Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221108574
Weixiang Luo, Jia Yu
Sexual infidelity in China has undergone a rapid increase in recent decades. Despite much speculation, social forces that help to prompt such increase have yet to be identified. Drawing on data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, coupled with the perspectives of attitudinal and institutional changes, we examine social determinants of marital infidelity that may reveal potential mechanisms of its diffusion. We find that more liberal attitudes toward extramarital sex, greater sexual dissatisfaction, and lower marital satisfaction were all positively associated with the likelihood of marital infidelity. Results also show that institutional factors such as personal income, living apart from one's spouse, and urbanity influenced the practice of extramarital sex. Taken as a whole, both attitudinal changes toward sex, love and marriage, and institutional changes as a result of social transformation may play a role in determining the rise of sexual infidelity in China.
{"title":"Sexual infidelity among the married in China","authors":"Weixiang Luo, Jia Yu","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221108574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221108574","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual infidelity in China has undergone a rapid increase in recent decades. Despite much speculation, social forces that help to prompt such increase have yet to be identified. Drawing on data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, coupled with the perspectives of attitudinal and institutional changes, we examine social determinants of marital infidelity that may reveal potential mechanisms of its diffusion. We find that more liberal attitudes toward extramarital sex, greater sexual dissatisfaction, and lower marital satisfaction were all positively associated with the likelihood of marital infidelity. Results also show that institutional factors such as personal income, living apart from one's spouse, and urbanity influenced the practice of extramarital sex. Taken as a whole, both attitudinal changes toward sex, love and marriage, and institutional changes as a result of social transformation may play a role in determining the rise of sexual infidelity in China.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"374 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45913561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221105717
Jiashu Xu, Chunni Zhang
Sexual harassment is a global issue threatening individuals’ safety and rights, especially for women. Previous studies mainly focused on the negative impact of sexual harassment on women's health, work, and education. Using data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, this article examines the effect of sexual harassment in both physical and non-physical forms and probes the effect of the perpetrator's relationship to the victim on women's sexual behaviors, sexual and marital well-being, and desires for marriage and childbearing. The results indicate that both physical and non-physical sexual harassment lowered married or cohabitating women's sexual satisfaction and functioning. Sexual harassment by a family member/relative, an intimate partner or an acquaintance produced a larger negative effect on women's sexual well-being than that by others. Married women's marital satisfaction and stability were also undermined if they experienced sexual harassment. A family member/relative, an intimate partner and a stranger as the perpetrator had a larger effect on women's marital well-being than other perpetrators. For unmarried women, sexual harassment was not associated with the desire for marriage. However, those who were physically harassed by an acquaintance were unlikely to have a desire for childbearing. Comparing with non-physical sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment was found to have a larger negative impact on women's private lives.
{"title":"Sexual harassment experiences and their consequences for the private lives of Chinese women","authors":"Jiashu Xu, Chunni Zhang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221105717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221105717","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual harassment is a global issue threatening individuals’ safety and rights, especially for women. Previous studies mainly focused on the negative impact of sexual harassment on women's health, work, and education. Using data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, this article examines the effect of sexual harassment in both physical and non-physical forms and probes the effect of the perpetrator's relationship to the victim on women's sexual behaviors, sexual and marital well-being, and desires for marriage and childbearing. The results indicate that both physical and non-physical sexual harassment lowered married or cohabitating women's sexual satisfaction and functioning. Sexual harassment by a family member/relative, an intimate partner or an acquaintance produced a larger negative effect on women's sexual well-being than that by others. Married women's marital satisfaction and stability were also undermined if they experienced sexual harassment. A family member/relative, an intimate partner and a stranger as the perpetrator had a larger effect on women's marital well-being than other perpetrators. For unmarried women, sexual harassment was not associated with the desire for marriage. However, those who were physically harassed by an acquaintance were unlikely to have a desire for childbearing. Comparing with non-physical sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment was found to have a larger negative impact on women's private lives.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"421 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42735290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221107958
Yueyun Zhang, Xin Wang, Sui-ming Pan
This study examines whether and how social class matters for marital sex in China since the beginning of the 21st century. We utilize data from a national sexuality survey that has been administered at four time points: 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. We use a composite socioeconomic status score deriving from education, occupation, and income to distinguish between the lower class (the bottom 25%), the middle class (the middle 50%), and the upper class (the top 25%). Marital sex aspects include sexual frequency, orgasm frequency, engagement in the woman-on-top and rear-entrance coital positions, and experience with oral and anal sex. Regression results with year-fixed effects reveal significant class differentials in all aspects but anal sex. Whereas the reported sexual frequency is highest in the middle class, the engagement in various coital positions and oral sex is characterized by a positive class gradient. Temporally, we observe an upward trend in all aspects but orgasm frequency. Results from the class–year interaction effects further show that most class differentials have remained stable over the period 2000–2015. The temporal increase in sexual frequency, however, has been the greatest in the lower class but relatively negligible in the upper class.
{"title":"Social class differentials in marital sex in China (2000–2015)","authors":"Yueyun Zhang, Xin Wang, Sui-ming Pan","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221107958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221107958","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines whether and how social class matters for marital sex in China since the beginning of the 21st century. We utilize data from a national sexuality survey that has been administered at four time points: 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. We use a composite socioeconomic status score deriving from education, occupation, and income to distinguish between the lower class (the bottom 25%), the middle class (the middle 50%), and the upper class (the top 25%). Marital sex aspects include sexual frequency, orgasm frequency, engagement in the woman-on-top and rear-entrance coital positions, and experience with oral and anal sex. Regression results with year-fixed effects reveal significant class differentials in all aspects but anal sex. Whereas the reported sexual frequency is highest in the middle class, the engagement in various coital positions and oral sex is characterized by a positive class gradient. Temporally, we observe an upward trend in all aspects but orgasm frequency. Results from the class–year interaction effects further show that most class differentials have remained stable over the period 2000–2015. The temporal increase in sexual frequency, however, has been the greatest in the lower class but relatively negligible in the upper class.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"355 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47212001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221105125
Chunni Zhang
Over the past few decades, the increasing divorce rate has been one of the most prominent behavioral changes influencing Chinese families and the nurturing and socialization of children. Research has found that parental divorce exerts only a limited negative impact on children's socioeconomic achievement in China relative to that in Western societies. However, few studies have explored the long-term consequences of parental divorce on children's demographic outcomes in China. Therefore, how parental divorce influences the timing of offspring's first sexual intercourse and marriage, as well as its impact on their sexual and marital well-being, were investigated in this study. Based on findings obtained using data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, children from divorced families were more likely to initiate sexual intercourse at younger ages than those from intact families, although the two groups entered their first marriage at similar ages. Regarding sexual and marital well-being, married men and women who experienced parental divorce during childhood were less satisfied with their current marriage and marital sex and exhibited a higher level of divorce proneness and more sexual dysfunction symptoms than those from intact families. The effect of parental divorce on marital well-being was also largely mediated by the onset of sexual intercourse at a younger age. Having more years of premarital sexual experience was associated with lower sexual satisfaction, more sexual dysfunction symptoms, and more liberal sexual attitudes and behaviors. The worsening of sexual life also further undermined marital well-being.
在过去的几十年里，不断上升的离婚率已经成为影响中国家庭和孩子的养育和社会化的最显著的行为变化之一。研究发现，与西方社会相比，父母离婚对中国儿童社会经济成就的负面影响有限。然而，很少有研究探讨父母离婚对中国儿童人口结局的长期影响。因此，本研究探讨父母离婚如何影响子女第一次性交和结婚的时间，以及对他们的性和婚姻幸福的影响。根据《中国私人生活调查》(Chinese Private Life Survey)的数据得出的结果，离婚家庭的孩子比完整家庭的孩子更有可能在更年轻的时候开始性行为，尽管这两组人第一次结婚的年龄相仿。在性和婚姻幸福方面，童年经历过父母离婚的已婚男女对目前的婚姻和婚内性行为的满意度较低，并且比来自完整家庭的人表现出更高的离婚倾向和更多的性功能障碍症状。父母离婚对婚姻幸福的影响也在很大程度上由较年轻的性行为开始介导。婚前性经历的年数越长，性满意度越低，性功能障碍症状越多，性态度和性行为越自由。性生活的恶化也进一步破坏了婚姻的幸福。
{"title":"The effect of parental divorce on the sexual life and marital well-being of offspring in China","authors":"Chunni Zhang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221105125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221105125","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few decades, the increasing divorce rate has been one of the most prominent behavioral changes influencing Chinese families and the nurturing and socialization of children. Research has found that parental divorce exerts only a limited negative impact on children's socioeconomic achievement in China relative to that in Western societies. However, few studies have explored the long-term consequences of parental divorce on children's demographic outcomes in China. Therefore, how parental divorce influences the timing of offspring's first sexual intercourse and marriage, as well as its impact on their sexual and marital well-being, were investigated in this study. Based on findings obtained using data from the Chinese Private Life Survey, children from divorced families were more likely to initiate sexual intercourse at younger ages than those from intact families, although the two groups entered their first marriage at similar ages. Regarding sexual and marital well-being, married men and women who experienced parental divorce during childhood were less satisfied with their current marriage and marital sex and exhibited a higher level of divorce proneness and more sexual dysfunction symptoms than those from intact families. The effect of parental divorce on marital well-being was also largely mediated by the onset of sexual intercourse at a younger age. Having more years of premarital sexual experience was associated with lower sexual satisfaction, more sexual dysfunction symptoms, and more liberal sexual attitudes and behaviors. The worsening of sexual life also further undermined marital well-being.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"398 - 420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46365138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221091078
Jiang Jin, Yangjing Shi, Libo Zhu
Based on the 2014 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data, this paper constructs a population diversity index to test the impact of population diversity on crime rates. The results suggest that population diversity is one of the causes of increasing urban crime. After considering the endogeneity problem and testing the robustness from different perspectives, the conclusion remains unchanged. The results of mediation tests indicate that social trust is an important mediator variable, that is, population diversity leads to an increase of crime rate when the level of social trust is low. Moreover, the results also show that the impact of population diversity on crime is much weaker when property rights protections are more complete, people have more confidence in the court system, and the government spends more on education and social security. This shows that better institutions can, to some extent, replace the role of non-market forces, thereby curbing the negative impact of population diversity on crime rates. It also suggests that public expenditure can reduce the likelihood of crime by increasing the opportunity cost of crime. This paper provides empirical evidence valuable to government crime control policies in China. Governments at all levels should pay full attention to the adverse effects of cultural differences in governance and promote mutual cultural recognition and integration of different groups.
{"title":"The barriers of identity: Population diversity, social trust, and crime","authors":"Jiang Jin, Yangjing Shi, Libo Zhu","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221091078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221091078","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the 2014 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data, this paper constructs a population diversity index to test the impact of population diversity on crime rates. The results suggest that population diversity is one of the causes of increasing urban crime. After considering the endogeneity problem and testing the robustness from different perspectives, the conclusion remains unchanged. The results of mediation tests indicate that social trust is an important mediator variable, that is, population diversity leads to an increase of crime rate when the level of social trust is low. Moreover, the results also show that the impact of population diversity on crime is much weaker when property rights protections are more complete, people have more confidence in the court system, and the government spends more on education and social security. This shows that better institutions can, to some extent, replace the role of non-market forces, thereby curbing the negative impact of population diversity on crime rates. It also suggests that public expenditure can reduce the likelihood of crime by increasing the opportunity cost of crime. This paper provides empirical evidence valuable to government crime control policies in China. Governments at all levels should pay full attention to the adverse effects of cultural differences in governance and promote mutual cultural recognition and integration of different groups.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"243 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41769256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221091423
Yue Du
This paper points out that the concept of the “marginal man”, derived from Simmel’s concept of the “stranger”, embodies a fusion of formal sociology and American pragmatism in early Chicago School theory. This kind of theoretical fusion gave birth to a research method that focuses on life history and, at the same time, an investigation of the objective “new” and “old” life stages of the individual and the individual’s subjective grasp of the conflict between the new and the old life, which served as the predecessor of the later “career approach” of the Chicago School. In the early 20th century, some Chicago School ethnographers studied three types of urban strangers: “taxi dancers” (female dancers hired to dance with clients), Chinese laundrymen in the US, and prisoners in Peking. These studies revealed profoundly different images of old life–new life conflicts. Taxi dancers were able to “move on” from their old lives, Chinese laundrymen firmly held on to the traditions of their home country and their families in order to cope with the new challenges, and prisoners in Peking had failed to adapt and turned to crime after being uprooted from their old lives. This paper concludes that neither the Chinese laundrymen nor Peking prisoners were able to adapt to the new urban life by “moving on” from their old family and village life. Thus, their paths to modernity differed fundamentally from those of the marginal man. Finally, this paper applies Robert Park’s views on “civilization” to explain these different Chinese and Western individuals’ paths to urban life.
{"title":"Taxi dancers, Chinese laundrymen, and Peking prisoners: Strangers in the city","authors":"Yue Du","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221091423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221091423","url":null,"abstract":"This paper points out that the concept of the “marginal man”, derived from Simmel’s concept of the “stranger”, embodies a fusion of formal sociology and American pragmatism in early Chicago School theory. This kind of theoretical fusion gave birth to a research method that focuses on life history and, at the same time, an investigation of the objective “new” and “old” life stages of the individual and the individual’s subjective grasp of the conflict between the new and the old life, which served as the predecessor of the later “career approach” of the Chicago School. In the early 20th century, some Chicago School ethnographers studied three types of urban strangers: “taxi dancers” (female dancers hired to dance with clients), Chinese laundrymen in the US, and prisoners in Peking. These studies revealed profoundly different images of old life–new life conflicts. Taxi dancers were able to “move on” from their old lives, Chinese laundrymen firmly held on to the traditions of their home country and their families in order to cope with the new challenges, and prisoners in Peking had failed to adapt and turned to crime after being uprooted from their old lives. This paper concludes that neither the Chinese laundrymen nor Peking prisoners were able to adapt to the new urban life by “moving on” from their old family and village life. Thus, their paths to modernity differed fundamentally from those of the marginal man. Finally, this paper applies Robert Park’s views on “civilization” to explain these different Chinese and Western individuals’ paths to urban life.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"268 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46061737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221090359
Xinghua Liu, Y. Wang
In the context of globalization, the exporting of labor from developing countries to developed countries has shaped a relationship of exploitation between employers and employees. This study presents the case of Chinese migrant workers’ overtime pay in Japan and explores the formation mechanisms of exploitation using the analytical framework of “transnational production politics”. Transnational migrant workers often see overtime as an indispensable opportunity to generate extra income to support families back home. This need is being taken advantage of by employers who habitually reduce overtime pay or do not pay for overtime at all. Overtime pay often becomes a focal point of labor conflict. Because of the limited protections for migrant workers in the labor laws of host countries, the power granted to employers by the host country's labor system, competition from migrant workers of other nationalities, and the selective involvement of transnational intermediaries, Chinese migrants suffer a dilemma of either surrendering to low overtime pay or losing overtime work, or even their job altogether. Whether to resist or surrender, it seems that the outcome is all the same for migrant workers: they lose and employers win. This “transnational production” polity exercises its market authoritarianism. Elements such as the constraints of the foreign labor system, loopholes in the system used by employers, the global surplus labor supply, and the separation of the processes of labor maintenance and labor renewal in the mode of labor reproduction typical to migrant labor reflect the transnational production politics peculiar to international contract labor mobility. This becomes an important mechanism for the re-emergence of the forced exploitation of capital in developed capitalist countries. Unlike the exploitative relationship between local workers and employers in developed countries, the exploitation between migrant workers and employers is born out of imbalanced development between countries. Migrant workers not only have no access to protections afforded by the host country's welfare system, but also are controlled by strict laws regarding foreign labor and are threatened by competition from other migrant workers. All this has put employers in a strongly advantageous position in labor conflicts.
{"title":"Labor exportation, transnational production politics, and the formation of exploitation relationships—a case study of Chinese migrant workers in Japan","authors":"Xinghua Liu, Y. Wang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221090359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221090359","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of globalization, the exporting of labor from developing countries to developed countries has shaped a relationship of exploitation between employers and employees. This study presents the case of Chinese migrant workers’ overtime pay in Japan and explores the formation mechanisms of exploitation using the analytical framework of “transnational production politics”. Transnational migrant workers often see overtime as an indispensable opportunity to generate extra income to support families back home. This need is being taken advantage of by employers who habitually reduce overtime pay or do not pay for overtime at all. Overtime pay often becomes a focal point of labor conflict. Because of the limited protections for migrant workers in the labor laws of host countries, the power granted to employers by the host country's labor system, competition from migrant workers of other nationalities, and the selective involvement of transnational intermediaries, Chinese migrants suffer a dilemma of either surrendering to low overtime pay or losing overtime work, or even their job altogether. Whether to resist or surrender, it seems that the outcome is all the same for migrant workers: they lose and employers win. This “transnational production” polity exercises its market authoritarianism. Elements such as the constraints of the foreign labor system, loopholes in the system used by employers, the global surplus labor supply, and the separation of the processes of labor maintenance and labor renewal in the mode of labor reproduction typical to migrant labor reflect the transnational production politics peculiar to international contract labor mobility. This becomes an important mechanism for the re-emergence of the forced exploitation of capital in developed capitalist countries. Unlike the exploitative relationship between local workers and employers in developed countries, the exploitation between migrant workers and employers is born out of imbalanced development between countries. Migrant workers not only have no access to protections afforded by the host country's welfare system, but also are controlled by strict laws regarding foreign labor and are threatened by competition from other migrant workers. All this has put employers in a strongly advantageous position in labor conflicts.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"210 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47388752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221087030
Donglin Zeng, Zhuoni Zhang
This paper examines the life satisfaction of Chinese mainland migrants compared to that of Hong Kong natives, using microdata from the 2011 Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD) and aggregated neighborhood data from the 2011 Hong Kong Census. We find that Chinese mainland migrants have significantly lower life satisfaction than Hong Kong natives. As neighborhood socioeconomic status rises, life satisfaction increases, yet the positive effect is smaller for Chinese mainland migrants than for Hong Kong natives. Relative household income in the neighborhood is also positively related to life satisfaction, but the effect is larger for Chinese mainland migrants, suggesting that relative status affects life satisfaction much more for Chinese mainland migrants than for Hong Kong natives.
{"title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic status, relative household income, and life satisfaction of Chinese mainland migrants in Hong Kong","authors":"Donglin Zeng, Zhuoni Zhang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X221087030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221087030","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the life satisfaction of Chinese mainland migrants compared to that of Hong Kong natives, using microdata from the 2011 Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD) and aggregated neighborhood data from the 2011 Hong Kong Census. We find that Chinese mainland migrants have significantly lower life satisfaction than Hong Kong natives. As neighborhood socioeconomic status rises, life satisfaction increases, yet the positive effect is smaller for Chinese mainland migrants than for Hong Kong natives. Relative household income in the neighborhood is also positively related to life satisfaction, but the effect is larger for Chinese mainland migrants, suggesting that relative status affects life satisfaction much more for Chinese mainland migrants than for Hong Kong natives.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"165 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44376261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X221090328
L. Xu, Hengyu Zhang
The case study in this paper concerns a street performance band in Wuhan, each of whose members is under contract as a live streamer. Borrowing from Michael Burawoy's concept of “the game of making out”, this study describes the labor control mechanism in the live streaming industry as a “game of popularity”. Popularity is a pivotal indicator of labor price, determining the compensation of contracted live streamers. However, this seemingly objective popularity indicator can in fact be manipulated. Both live streamers and platform providers can benefit from purchasing “fake popularity”. In the game of popularity manipulation, the interests of capital and labor are conjoined, and consensus reached. In collaboration, live streamers become co-conspirators of capital and thus lose control over their own labor output, and the relation between labor input and compensation is distorted. By participating in this manipulation, live streamers help affirm the ideological dominance of the platform economy. The neoliberal work ethic that emphasizes individual responsibility conceals the power relationship behind unstable employment modes like live streaming. Despite being horrendously exploited, live streamers still think of themselves as someone with an “independent destiny”. The online platform economy has transformed the labor–capital relationship. The earnings distribution system, in combination with other social factors, often plays a vital role in labor control. Therefore, understanding this system and its influence on labor processes and ideology is the correct way to start for any exploration of concepts such as the “industry regime” or “sector regime”.
本文的案例研究涉及武汉的一个街头表演乐队，该乐队的每个成员都是签约直播的。本研究借用Michael Burawoy的“制作游戏”(the game of making out)概念，将直播行业的用工控制机制描述为“人气游戏”。人气是决定签约主播报酬的劳务价格的关键指标。然而，这个看似客观的人气指标实际上是可以被操纵的。直播者和平台提供商都可以从购买“假人气”中获益。在人气操纵的游戏中，劳资双方的利益结合在一起，达成共识。在合作中，直播者成为资本的同谋，从而失去了对自己劳动产出的控制，劳动投入与报酬的关系被扭曲。通过参与这种操纵，直播者帮助确认了平台经济在意识形态上的主导地位。强调个人责任的新自由主义职业伦理，掩盖了直播等不稳定雇佣模式背后的权力关系。尽管受到了可怕的剥削，但直播者仍然认为自己拥有“独立的命运”。网络平台经济改变了劳资关系。收入分配制度与其他社会因素相结合，往往在劳动控制中起着至关重要的作用。因此，了解这一制度及其对劳动过程和意识形态的影响，是探索“产业制度”或“部门制度”等概念的正确起点。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2057150X211072464
Hong-jun Fang
This paper is an exploratory study of moral anthropology focused on the local practices of global non-governmental organizations. For more than 10 years, Ruili Women and Children Development Center (the Center) in the southwest border region of China has developed itself into a non-governmental organization that adopts transnational humanitarianism and fosters a spirit of grassroots volunteer dedication. In this paper, two anthropologists’ analytic framework of morality will be examined and my own views on morality/ethics will be discussed in three aspects: morality as norms, morality as doing good, and ethics as affect. The Center came into existence in response to the decline and uncertainty of local morality (morality as norms). Under such conditions, the Center allies itself with transnational humanitarianism to provide much-needed medical care for the sick in the region (morality as doing good). In the process, the Center, mainly consisting of female members, has created a “life-environment” that is in tune with global humanitarianism and an army of devoted volunteers, especially among local HIV-infected women, who have found “joie” in life itself (ethics as affect). This study hopes to broaden our theoretical and experiential understanding of non-governmental organizations, and of how to improve quality of life in times of social change.
{"title":"Non-governmental organization global, volunteerism local: An exploration of moral anthropology","authors":"Hong-jun Fang","doi":"10.1177/2057150X211072464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X211072464","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an exploratory study of moral anthropology focused on the local practices of global non-governmental organizations. For more than 10 years, Ruili Women and Children Development Center (the Center) in the southwest border region of China has developed itself into a non-governmental organization that adopts transnational humanitarianism and fosters a spirit of grassroots volunteer dedication. In this paper, two anthropologists’ analytic framework of morality will be examined and my own views on morality/ethics will be discussed in three aspects: morality as norms, morality as doing good, and ethics as affect. The Center came into existence in response to the decline and uncertainty of local morality (morality as norms). Under such conditions, the Center allies itself with transnational humanitarianism to provide much-needed medical care for the sick in the region (morality as doing good). In the process, the Center, mainly consisting of female members, has created a “life-environment” that is in tune with global humanitarianism and an army of devoted volunteers, especially among local HIV-infected women, who have found “joie” in life itself (ethics as affect). This study hopes to broaden our theoretical and experiential understanding of non-governmental organizations, and of how to improve quality of life in times of social change.","PeriodicalId":37302,"journal":{"name":"社会","volume":"8 1","pages":"129 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65506710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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