Jennifer Holloway, O. Healy
ABSTRACT The Preschool Life Skills (PLS; Hanley et al., 2007) program is a preventive program targeting 13 important school readiness skills for preschool children. The PLS program addresses communication and social skill development and aims to prevent the development of problem behavior. These skills have been identified as core skills for success in later educational settings by kindergarten teachers and are the most commonly taught functionally equivalent and alternative skills in intervention for problem behavior. The current study evaluated the PLS program within an Irish educational context. Results indicated increases in target preschool life skills and decreases in problem behavior following intervention. Evidence of generalization and maintenance also were observed.
学前生活技能(PLS);Hanley et al., 2007)项目是一项针对学龄前儿童13项重要入学准备技能的预防性项目。PLS计划解决沟通和社交技能的发展,旨在防止问题行为的发展。这些技能已被幼儿园教师确定为在以后的教育环境中取得成功的核心技能,并且是在问题行为干预中最常教授的功能等效和替代技能。目前的研究评估PLS程序在爱尔兰的教育背景下。结果表明,干预后目标学前生活技能增加,问题行为减少。还观察到泛化和维持的证据。
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引用次数: 8
Translating behavior analytic terminology: semantic and etymological considerations from a Russian perspective 行为分析术语的翻译:从俄语的角度看语义和词源
Pub Date : 2018-07-23 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1501215
N. Alipov, Z. Qamar, Neil T. Martin
ABSTRACT Behavior Analysis is a relatively young but rapidly evolving scientific field, that requires a scientifically based and conceptually systematic vocabulary. Basic principles for translating behavior analytic terms have previously been established, concerning both the morphology (topography) of the terms and their content (function). In the present paper, and based on our experience of translating behavior analytic terms into Russian, we seek to expand consideration of the functional issues by adding some generalizations as an extension to previous established translation principles. Although the starting premise when selecting a behavior analytic term is that it belongs to a distinct and well-developed field with its own conceptual and theoretical basis, we also acknowledge the earlier academic roots and wide overlap with many other related disciplines. Thus, when selecting a term, it is essential to conduct a semantic and etymological analysis, addressing the following issues: 1) historical continuity; 2) links with related disciplines; 3) potential uniqueness of a term (use of specific neologism) within the field of behavior analysis.
行为分析是一个相对年轻但发展迅速的科学领域,它需要有科学基础和概念系统的词汇。行为分析术语的翻译已经建立了基本原则,包括术语的形态(地形)和内容(功能)。在本文中,根据我们将行为分析术语翻译成俄语的经验,我们试图通过添加一些概括作为先前建立的翻译原则的扩展来扩大对功能问题的考虑。虽然选择一个行为分析术语的前提是它属于一个独特的、发展良好的领域,有自己的概念和理论基础,但我们也承认早期的学术根源和与许多其他相关学科的广泛重叠。因此,在选择术语时,必须进行语义和词源分析,解决以下问题:1)历史连续性;2)与相关学科的联系;3)一个术语在行为分析领域的潜在独特性(特定新词的使用)。
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引用次数: 2
Piloting a brief relational operant training program: analyses of response latencies and intelligence test performance 试行一个简短的关系操作训练计划:分析反应延迟和智力测试表现
Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1507087
Shane J. McLoughlin, I. Tyndall, Antonina Pereira
ABSTRACT Previous research suggests that training relational operant responding using the SMART (Strengthening Mental Abilities with Relational Training) program over several months can result in improved performance on cognitive intelligence tests. This study aimed to investigate whether engaging in a 3-week relational training program would improve (i) scores and (ii) reaction times on a standardised intelligence test, and (iii) to pilot a new multiple exemplar training procedure targeting complex analogical operant responding (SMARTA; SMART for Analogy). We administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2) to eight adults across four time points. Control: Time 1–4: No intervention. Experimental: Time 1–2: No intervention. Time 2–3: SMART relational operant training. Time 3–4: SMARTA analogical relational operant training. Experimental participants demonstrated greater improvements in terms of both (i) response latencies and (ii) response fluencies on the Verbal Knowledge subscale of the KBIT-2.
先前的研究表明,使用SMART(通过关系训练加强心智能力)计划进行几个月的关系操作反应训练可以提高认知智力测试的表现。本研究旨在探讨参与为期三周的关系训练计划是否会提高(i)标准化智力测验的分数和(ii)反应时间,以及(iii)试点针对复杂类比操作反应的新的多范例训练程序(SMARTA;聪明的类比)。我们在四个时间点对八名成年人进行了考夫曼简短智力测验(KBIT-2)。对照组:时间1-4:无干预。实验:时间1-2:不干预。时间2-3:SMART关系操作训练。时间3-4:SMARTA类比关系操作训练。实验参与者在KBIT-2语言知识量表上的反应延迟和反应流畅度均有较大的改善。
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引用次数: 7
Using video modelling to teach culture-specific dressing skills 使用视频建模来教授特定文化的着装技巧
Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2018.1541205
P. Olsen, Linda S. Bailey, D. Gould
ABSTRACT The importance of cultural factors in Applied Behaviour Analysis has gained recent attention. In the present study, video modelling was used to teach participants with autism a culture-specific dressing skill, how to wear ghutra and agal, the traditional Emirati head garment. A multiple probe across participants design was used with baseline, video modelling training, and post-intervention phases. During training, participants watched a video model and then completed the skill according to a task analysis. No reinforcement or correction procedures were used. Two participants acquired the seven-step chain using video modelling. One participant failed to accurately complete one step. For this participant, a remediation procedure, including prompting and Teaching with Acoustical Guidance (TAGteachTM), was used to shape the response topography for this step. With the addition of remedial training, the participant met mastery criterion. A social validity survey showed that the skill was relevant and the video modelling procedure was acceptable.
文化因素在应用行为分析中的重要性近年来引起了人们的关注。在目前的研究中,视频模型被用来教授自闭症参与者一种特定文化的着装技巧,如何穿着传统的阿联酋头饰ghutra和agal。在基线、视频建模训练和干预后阶段采用了跨参与者的多重探针设计。在训练过程中,参与者观看视频模型,然后根据任务分析完成技能。未使用强化或纠正程序。两名参与者通过视频建模获得了七步链。一名参与者未能准确完成一个步骤。对于该参与者,使用了一个补救程序,包括提示和声音指导教学(TAGteachTM)来塑造这一步的响应地形。加上补习训练,参与者达到掌握标准。一项社会效度调查显示,技能是相关的,视频建模程序是可接受的。
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引用次数: 4
Teaching behavior analysis with behavior analysis: The evolution of the teaching science lab at the University of North Texas 用行为分析进行教学行为分析:北德克萨斯大学教学科学实验室的演变
Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2017.1404393
Traci M. Cihon, A. Kieta, S. Glenn
ABSTRACT Institutions of higher education have been increasingly encouragedto employ evidence-based practices in the classroom.Many faculty members continue to rely on more tradi- tional instructional methods, even those who arewell versed in evidence-based teaching techniques. We describe the evolutionand current status of a system that uses behavior analysis (BA)to teach BA. Changes over time in the system are described as results of several environmental factors.The system was recently revised and currentlyexists as the teaching science lab (TSL). The TSL is an example of how faculty memberscan integrate both teaching and research responsibilities while incorporating several behavioral technologies into undergraduatecourse design. Future directions of the TSL are discussed withrespect to the use of evidence-based practice in the college classroom.Lastly, the resources necessary to maintain such a systemand the barriers to success are described.
越来越多的高等教育机构被鼓励在课堂上采用循证实践。许多教师继续依靠更传统的教学方法,即使是那些精通循证教学技术的人。我们描述了一个使用行为分析(BA)来教授BA的系统的演变和现状。系统随时间的变化被描述为几个环境因素的结果。该系统最近进行了修订,目前作为教学科学实验室(TSL)存在。TSL是教师如何将教学和研究职责结合起来,同时将几种行为技术纳入本科课程设计的一个例子。讨论了基于证据的实践在大学课堂教学中的应用。最后,描述了维持这样一个系统所需的资源和成功的障碍。
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引用次数: 9
期刊
European Journal of Behavior Analysis
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