Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1341133
R. González-Lezcano, S. K. Sansaniwal
{"title":"Editorial: Healthy and energy efficient buildings","authors":"R. González-Lezcano, S. K. Sansaniwal","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1341133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1341133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139212563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1270996
Johnny W. Condori Uribe, Manuel Salmeron, Edwin Patino, H. Montoya, S. Dyke, Christian E. Silva, A. Maghareh, Mehdi Najarian, Arturo Montoya
Advancing RTHS methods to readily handle multi-dimensional problems has great potential for enabling more advanced testing and synergistically using existing laboratory facilities that have the capacity for such experimentation. However, the high internal coupling between hydraulics actuators and the nonlinear kinematics escalates the complexity of actuator control and boundary condition tracking. To enable researchers in the RTHS community to develop and compare advanced control algorithms, this paper proposes a benchmark control problem for a multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation (maRTHS) and presents its definition and implementation on a steel frame excited by seismic loads at the base. The benchmark problem enables the development and validation of control techniques for tracking both translation and rotation degrees of freedom of a plant that consists of a steel frame, two hydraulic actuators, and a steel coupler with high stiffness that couples the axial displacements of the hydraulic actuators resulting in the required motion of the frame node. In this investigation, the different components of this benchmark were developed, tested, and a set of maRTHS were conducted to demonstrate its feasibility in order to provide a realistic virtual platform. To offer flexibility in the control design process, experimental data for identification purposes, finite element models for the reference structure, numerical, and physical substructure, and plant models with model uncertainties are provided. Also, a sample example of an RTHS design based on a linear quadratic Gaussian controller is included as part of a computational code package, which facilitates the exploration of the tradeoff between robustness and performance of tracking control designs. The goals of this benchmark are to: extend existing control or develop new control techniques; provide a computational tool for investigation of the challenging aspects of maRTHS; encourage a transition to multiple actuator RTHS scenarios; and make available a challenging problem for new researchers to investigate maRTHS approaches. We believe that this benchmark problem will encourage the advancing of the next-generation of controllers for more realistic RTHS methods.
{"title":"Experimental benchmark control problem for multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation","authors":"Johnny W. Condori Uribe, Manuel Salmeron, Edwin Patino, H. Montoya, S. Dyke, Christian E. Silva, A. Maghareh, Mehdi Najarian, Arturo Montoya","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1270996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1270996","url":null,"abstract":"Advancing RTHS methods to readily handle multi-dimensional problems has great potential for enabling more advanced testing and synergistically using existing laboratory facilities that have the capacity for such experimentation. However, the high internal coupling between hydraulics actuators and the nonlinear kinematics escalates the complexity of actuator control and boundary condition tracking. To enable researchers in the RTHS community to develop and compare advanced control algorithms, this paper proposes a benchmark control problem for a multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation (maRTHS) and presents its definition and implementation on a steel frame excited by seismic loads at the base. The benchmark problem enables the development and validation of control techniques for tracking both translation and rotation degrees of freedom of a plant that consists of a steel frame, two hydraulic actuators, and a steel coupler with high stiffness that couples the axial displacements of the hydraulic actuators resulting in the required motion of the frame node. In this investigation, the different components of this benchmark were developed, tested, and a set of maRTHS were conducted to demonstrate its feasibility in order to provide a realistic virtual platform. To offer flexibility in the control design process, experimental data for identification purposes, finite element models for the reference structure, numerical, and physical substructure, and plant models with model uncertainties are provided. Also, a sample example of an RTHS design based on a linear quadratic Gaussian controller is included as part of a computational code package, which facilitates the exploration of the tradeoff between robustness and performance of tracking control designs. The goals of this benchmark are to: extend existing control or develop new control techniques; provide a computational tool for investigation of the challenging aspects of maRTHS; encourage a transition to multiple actuator RTHS scenarios; and make available a challenging problem for new researchers to investigate maRTHS approaches. We believe that this benchmark problem will encourage the advancing of the next-generation of controllers for more realistic RTHS methods.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139216353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1267757
Thasnee Solano, Ana Bernal, Dafni Mora, M. Chen Austin
The rapid increase in the population, which has been concentrated mainly in urban areas, has caused an environmental imbalance over the years since the built environment developed as a foreign element to the ecosystem, which prevents having resilient environments capable of adapting to the challenges posed by climate change. This research aims to provide an updated knowledge base of bio-inspired strategies emulated in hot and humid climates to achieve an efficient built environment, restoring resources, and bringing nature closer to cities. A systematic review is conducted based on keyword selection to answer i) what has been achieved in built environments to be more efficient and sustainable (including tropical climates) and ii) how natural patterns, strategies, and models are mimicked. Implementing these strategies is very little in regions with hot and humid climates. Bio-inspired approaches are concentrated in those that try to emulate the functions of nature, followed by approaches that imitate the form of nature, biomimicry, and biomimetics being the most used approaches, leading to the development of efficient and resilient cities.
{"title":"How bio-inspired solutions have influenced the built environment design in hot and humid climates","authors":"Thasnee Solano, Ana Bernal, Dafni Mora, M. Chen Austin","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1267757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1267757","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid increase in the population, which has been concentrated mainly in urban areas, has caused an environmental imbalance over the years since the built environment developed as a foreign element to the ecosystem, which prevents having resilient environments capable of adapting to the challenges posed by climate change. This research aims to provide an updated knowledge base of bio-inspired strategies emulated in hot and humid climates to achieve an efficient built environment, restoring resources, and bringing nature closer to cities. A systematic review is conducted based on keyword selection to answer i) what has been achieved in built environments to be more efficient and sustainable (including tropical climates) and ii) how natural patterns, strategies, and models are mimicked. Implementing these strategies is very little in regions with hot and humid climates. Bio-inspired approaches are concentrated in those that try to emulate the functions of nature, followed by approaches that imitate the form of nature, biomimicry, and biomimetics being the most used approaches, leading to the development of efficient and resilient cities.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139227517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1260353
Juan José Cuervo Calle, Cesar Augusto Salazar Hernández, Victoria Eugenia Sanchez Holguin, Luis Felipe Lalinde Castrillón, Luis Guillermo Sañudo Vélez
The alliance between universities, the private sector, the State and local communities becomes a fundamental strategy to channel regional development processes. This approach that interprets SDG 17 has been applied in the research courses of the Architecture Faculty of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. In these courses, real problems in specific regions of the national territory serve as a starting point to contribute to the training of the architect from the perspective of social responsibility. Specifically, this text focuses on the Sustainable Environment research course, which took as a case study the corregimiento of Nueva Colonia (Turbo- Colombia) to propose technologies that reconfigure positively urban and rural areas. These technologies are proposed as a response to the social, cultural, and economic realities and the conditions that govern construction activity in the region. Based on participatory design as a working method, students design tools that allow collecting information about the perception that the community has of their territory with the purpose of determining basic design guidelines defined collaboratively to provide solutions to the habitat and the built environment. These guidelines derive mainly from a reflection on technology in the construction of social housing, socio-environmental relationships, and their repercussions for the sustainable configuration of the built environment. To achieve this goal, students research on eco-efficient materials and local waste that can be used as construction material or raw material, and which are preliminarily evaluated using circularity and life cycle criteria. In this sense, this text seeks to highlight specific results of eco-efficient materials and waste from the banana industry.
{"title":"Rationale of construction processes in the social configuration of habitat: Nueva Colonia, Turbo, Colombia","authors":"Juan José Cuervo Calle, Cesar Augusto Salazar Hernández, Victoria Eugenia Sanchez Holguin, Luis Felipe Lalinde Castrillón, Luis Guillermo Sañudo Vélez","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1260353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1260353","url":null,"abstract":"The alliance between universities, the private sector, the State and local communities becomes a fundamental strategy to channel regional development processes. This approach that interprets SDG 17 has been applied in the research courses of the Architecture Faculty of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. In these courses, real problems in specific regions of the national territory serve as a starting point to contribute to the training of the architect from the perspective of social responsibility. Specifically, this text focuses on the Sustainable Environment research course, which took as a case study the corregimiento of Nueva Colonia (Turbo- Colombia) to propose technologies that reconfigure positively urban and rural areas. These technologies are proposed as a response to the social, cultural, and economic realities and the conditions that govern construction activity in the region. Based on participatory design as a working method, students design tools that allow collecting information about the perception that the community has of their territory with the purpose of determining basic design guidelines defined collaboratively to provide solutions to the habitat and the built environment. These guidelines derive mainly from a reflection on technology in the construction of social housing, socio-environmental relationships, and their repercussions for the sustainable configuration of the built environment. To achieve this goal, students research on eco-efficient materials and local waste that can be used as construction material or raw material, and which are preliminarily evaluated using circularity and life cycle criteria. In this sense, this text seeks to highlight specific results of eco-efficient materials and waste from the banana industry.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139227689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1254942
Mauricio Jonas Ferreira, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha
São Paulo City, Brazil, a densely urbanized area in a tropical climate region, is facing increasing challenges from flooding. However, a promising solution has emerged in the form of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) infrastructure, surpassing traditional grey technology in flood mitigation. This article examines the effectiveness of green roofs in reducing flood risks and highlights their superiority over conventional approaches. We analyzed the direct impacts of surface permeabilization in public areas (sidewalks, streets, and squares) and private areas (urban lots, subdivisions) on runoff volume and peak flow in the Aricanduva River basin in São Paulo city. We used a thoroughly validated hydrological model to compare the interference in the land use of the watershed between a green infrastructure type called Green Roof (GR) and a gray technology called Permeable Pavement (PP), in terms of hydrological efficiency in mitigating floods. The flow and water level simulations for varying areas with GR or PP covered a wide range, allowing for situations above or below the canal overflow level, which provided a good distinction of the impact of boundary conditions. Overall, we observed a positive hydrological response, with a reduction in peak flow and runoff volume proportional to the increase in permeable area, and consequently, proportional to the increase in GR or PP surface within the contributing area. As the main contribution, the hydrological performance calculated with the variation of GR was remarkably superior to the variation of PP in terms of requiring a smaller coverage area with interference to prevent overflow or achieve equivalent efficiency. It is worth noting that the substitution of approximately 24% of the gray roof area with GR prevented canal overflow, which is notably lower than the required substitution of approximately 40% for PP interference. We reinforce the relevance of green roofs as an option to mitigate intense hydrological effects in urban areas and, more importantly, paves the way for other NBS with the same hydrological principles and environmental co-benefits to work individually or in combination.
巴西圣保罗市是热带气候地区的一个城市密集区，正面临着洪水带来的日益严峻的挑战。然而，以基于自然的解决方案（NBS）基础设施的形式出现了一种前景广阔的解决方案，在洪水缓解方面超越了传统的灰色技术。本文研究了绿色屋顶在降低洪水风险方面的有效性，并强调了其优于传统方法的优势。我们分析了公共区域（人行道、街道和广场）和私人区域（城市地块、小区）地表渗透对圣保罗市阿里坎杜瓦河流域径流量和峰值流量的直接影响。我们使用经过全面验证的水文模型，比较了绿色屋顶（GR）和灰色透水路面（PP）这两种绿色基础设施对流域土地利用的干扰，以及它们在缓解洪水方面的水文效率。对采用 GR 或 PP 的不同区域进行的流量和水位模拟覆盖范围很广，允许出现高于或低于运河溢流水位的情况，从而很好地区分了边界条件的影响。总体而言，我们观察到了积极的水文响应，峰值流量和径流量的减少与透水面积的增加成正比，因此也与水源区内 GR 或 PP 表面的增加成正比。作为主要贡献，GR 变化计算出的水文性能明显优于 PP 变化计算出的水文性能，即需要较小的干扰覆盖面积来防止溢流或达到同等效率。值得注意的是，用 GR 替代约 24% 的灰色屋顶面积就能防止水渠溢流，这明显低于 PP 干扰所需的约 40% 的替代率。我们加强了绿色屋顶作为缓解城市地区强烈水文效应的一种选择的相关性，更重要的是，它为其他具有相同水文原理和环境共同效益的无核生物系统单独或组合发挥作用铺平了道路。
{"title":"Green roof infrastructure outperforms grey technology in flood mitigation in São Paulo’s urbanized region","authors":"Mauricio Jonas Ferreira, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1254942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1254942","url":null,"abstract":"São Paulo City, Brazil, a densely urbanized area in a tropical climate region, is facing increasing challenges from flooding. However, a promising solution has emerged in the form of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) infrastructure, surpassing traditional grey technology in flood mitigation. This article examines the effectiveness of green roofs in reducing flood risks and highlights their superiority over conventional approaches. We analyzed the direct impacts of surface permeabilization in public areas (sidewalks, streets, and squares) and private areas (urban lots, subdivisions) on runoff volume and peak flow in the Aricanduva River basin in São Paulo city. We used a thoroughly validated hydrological model to compare the interference in the land use of the watershed between a green infrastructure type called Green Roof (GR) and a gray technology called Permeable Pavement (PP), in terms of hydrological efficiency in mitigating floods. The flow and water level simulations for varying areas with GR or PP covered a wide range, allowing for situations above or below the canal overflow level, which provided a good distinction of the impact of boundary conditions. Overall, we observed a positive hydrological response, with a reduction in peak flow and runoff volume proportional to the increase in permeable area, and consequently, proportional to the increase in GR or PP surface within the contributing area. As the main contribution, the hydrological performance calculated with the variation of GR was remarkably superior to the variation of PP in terms of requiring a smaller coverage area with interference to prevent overflow or achieve equivalent efficiency. It is worth noting that the substitution of approximately 24% of the gray roof area with GR prevented canal overflow, which is notably lower than the required substitution of approximately 40% for PP interference. We reinforce the relevance of green roofs as an option to mitigate intense hydrological effects in urban areas and, more importantly, paves the way for other NBS with the same hydrological principles and environmental co-benefits to work individually or in combination.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139228556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1335915
Paulo Santos, Elena Lucchi, Salvatore Carlucci
{"title":"Editorial: Global excellence in sustainable design and construction: Europe 2023","authors":"Paulo Santos, Elena Lucchi, Salvatore Carlucci","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1335915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1335915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139228704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1287373
Gamil A. Ahmed, Tarek Sheltami, Ashraf S Mahmoud, Ansar Yasar
Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have gradually emerged to enhance transportation information, entertainment, safety, and other services. However, such infrastructures have certain limitations, causing intermittent network disconnection. Further, in urban areas, terrain heights act as obstacles and hinder or attenuate transmitted signals. In this study, we propose a dynamic 3D internet of drones collaborative communication approach for efficient VANET-assistance (3DIoDAV) by integrating the IoD network and VANET to support terrestrial communication. We model IoD locations as an optimization problem to optimize the IoD nodes in three-dimensional terrain. Improved particle swarm optimization is used to optimally deploy IoD nodes in 3D terrain for minimizing the number of isolated vehicles. The proposed approach considers the terrain profile influence on communication. Therefore, we propose a 3D propagation model for efficient IoD-to-vehicle (IoD2V) communication in 3D space. Experiments are performed based on the received signal from ground vehicles to examine the performance of the proposed model and the 3DIoDAV approach. Simulation results show different behaviors of IoD nodes in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D scenarios. Comparison with 2D VANET-assisted and IoDAV approaches demonstrates the proposed 3DIoDAV approach’s ability to detect terrain obstacles, which guarantees the dispatching of IoD nodes into the most appropriate locations in 3D space, thereby minimizing the impact of terrain obstacles on communication.
{"title":"3D simulation model for IoD-to-vehicles communication in IoD-assisted VANET","authors":"Gamil A. Ahmed, Tarek Sheltami, Ashraf S Mahmoud, Ansar Yasar","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1287373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1287373","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have gradually emerged to enhance transportation information, entertainment, safety, and other services. However, such infrastructures have certain limitations, causing intermittent network disconnection. Further, in urban areas, terrain heights act as obstacles and hinder or attenuate transmitted signals. In this study, we propose a dynamic 3D internet of drones collaborative communication approach for efficient VANET-assistance (3DIoDAV) by integrating the IoD network and VANET to support terrestrial communication. We model IoD locations as an optimization problem to optimize the IoD nodes in three-dimensional terrain. Improved particle swarm optimization is used to optimally deploy IoD nodes in 3D terrain for minimizing the number of isolated vehicles. The proposed approach considers the terrain profile influence on communication. Therefore, we propose a 3D propagation model for efficient IoD-to-vehicle (IoD2V) communication in 3D space. Experiments are performed based on the received signal from ground vehicles to examine the performance of the proposed model and the 3DIoDAV approach. Simulation results show different behaviors of IoD nodes in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D scenarios. Comparison with 2D VANET-assisted and IoDAV approaches demonstrates the proposed 3DIoDAV approach’s ability to detect terrain obstacles, which guarantees the dispatching of IoD nodes into the most appropriate locations in 3D space, thereby minimizing the impact of terrain obstacles on communication.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1289851
Matteo Marra, Michele Palermo, Stefano Silvestri
This paper introduces an updated formulation of a five-step procedure dealing with the design of fluid viscous dampers for the seismic retrofitting of existing frame buildings. The original design procedure is known as the “direct five-step procedure,” and is articulated into 5 consecutive steps guiding the designer from the identification of the expected seismic performances, to the sizing of the added viscous dampers up to the final verification of the seismic behavior through non-linear dynamic time history analyses. The procedure leads to the full definition of the mechanical characteristics of the commercial non-linear viscous dampers and allows to estimate the maximum dissipative forces acting in the dampers and the internal forces in the frame members. The objective of the design procedure, when applied to a new building, is to size the dampers in order to keep the structural elements within the linear elastic range considering a “rare” earthquake design level. However, when dealing with an existing building, especially if originally designed considering vertical loads only, the insertion of viscous dampers could be not sufficient to keep the structural elements in the elastic range. Thus, it might be necessary to accept local plastic excursion of the structural elements, by taking into account the ductility capacity (albeit probably limited) of the structural members (hysteretic dissipation associated with damage in beams and columns). This latter aspect is explicitly considered in the updated formulation of the “direct five-step procedure” presented here through the introduction of an overall response reduction factor accounting for both the ductility capacity of the structural members and the viscous damping provided by the added dampers. The design procedure is then applied to a 11-storey frame structure case study, which is representative of reinforced concrete buildings designed for vertical loads only. Three different retrofitting design strategies are considered, based on different exploitation of viscous energy dissipation provided by the dampers and hysteretic energy dissipation due to the excursion of the structural members into the inelastic regime.
{"title":"The “direct five-step procedure” for the design of added viscous dampers to be inserted into existing buildings: formulation and case study","authors":"Matteo Marra, Michele Palermo, Stefano Silvestri","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1289851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1289851","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces an updated formulation of a five-step procedure dealing with the design of fluid viscous dampers for the seismic retrofitting of existing frame buildings. The original design procedure is known as the “direct five-step procedure,” and is articulated into 5 consecutive steps guiding the designer from the identification of the expected seismic performances, to the sizing of the added viscous dampers up to the final verification of the seismic behavior through non-linear dynamic time history analyses. The procedure leads to the full definition of the mechanical characteristics of the commercial non-linear viscous dampers and allows to estimate the maximum dissipative forces acting in the dampers and the internal forces in the frame members. The objective of the design procedure, when applied to a new building, is to size the dampers in order to keep the structural elements within the linear elastic range considering a “rare” earthquake design level. However, when dealing with an existing building, especially if originally designed considering vertical loads only, the insertion of viscous dampers could be not sufficient to keep the structural elements in the elastic range. Thus, it might be necessary to accept local plastic excursion of the structural elements, by taking into account the ductility capacity (albeit probably limited) of the structural members (hysteretic dissipation associated with damage in beams and columns). This latter aspect is explicitly considered in the updated formulation of the “direct five-step procedure” presented here through the introduction of an overall response reduction factor accounting for both the ductility capacity of the structural members and the viscous damping provided by the added dampers. The design procedure is then applied to a 11-storey frame structure case study, which is representative of reinforced concrete buildings designed for vertical loads only. Three different retrofitting design strategies are considered, based on different exploitation of viscous energy dissipation provided by the dampers and hysteretic energy dissipation due to the excursion of the structural members into the inelastic regime.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"227 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139243435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1228321
Amr A. Abd-Elghany, Hassan M. Diab, Ahmed M. M. Yousef, Hosam M. Saleh
As the risk of lung cancer increases with increasing radon exposure, the preferred measure of this risk is the long-term average radon level. The assessment of the radiation risk in workplaces in Egypt is constrained by the lack of experimental data about the measurements of natural radioactivity emitted from some common building materials and radon concentration within the buildings. The natural radioactive Ra-226, Th-232 series, and K-40 were computed in (Bq/kg) by a pure hyperactive germanium detector based on gamma spectroscopy to determine the potential health risk from exposure to gamma radiation induced by commonly used construction materials in Egypt such as ceramics and granite materials. The spatial variations of radon concentrations within two buildings, in over 50 rooms, made from two different types of building materials were surveyed using nuclear detectors (CR-39) to assess radon concentration for two successive 6 months. To analyze the relationship through radon concentration and floor levels for the use of ceramic tile improved construction materials, tier average ratios respecting the ground floor as a reference-grade consideration were also computed. All the findings of this research were analyzed and contrasted with the traditional ceramic construction material and it was clear that the “ceramics tile construction building” is a hygienic workplace which may be attributed to the use of improved construction materials and radiation shielding.
{"title":"Estimation of radon and natural radioactive emissions from two of the most widely used construction materials in Egypt","authors":"Amr A. Abd-Elghany, Hassan M. Diab, Ahmed M. M. Yousef, Hosam M. Saleh","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1228321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1228321","url":null,"abstract":"As the risk of lung cancer increases with increasing radon exposure, the preferred measure of this risk is the long-term average radon level. The assessment of the radiation risk in workplaces in Egypt is constrained by the lack of experimental data about the measurements of natural radioactivity emitted from some common building materials and radon concentration within the buildings. The natural radioactive Ra-226, Th-232 series, and K-40 were computed in (Bq/kg) by a pure hyperactive germanium detector based on gamma spectroscopy to determine the potential health risk from exposure to gamma radiation induced by commonly used construction materials in Egypt such as ceramics and granite materials. The spatial variations of radon concentrations within two buildings, in over 50 rooms, made from two different types of building materials were surveyed using nuclear detectors (CR-39) to assess radon concentration for two successive 6 months. To analyze the relationship through radon concentration and floor levels for the use of ceramic tile improved construction materials, tier average ratios respecting the ground floor as a reference-grade consideration were also computed. All the findings of this research were analyzed and contrasted with the traditional ceramic construction material and it was clear that the “ceramics tile construction building” is a hygienic workplace which may be attributed to the use of improved construction materials and radiation shielding.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"172 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.3389/fbuil.2023.1297520
Chuloh Jung, Naglaa Sami Abdelaziz Mahmoud
In response to the growing concern of air pollution in Dubai, this study was undertaken to measure and analyze indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations in residential buildings during the spring dust storm period. The research focused on the infiltration of PM into indoor spaces and its impact on indoor air quality, exploring the relationship between PM particle diameter, building infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM. Conducted in a two-bedroom residential unit near a busy road, the study utilized particle size analysis and the indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio for measurements. The findings revealed that smaller particles, particularly ultrafine PM2.5, had a more substantial influence on indoor PM concentrations than larger particles. It was noted that buildings with higher infiltration rates, especially those with natural ventilation, were more susceptible to outdoor PM infiltration. Additionally, the study highlighted the significant role of occupant behavior, such as cooking and cleaning, in generating indoor PM. However, further research is necessary to better understand the correlation between architectural characteristics, infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM in residential buildings. The study underscores the importance of improved ventilation systems, raising awareness of indoor air quality, and implementing effective mitigation strategies to reduce indoor air pollution and enhance indoor air quality in urban environments like Dubai. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of indoor and outdoor PM dynamics, emphasizing the urgent need to address indoor air pollution in urban areas.
{"title":"Navigating dust storms and urban living: an analysis of particulate matter infiltration in Dubai’s residences","authors":"Chuloh Jung, Naglaa Sami Abdelaziz Mahmoud","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2023.1297520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1297520","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the growing concern of air pollution in Dubai, this study was undertaken to measure and analyze indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations in residential buildings during the spring dust storm period. The research focused on the infiltration of PM into indoor spaces and its impact on indoor air quality, exploring the relationship between PM particle diameter, building infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM. Conducted in a two-bedroom residential unit near a busy road, the study utilized particle size analysis and the indoor-outdoor (I/O) ratio for measurements. The findings revealed that smaller particles, particularly ultrafine PM2.5, had a more substantial influence on indoor PM concentrations than larger particles. It was noted that buildings with higher infiltration rates, especially those with natural ventilation, were more susceptible to outdoor PM infiltration. Additionally, the study highlighted the significant role of occupant behavior, such as cooking and cleaning, in generating indoor PM. However, further research is necessary to better understand the correlation between architectural characteristics, infiltration rates, and the indoor influence of outdoor PM in residential buildings. The study underscores the importance of improved ventilation systems, raising awareness of indoor air quality, and implementing effective mitigation strategies to reduce indoor air pollution and enhance indoor air quality in urban environments like Dubai. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of indoor and outdoor PM dynamics, emphasizing the urgent need to address indoor air pollution in urban areas.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":"77 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：