Maya P. Stoyneva-Gärtner, J. Descy, A. Latli, Blagoy A. Uzunov, V. Pavlova, Z. Bratanova, P. Babica, B. Maršálek, J. Meriluoto, L. Spoof
The scientific and public awareness of hazardous photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes) and especially the contamination of drinking-water reservoirs with cyanotoxins is world-wide increasing. Recently much more attention has been paid to the events and results of mass proliferation of these toxic organisms even in South-East European countries in spite of the fact that, as a rule, they are not controlled by national legislation.The present paper presents a summary of results of such studies carried out in summer-autumn periods of the last 15 years (2000-2015) in Bulgarian water bodies differing by location, morphometry and trophic status, incl. drinking water reservoirs, recreational lakes and sites of nature conservation importance. A multivariate analysis allowed to outline the distribution patterns and environmental drivers of the planktonic cyanoprokaryote assemblages in relation with the available data on the water bodies, highlighting species composition and abundance of the main taxa, including potentially toxic species. Samples analysis by HPLC-DAD and/or LC/MS, ELISA and in vitro cytotoxicity tests allowed detection of microcystins, nodularins and saxitoxins. Toxin concentration ranged between 0.1 and 26.5 µg L -1 in water samples and between 10.9 and 1070 µg g -1 (d.w.) in concentrated (net) samples. Despite the fact that microcystins were not found in all studied water bodies and that the recorded levels were still lower in comparison with some other European countries, the fact that cyanotoxins were detected in 16 water bodies (incl. 3 drinking water reservoirs) could serve as an alert for the need of recognition of cyanotoxins as a new health risk factor in the country. Therefore, permanent monitoring with identification of toxins in water bodies at risk and activities for limitation and control of toxic blooms are urgently needed, in combination with increase of the attention to the effects of cyanotoxins on both human health and health of aquatic ecosystems in Bulgaria.
科学界和公众对有害光合原核生物(蓝藻细菌/蓝藻原核生物)的认识，特别是对饮用水库受到蓝藻毒素污染的认识，在世界范围内日益提高。最近，人们对这些有毒生物大规模扩散的事件和结果给予了更多的注意，甚至在东南欧国家也是如此，尽管它们通常不受国家立法的控制。本文概述了过去15年(2000-2015年)在保加利亚水体的夏秋季进行的此类研究的结果，这些研究因位置、形态和营养状况而异，包括饮用水水库、休闲湖泊和具有自然保护重要性的地点。一项多变量分析可以根据现有的水体数据勾勒出浮游蓝藻原核生物组合的分布模式和环境驱动因素，突出了主要分类群的物种组成和丰度，包括潜在的有毒物种。通过HPLC-DAD和/或LC/MS、ELISA和体外细胞毒性试验对样品进行分析，可以检测到微囊藻毒素、结节素和石蜡毒素。水样中的毒素浓度在0.1至26.5 μ g L -1之间，浓缩(净)样品中的毒素浓度在10.9至1070 μ g g -1 (d.w.)之间。尽管并非在所有被研究的水体中都发现了微囊藻毒素，而且与其他一些欧洲国家相比，记录的水平仍然较低，但在16个水体(包括3个饮用水水库)中检测到蓝藻毒素这一事实可以作为一个警报，提醒人们有必要将蓝藻毒素视为该国新的健康风险因素。因此，迫切需要对有危险的水体中的毒素进行永久性监测和识别，并开展限制和控制有毒水华的活动，同时加强对保加利亚境内蓝藻毒素对人类健康和水生生态系统健康的影响的关注。
{"title":"Assessment of cyanoprokaryote blooms and of cyanotoxins in Bulgaria in a 15-years period (2000-2015)","authors":"Maya P. Stoyneva-Gärtner, J. Descy, A. Latli, Blagoy A. Uzunov, V. Pavlova, Z. Bratanova, P. Babica, B. Maršálek, J. Meriluoto, L. Spoof","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6320","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific and public awareness of hazardous photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes) and especially the contamination of drinking-water reservoirs with cyanotoxins is world-wide increasing. Recently much more attention has been paid to the events and results of mass proliferation of these toxic organisms even in South-East European countries in spite of the fact that, as a rule, they are not controlled by national legislation.The present paper presents a summary of results of such studies carried out in summer-autumn periods of the last 15 years (2000-2015) in Bulgarian water bodies differing by location, morphometry and trophic status, incl. drinking water reservoirs, recreational lakes and sites of nature conservation importance. A multivariate analysis allowed to outline the distribution patterns and environmental drivers of the planktonic cyanoprokaryote assemblages in relation with the available data on the water bodies, highlighting species composition and abundance of the main taxa, including potentially toxic species. Samples analysis by HPLC-DAD and/or LC/MS, ELISA and in vitro cytotoxicity tests allowed detection of microcystins, nodularins and saxitoxins. Toxin concentration ranged between 0.1 and 26.5 µg L -1 in water samples and between 10.9 and 1070 µg g -1 (d.w.) in concentrated (net) samples. Despite the fact that microcystins were not found in all studied water bodies and that the recorded levels were still lower in comparison with some other European countries, the fact that cyanotoxins were detected in 16 water bodies (incl. 3 drinking water reservoirs) could serve as an alert for the need of recognition of cyanotoxins as a new health risk factor in the country. Therefore, permanent monitoring with identification of toxins in water bodies at risk and activities for limitation and control of toxic blooms are urgently needed, in combination with increase of the attention to the effects of cyanotoxins on both human health and health of aquatic ecosystems in Bulgaria.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45159988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Akter, M. Vehniäinen, J. Meriluoto, L. Spoof, U. Lamminmäki
Simple and cost-effective methods with sufficient sensitivities for preliminary screening of cyanobacterial toxins are in high demand for assessing water quality and safety. We have recently developed a highly sensitive and rapid time-resolved fluorometry based non-competitive immunoassay for detection of microcystins and nodularins. The assay is based on a synthetic broad-specific anti-immunocomplex antibody SA51D1 capable of recognizing the immunocomplex formed by a generic anti-Adda monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound to either microcystins or nodularins. Using the same antibody pair, here we describe a very simple and cost-efficient non-competitive ELISA test for microcystins and nodularins based on conventional alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity measurement. The recombinant SA51D1 single-chain fragment of antibody variable domain (scFv) was produced as a fusion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli . After one step affinity purification through His-tag, the scFv-AP fusion protein could directly be used in the assay. For the assay, toxin standard/sample, biotinylated anti-Adda mAb and the scFv-AP were incubated together for one hour on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells, washed and AP activity was then measured by incubating (1 h at 37 ˚C) with chromogenic substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP). The assay was capable of detecting all the eleven tested toxin variants (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, LA -LY, -LF -LW, -WR, and nodularin-R) below WHO guide line value of 1 µg L -1 . The detection limit (based on blank+3SD response) for microcystin-LR was ~0.2 µg L -1 . The assay was verified using spiked (0.25 - 4 µg L -1 of microcystin-LR) tap, river and lake water samples with recoveries from 64 to 101%. The assay showed good correlation (r 2 >0.9) with four reference methods for its performance in detecting extracted intracellular microcystin/nodularin from 17 natural surface water samples. The described easy-to-perform assay has a high potential to be used in resource-poor settings as quantitative measurements can be obtained using a simple ELISA reader or easy-to-interpret qualitative results by visual readout. Based on the non-competitive format, the assay does not need any chemical toxin conjugates and offers robustness as compared to the currently available competitive format assays.
{"title":"Non-competitive ELISA with broad specificity for microcystins and nodularins","authors":"S. Akter, M. Vehniäinen, J. Meriluoto, L. Spoof, U. Lamminmäki","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6349","url":null,"abstract":"Simple and cost-effective methods with sufficient sensitivities for preliminary screening of cyanobacterial toxins are in high demand for assessing water quality and safety. We have recently developed a highly sensitive and rapid time-resolved fluorometry based non-competitive immunoassay for detection of microcystins and nodularins. The assay is based on a synthetic broad-specific anti-immunocomplex antibody SA51D1 capable of recognizing the immunocomplex formed by a generic anti-Adda monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound to either microcystins or nodularins. Using the same antibody pair, here we describe a very simple and cost-efficient non-competitive ELISA test for microcystins and nodularins based on conventional alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity measurement. The recombinant SA51D1 single-chain fragment of antibody variable domain (scFv) was produced as a fusion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli . After one step affinity purification through His-tag, the scFv-AP fusion protein could directly be used in the assay. For the assay, toxin standard/sample, biotinylated anti-Adda mAb and the scFv-AP were incubated together for one hour on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells, washed and AP activity was then measured by incubating (1 h at 37 ˚C) with chromogenic substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP). The assay was capable of detecting all the eleven tested toxin variants (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, LA -LY, -LF -LW, -WR, and nodularin-R) below WHO guide line value of 1 µg L -1 . The detection limit (based on blank+3SD response) for microcystin-LR was ~0.2 µg L -1 . The assay was verified using spiked (0.25 - 4 µg L -1 of microcystin-LR) tap, river and lake water samples with recoveries from 64 to 101%. The assay showed good correlation (r 2 >0.9) with four reference methods for its performance in detecting extracted intracellular microcystin/nodularin from 17 natural surface water samples. The described easy-to-perform assay has a high potential to be used in resource-poor settings as quantitative measurements can be obtained using a simple ELISA reader or easy-to-interpret qualitative results by visual readout. Based on the non-competitive format, the assay does not need any chemical toxin conjugates and offers robustness as compared to the currently available competitive format assays.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46121387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Meriluoto, L. Bláha, G. Bojadzija, M. Bormans, L. Brient, G. Codd, Damjana Drobac, E. Faassen, J. Fastner, A. Hiskia, B. Ibelings, T. Kaloudis, M. Kokociński, R. Kurmayer, Dijana Pantelić, A. Quesada, N. Salmaso, Nada Tokodi, T. Triantis, P. Visser, Z. Svirčev
This review aims to summarise the outcomes of some recent European research concerning toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with an emphasis on developments within the framework of the CYANOCOST Action (COST Action ES1105, Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins in Water Resources: Occurrence, Impacts and Management). State of the art research and management capabilities in Europe on cyanobacteria have benefitted from input from the pure and applied life sciences, the human and animal health sectors, water engineers, economists and planners. Many of these professional groups have been brought together and they interacted favourably within the framework of CYANOCOST. Highlights of the Action include phycological and ecological studies, development of advanced techniques for cyanotoxin analysis, elucidation of cyanotoxin modes of action, management techniques to reduce cyanobacterial mass development, and research on methods and practices for cyanotoxin removal during drinking water treatment. The CYANOCOST Action has had an active outreach policy throughout its lifetime, resulting in e.g. three handbooks, two special issues in scientific journals and activities in the social media. The many contact channels to end-users, including environmental and drinking water supply authorities, health professionals and the general public are described in this review. Furthermore, the authors have identified a number of gaps in knowledge. Proposed directions for future research in the field of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are also discussed.
{"title":"Toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in European waters – recent progress achieved through the CYANOCOST Action and challenges for further research","authors":"J. Meriluoto, L. Bláha, G. Bojadzija, M. Bormans, L. Brient, G. Codd, Damjana Drobac, E. Faassen, J. Fastner, A. Hiskia, B. Ibelings, T. Kaloudis, M. Kokociński, R. Kurmayer, Dijana Pantelić, A. Quesada, N. Salmaso, Nada Tokodi, T. Triantis, P. Visser, Z. Svirčev","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6429","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to summarise the outcomes of some recent European research concerning toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with an emphasis on developments within the framework of the CYANOCOST Action (COST Action ES1105, Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins in Water Resources: Occurrence, Impacts and Management). State of the art research and management capabilities in Europe on cyanobacteria have benefitted from input from the pure and applied life sciences, the human and animal health sectors, water engineers, economists and planners. Many of these professional groups have been brought together and they interacted favourably within the framework of CYANOCOST. Highlights of the Action include phycological and ecological studies, development of advanced techniques for cyanotoxin analysis, elucidation of cyanotoxin modes of action, management techniques to reduce cyanobacterial mass development, and research on methods and practices for cyanotoxin removal during drinking water treatment. The CYANOCOST Action has had an active outreach policy throughout its lifetime, resulting in e.g. three handbooks, two special issues in scientific journals and activities in the social media. The many contact channels to end-users, including environmental and drinking water supply authorities, health professionals and the general public are described in this review. Furthermore, the authors have identified a number of gaps in knowledge. Proposed directions for future research in the field of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":"8 1","pages":"161-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44953839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Sovadinová, P. Babica, O. Adamovsky, A. Alpatova, V. Tarabara, B. Upham, L. Bláha
Despite intensive research and management efforts in the past decades, cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins, such as microcystins (MCs), continue to represent a major ecological and health problem in fresh waters throughout the world. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of two commonly used drinking water treatment technologies, chlorination and ozonation, in removing MCs and in reducing tumour promotion-related effects of cyanobacteria, such as inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in a rat liver epithelial stem-like cell line (WB-F344). This combined chemical and bioassay approach demonstrated that ozone effectively removed all MCs from an extract of a globally important bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis sp. Ozone also significantly reduced the overall tumour promotional potency of the cyanobacterial extract, as indicated by a substantial reduction in the ability of the extract to inhibit GJIC and activate extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Although comparable reduction of total organic carbon was achieved by ozone and chlorine treatment, chlorination was much less effective in removing MCs and reducing the effects on GJIC. Chlorination had a biphasic effect with an observed decrease of extract-induced activation of ERK1/2 at the lower chlorine doses; whereas at high doses of chlorine the by-products of chlorination actually induced the activation of ERK1/2. The extracts induced p38 activation, and chlorination was not effective in reversing this effect, while ozone did reverse this effect, albeit not as much as the activation of ERK1/2. Thus, ozone was effective in reducing the toxicity of cyanobacterial extracts while chlorination was not only lacking efficacy, but at high doses of chlorination further produced by-products that were equally toxic as the untreated samples. Our study indicates the value of using an effect-based approach to assess the efficacy of water treatment systems in removing toxins, and more specifically demonstrates that ozone was more effective at reducing the toxic potential of cyanobacterial-contaminated water.
{"title":"Chlorination and ozonation differentially reduced the microcystin content and tumour promoting activity of a complex cyanobacterial extract","authors":"I. Sovadinová, P. Babica, O. Adamovsky, A. Alpatova, V. Tarabara, B. Upham, L. Bláha","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6342","url":null,"abstract":"Despite intensive research and management efforts in the past decades, cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins, such as microcystins (MCs), continue to represent a major ecological and health problem in fresh waters throughout the world. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of two commonly used drinking water treatment technologies, chlorination and ozonation, in removing MCs and in reducing tumour promotion-related effects of cyanobacteria, such as inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in a rat liver epithelial stem-like cell line (WB-F344). This combined chemical and bioassay approach demonstrated that ozone effectively removed all MCs from an extract of a globally important bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis sp. Ozone also significantly reduced the overall tumour promotional potency of the cyanobacterial extract, as indicated by a substantial reduction in the ability of the extract to inhibit GJIC and activate extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Although comparable reduction of total organic carbon was achieved by ozone and chlorine treatment, chlorination was much less effective in removing MCs and reducing the effects on GJIC. Chlorination had a biphasic effect with an observed decrease of extract-induced activation of ERK1/2 at the lower chlorine doses; whereas at high doses of chlorine the by-products of chlorination actually induced the activation of ERK1/2. The extracts induced p38 activation, and chlorination was not effective in reversing this effect, while ozone did reverse this effect, albeit not as much as the activation of ERK1/2. Thus, ozone was effective in reducing the toxicity of cyanobacterial extracts while chlorination was not only lacking efficacy, but at high doses of chlorination further produced by-products that were equally toxic as the untreated samples. Our study indicates the value of using an effect-based approach to assess the efficacy of water treatment systems in removing toxins, and more specifically demonstrates that ozone was more effective at reducing the toxic potential of cyanobacterial-contaminated water.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of toxic cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems in the territory of the Republic of Serbia was surveyed over a period of several decades. Increasing attention is being paid to some negative consequences that may be caused by these microorganisms. Information from available literary sources regarding the distribution and frequency of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a period of 130 years, together with the effects on humans and wildlife in aquatic ecosystems, were gathered and incorporated into a Serbian Cyanobacterial Database created for the CYANOCOST Action. This database encompasses information on 65 aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, irrigation reservoirs, reservoirs used for drinking water supply and reservoirs used for other purposes. Cyanobacterial blooms were found in almost 80% of the investigated aquatic ecosystems. The analysis of the research showed the presence of more than 70 species, including blooms of 24 species from 13 genera. Five species of cyanobacteria: Microcystis aeruginosa , Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Planktothrix agardhii , Microcystis flos-aquae and Planktothrix rubescens frequently formed blooms in the investigated waterbodies and cyanotoxins were also detected in some of them, which had certain negative effects. Here, we present an overview of data contained in the Serbian Cyanobacterial Database, concerning cyanobacterial distribution, cyanotoxin production and associated biological effects in different types of water bodies from the Republic of Serbia. Also, recent important and major cases of cyanobacterial blooming in reservoirs used for drinking water supply: at Vrutci and Celije, the Aleksandrovac irrigation reservoir, the Ponjavica River and Lake Palic, including systematic research on the Lake Ludos and few fishponds are further described. It can be concluded that cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are omnipresent in different water bodies throughout the Republic of Serbia. For these reasons it is imperative to continue with the monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, as well as to continuously supplement the established database with new information. The Serbian Cyanobacterial Database represents a treasury of information on cyanobacteria and their toxins, and as a model for other countries in the region and beyond.
{"title":"Review of 130 years of research on cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems in Serbia presented in a Serbian Cyanobacterial Database","authors":"Z. Svirčev, Nada Tokodi, Damjana Drobac","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6360","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of toxic cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems in the territory of the Republic of Serbia was surveyed over a period of several decades. Increasing attention is being paid to some negative consequences that may be caused by these microorganisms. Information from available literary sources regarding the distribution and frequency of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a period of 130 years, together with the effects on humans and wildlife in aquatic ecosystems, were gathered and incorporated into a Serbian Cyanobacterial Database created for the CYANOCOST Action. This database encompasses information on 65 aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, irrigation reservoirs, reservoirs used for drinking water supply and reservoirs used for other purposes. Cyanobacterial blooms were found in almost 80% of the investigated aquatic ecosystems. The analysis of the research showed the presence of more than 70 species, including blooms of 24 species from 13 genera. Five species of cyanobacteria: Microcystis aeruginosa , Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Planktothrix agardhii , Microcystis flos-aquae and Planktothrix rubescens frequently formed blooms in the investigated waterbodies and cyanotoxins were also detected in some of them, which had certain negative effects. Here, we present an overview of data contained in the Serbian Cyanobacterial Database, concerning cyanobacterial distribution, cyanotoxin production and associated biological effects in different types of water bodies from the Republic of Serbia. Also, recent important and major cases of cyanobacterial blooming in reservoirs used for drinking water supply: at Vrutci and Celije, the Aleksandrovac irrigation reservoir, the Ponjavica River and Lake Palic, including systematic research on the Lake Ludos and few fishponds are further described. It can be concluded that cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are omnipresent in different water bodies throughout the Republic of Serbia. For these reasons it is imperative to continue with the monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, as well as to continuously supplement the established database with new information. The Serbian Cyanobacterial Database represents a treasury of information on cyanobacteria and their toxins, and as a model for other countries in the region and beyond.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48556437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms is of worldwide concern as they have increased globally in frequency and intensity in recent decades. A cyanobacterial colony was found in a bottle of natural mineral water of a small water company in July 2012, which led to a further examination for a period of five months (July-November 2012) of both the bottled filtered water and the originating groundwater source (N. Greece) for the occurrence of Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria occurrence was monitored by microscopy and cyanospecific 16S rDNA amplification; potentially toxic species occurrence was screened by mcyA gene (known to take part in the MC-biosynthetic gene cluster) amplification. The highest abundance of cyanobacterial cells without the simultaneous presence of the mcyA gene, was measured in July, in contrast to October when the presence of cyanobacteria was only identified by tracing cyanospecific 16S rDNA and the mcyA gene region in the underground water source. The results of this small scale monitoring program indicate the potential existence of an emerging danger for human health in a relatively manageable product such as the bottled natural mineral water.
{"title":"Can cyanobacteria infect underground water sources? Evidence from a small scale monitoring of natural mineral water drinking source","authors":"S. Gkelis, A. Vlamis","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6280","url":null,"abstract":"The expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms is of worldwide concern as they have increased globally in frequency and intensity in recent decades. A cyanobacterial colony was found in a bottle of natural mineral water of a small water company in July 2012, which led to a further examination for a period of five months (July-November 2012) of both the bottled filtered water and the originating groundwater source (N. Greece) for the occurrence of Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria occurrence was monitored by microscopy and cyanospecific 16S rDNA amplification; potentially toxic species occurrence was screened by mcyA gene (known to take part in the MC-biosynthetic gene cluster) amplification. The highest abundance of cyanobacterial cells without the simultaneous presence of the mcyA gene, was measured in July, in contrast to October when the presence of cyanobacteria was only identified by tracing cyanospecific 16S rDNA and the mcyA gene region in the underground water source. The results of this small scale monitoring program indicate the potential existence of an emerging danger for human health in a relatively manageable product such as the bottled natural mineral water.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49255427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Izabela Zawiska, E. Zawisza, M. Wojewódka, A. Sinev
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is widely used for the identification of microstructural characteristics and morphology of different microorganisms. Common procedures are based and developed for remains of living species. This paper presents an effective method for drying and preparing subfossil Cladocera remains for SEM observation, which has been recently adapted and tested on several samples originating from different American and European lakes. This method results to be fast and cheap, as it excludes the use of expensive and toxic reagents. Moreover, it allows to recognize the micro sculpture and other species specific characteristics present on the different body parts of the Cladocera remains. The present contribution provides 29 high quality pictures of 12 cladoceran species at magnification between 200x and 11,000x. SEM images reveal that the patterns observed on the shells under the light microscope actually are always three dimensional structures.
{"title":"Exploring the world of micro sculptures - subfossil Cladocera remains under the SEM","authors":"Izabela Zawiska, E. Zawisza, M. Wojewódka, A. Sinev","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2016.6218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6218","url":null,"abstract":"The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is widely used for the identification of microstructural characteristics and morphology of different microorganisms. Common procedures are based and developed for remains of living species. This paper presents an effective method for drying and preparing subfossil Cladocera remains for SEM observation, which has been recently adapted and tested on several samples originating from different American and European lakes. This method results to be fast and cheap, as it excludes the use of expensive and toxic reagents. Moreover, it allows to recognize the micro sculpture and other species specific characteristics present on the different body parts of the Cladocera remains. The present contribution provides 29 high quality pictures of 12 cladoceran species at magnification between 200x and 11,000x. SEM images reveal that the patterns observed on the shells under the light microscope actually are always three dimensional structures.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"177-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70144166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ephippium pigmentation is a plastic trait which can be related to a trade-off between visual predation pressure and better protection of cladoceran eggs against different types of stress. Experimental studies showed that planktivorous fish exert a greater predation pressure on individuals carrying darker ephippia, but little is known about the variation of ephippium pigmentation along gradients of fish predation pressure in natural conditions. For this study, our experimental design included four small boreal lakes with known fish assemblages. Two of the lakes have viable brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) populations, whereas the other two lakes experienced brook trout extinctions during the 20 th century. Cladoceran ephippia were extracted from sediment cores at layers corresponding to the documented post- extinction phase (1990's) and from an older layer (1950's) for which the brook trout population status is not known precisely. Our first objective was to determine whether brook trout extinction has a direct effect on both ephippium pigmentation and size. Our second objective was to give a preliminary assessment of the status of brook trout populations in the 1950's by comparing the variation in ephippia traits measured from this layer to those measured in the 1990's, for which the extinction patterns are well known. Cost-effective image analysis was used to assess variation in pigmentation levels in ephippia. This approach provided a proxy for the amount of melanin invested in each ephippium analysed. Our study clearly shows that ephippium pigmentation may represent a better indicator of the presence of fish predators than ephippium size, a trait that showed a less clear pattern of variation between lakes with and without fish. For the 1990's period, ephippia from fishless lakes were darker and showed a slight tendency to be larger than ephippia from lakes with brook trout. However, no clear differences in either ephippium size or pigmentation were observed between the 1990's and 1950's layers within each lake. This suggests that brook trout extinction already occurred before the 1950’s, or that brook trout population abundance was already extremely low before and after the 1990’s. Our preliminary study shows that ephippium pigmentation can be used as a tool to quickly assess present and past predation levels on zooplankton when only sediment samples are available.
{"title":"Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) extinction in small boreal lakes revealed by ephippia pigmentation: a preliminary analysis","authors":"Alexandre Tellier, P. Drevnick, A. Bertolo","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2016.6215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6215","url":null,"abstract":"Ephippium pigmentation is a plastic trait which can be related to a trade-off between visual predation pressure and better protection of cladoceran eggs against different types of stress. Experimental studies showed that planktivorous fish exert a greater predation pressure on individuals carrying darker ephippia, but little is known about the variation of ephippium pigmentation along gradients of fish predation pressure in natural conditions. For this study, our experimental design included four small boreal lakes with known fish assemblages. Two of the lakes have viable brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) populations, whereas the other two lakes experienced brook trout extinctions during the 20 th century. Cladoceran ephippia were extracted from sediment cores at layers corresponding to the documented post- extinction phase (1990's) and from an older layer (1950's) for which the brook trout population status is not known precisely. Our first objective was to determine whether brook trout extinction has a direct effect on both ephippium pigmentation and size. Our second objective was to give a preliminary assessment of the status of brook trout populations in the 1950's by comparing the variation in ephippia traits measured from this layer to those measured in the 1990's, for which the extinction patterns are well known. Cost-effective image analysis was used to assess variation in pigmentation levels in ephippia. This approach provided a proxy for the amount of melanin invested in each ephippium analysed. Our study clearly shows that ephippium pigmentation may represent a better indicator of the presence of fish predators than ephippium size, a trait that showed a less clear pattern of variation between lakes with and without fish. For the 1990's period, ephippia from fishless lakes were darker and showed a slight tendency to be larger than ephippia from lakes with brook trout. However, no clear differences in either ephippium size or pigmentation were observed between the 1990's and 1950's layers within each lake. This suggests that brook trout extinction already occurred before the 1950’s, or that brook trout population abundance was already extremely low before and after the 1990’s. Our preliminary study shows that ephippium pigmentation can be used as a tool to quickly assess present and past predation levels on zooplankton when only sediment samples are available.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70144156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subfossil Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) represent one of the most valuable biological proxies preserved in lake sediments that can be studied for reconstruction purposes. They are widespread in both the pelagic and littoral zones of lakes of different geographical distribution, altitude and typology, where they often represent the dominant component of zooplankton in terms of biomass. The chitinous parts of their body are well preserved in lake sediments, and the taphonomic taxonomy is well established, thanks to the numerous studies that followed the first pioneer works by Frey (1960).
{"title":"Subfossil Cladocera as a powerful tool for paleoecological reconstruction","authors":"M. Tolotti, M. Milan, K. Szeroczyńska","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2016.6467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6467","url":null,"abstract":"Subfossil Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) represent one of the most valuable biological proxies preserved in lake sediments that can be studied for reconstruction purposes. They are widespread in both the pelagic and littoral zones of lakes of different geographical distribution, altitude and typology, where they often represent the dominant component of zooplankton in terms of biomass. The chitinous parts of their body are well preserved in lake sediments, and the taphonomic taxonomy is well established, thanks to the numerous studies that followed the first pioneer works by Frey (1960).","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"125-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70144008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sediment Cladocera remains and geochemistry were analyzed at Lake Ledro, a small subalpine lake with a large catchment area located in northern Italy. The aim of the study was to investigate human, climate and hydrological impacts on the Cladocera community and on the geochemical components during the last few centuries. A sediment core was collected from the deepest point of Lake Ledro and radiometrically dated. Cladocera remains were analyzed to track the trophic lake evolution. The core bottom section revealed the dominance of Bosminidae in concomitance with nutrient pulses entering into the lake during major flood events. The abundance of species preferring cold water temperatures confirmed the deposition of this core section during the Little Ice Age. The flood event occurred in the first half of the 19 th century produced a drastic increase in littoral species, due to the development of new habitats. The decrease in Cladocera densities during the following lake stage was followed by a rapid increase in planktonic species during the nutrient enrichment after the 1960s. Statistical analyses revealed a clear response of Cladocera community to climate variability during oligotrophic periods, while no relation to temperature changes was recorded during high nutrient levels. A preliminary study on Bosminidae and Daphnidae body size and appendages length was carried out to reconstruct major changes in the lake food web. Only Bosminia spp. revealed clear body size changes: minor shifts were recorded before the 1930s in relation to the low nutrient concentrations, while the major changes occurred during the 1980s were interpreted as related to the appearance of Cladocera invertebrate predators. Geochemical components were studied using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) analysis in order to recognize the impact of the large catchment area and from the lake-level regulations on the lake hydrology. Moreover the Si:Al ratios profile confirmed the increase in lake productivity after the 1960s. Although both Cladocera and geochemical analysis indicate major changes since the 1960s, they also revealed diverse responses to common external and local forcing, thus confirming the value of a multi-proxy approach for disentangling the lake responses to different environmental stressors. Moreover, it outlined the importance of larger catchment areas on small lakes as they are to a larger extent influenced by the modifications occurring in the drainage basin.
{"title":"Combining sediment Cladocera remains and geochemistry to reveal the role of a large catchment in driving changes in a small subalpine lake (Lake Ledro, N-Italy)","authors":"M. Milan, R. Bindler, M. Tolotti","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2016.6399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6399","url":null,"abstract":"Sediment Cladocera remains and geochemistry were analyzed at Lake Ledro, a small subalpine lake with a large catchment area located in northern Italy. The aim of the study was to investigate human, climate and hydrological impacts on the Cladocera community and on the geochemical components during the last few centuries. A sediment core was collected from the deepest point of Lake Ledro and radiometrically dated. Cladocera remains were analyzed to track the trophic lake evolution. The core bottom section revealed the dominance of Bosminidae in concomitance with nutrient pulses entering into the lake during major flood events. The abundance of species preferring cold water temperatures confirmed the deposition of this core section during the Little Ice Age. The flood event occurred in the first half of the 19 th century produced a drastic increase in littoral species, due to the development of new habitats. The decrease in Cladocera densities during the following lake stage was followed by a rapid increase in planktonic species during the nutrient enrichment after the 1960s. Statistical analyses revealed a clear response of Cladocera community to climate variability during oligotrophic periods, while no relation to temperature changes was recorded during high nutrient levels. A preliminary study on Bosminidae and Daphnidae body size and appendages length was carried out to reconstruct major changes in the lake food web. Only Bosminia spp. revealed clear body size changes: minor shifts were recorded before the 1930s in relation to the low nutrient concentrations, while the major changes occurred during the 1980s were interpreted as related to the appearance of Cladocera invertebrate predators. Geochemical components were studied using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) analysis in order to recognize the impact of the large catchment area and from the lake-level regulations on the lake hydrology. Moreover the Si:Al ratios profile confirmed the increase in lake productivity after the 1960s. Although both Cladocera and geochemical analysis indicate major changes since the 1960s, they also revealed diverse responses to common external and local forcing, thus confirming the value of a multi-proxy approach for disentangling the lake responses to different environmental stressors. Moreover, it outlined the importance of larger catchment areas on small lakes as they are to a larger extent influenced by the modifications occurring in the drainage basin.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"220-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2016.6399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70144440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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