In an effort to reach a clearer mechanistic understanding of the influence of biological diversity on ecosystem functioning, research in the field is increasingly applying a trait-based approach. In this comprehensive review, I searched for and analyzed studies that focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) using a trait-based approach in freshwater phytoplankton from lentic systems (lakes, ponds, reservoirs). I found that this type of studies is very rare and included a plethora of traits, diversity metrics, statistical analyses and study locations that contributed to the high variability in the results they obtained. Overall, trait-based diversity is not a very good predictor of ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic ecosystems. Null relationships between trait-based diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic systems were the more frequent outcome. When significant, the amount of variation in ecosystem functioning explained by trait-based diversity was small. Still, trait-based research remains a promising approach to increase the mechanistic understanding of BEF relationships. For this purpose, studies directly testing the underlying mechanistic rationale, exploring diversity effects on the temporal stability of ecosystem functions, including multiple functions at a time, focusing more in cell size and shape and confirming the relative importance of individual trait variation for ecosystem functioning are needed.
{"title":"Biodiversity ecosystem functioning research in freshwater phytoplankton: A comprehensive review of trait-based studies","authors":"P. Venail","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.7207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.7207","url":null,"abstract":"In an effort to reach a clearer mechanistic understanding of the influence of biological diversity on ecosystem functioning, research in the field is increasingly applying a trait-based approach. In this comprehensive review, I searched for and analyzed studies that focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) using a trait-based approach in freshwater phytoplankton from lentic systems (lakes, ponds, reservoirs). I found that this type of studies is very rare and included a plethora of traits, diversity metrics, statistical analyses and study locations that contributed to the high variability in the results they obtained. Overall, trait-based diversity is not a very good predictor of ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic ecosystems. Null relationships between trait-based diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic systems were the more frequent outcome. When significant, the amount of variation in ecosystem functioning explained by trait-based diversity was small. Still, trait-based research remains a promising approach to increase the mechanistic understanding of BEF relationships. For this purpose, studies directly testing the underlying mechanistic rationale, exploring diversity effects on the temporal stability of ecosystem functions, including multiple functions at a time, focusing more in cell size and shape and confirming the relative importance of individual trait variation for ecosystem functioning are needed.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.7207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45320402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Lightly we passed on Earth” is the title of a novel by Sergio Atzeni, published in 1996, one year after his untimely death by drowning in the Tyrrhenian sea. The author is referring to the levity of water. «Lightly we passed on Earth”…. “like the water that flows, jumps from the hollow spring, winds between mosses and ferns up to the roots of almond and cork trees or rolls over the stones from mountains and hills toward the plain, from stream to river, slowing down on the way to the swamps and the sea, transmuted by the sun in steam, in clouds moved by the wind, and in blissful rain…”
{"title":"In memoriam of Peppe Morabito","authors":"M. Manca","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.7209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.7209","url":null,"abstract":"“Lightly we passed on Earth” is the title of a novel by Sergio Atzeni, published in 1996, one year after his untimely death by drowning in the Tyrrhenian sea. The author is referring to the levity of water. «Lightly we passed on Earth”…. “like the water that flows, jumps from the hollow spring, winds between mosses and ferns up to the roots of almond and cork trees or rolls over the stones from mountains and hills toward the plain, from stream to river, slowing down on the way to the swamps and the sea, transmuted by the sun in steam, in clouds moved by the wind, and in blissful rain…”","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.7209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45060269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research-intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International Not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu
{"title":"Foreword to the Themed Issue “Cyanobacteria”","authors":"T. Kaloudis, J. Meriluoto, L. Bláha","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6674","url":null,"abstract":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research-intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International Not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43892340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Addico, J. Hardege, J. Kohoutek, K. deGraft-Johnson, P. Babica
Although cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins represent a worldwide-occurring phenomenon, there are large differences among different countries in cyanotoxin-related human health risk assessment, management practices and policies. While national standards, guideline values and detailed regulatory frameworks for effective management of cyanotoxin risks have been implemented in many industrialized countries, the extent of cyanobacteria occurrence and cyanotoxin contamination in certain geographical regions is under-reported and not very well understood. Such regions include major parts of tropical West and Central Africa, a region constisting of more than 25 countries occupying an area of 12 million km 2 , with a total population of 500 milion people. Only few studies focusing on cyanotoxin occurrence in this region have been published so far, and reports dealing specifically with cyanotoxin contamination in drinking water are extremely scarce. In this study, we report seasonal data on cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) contamination in drinking water reservoirs and adjacent treatment plants located in Ghana, West Africa. During January-June 2005, concentrations of MCs were monitored in four treatment plants supplying drinking water to major metropolitan areas in Ghana: the treatment plants Barekese and Owabi, which serve Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and the plants Kpong and Weija, providing water for Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area. HPLC analyses showed that 65% samples of raw water at the intake of the treatment plants contained intracellular MCs (maximal detected concentration was 8.73 µg L -1 ), whereas dissolved toxins were detected in 33% of the samples. Significant reduction of cyanobacterial cell counts and MC concentrations was achieved during the entire monitoring period by the applied conventional water treatment methods (alum flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination), and MC concentration in the final treated water never exceeded 1 µg L -1 (WHO guideline limit for MCs in drinking water). However, cyanobacterial cells (93-3,055 cell mL -1 ) were frequently found in the final treated water and intracellular MCs were detected in 17% of the samples (maximal concentration 0.61 µg L -1 ), while dissolved MCs were present in 14% of the final treated water samples (maximal concentration 0.81 µg L -1 ). It indicates a borderline efficiency of the water treatment, thus MC concentrations in drinking water might exceed the WHO guideline limit if the treatment efficiency gets compromised. In addition, MC concentrations found in the raw water intake might represent significant human health risks for people living in areas with only a limited access to the treated or underground drinking water.
虽然蓝藻繁殖和蓝藻毒素是一种世界范围内普遍存在的现象,但不同国家在与蓝藻毒素有关的人类健康风险评估、管理做法和政策方面存在很大差异。虽然许多工业化国家已经实施了有效管理蓝藻毒素风险的国家标准、指导值和详细的监管框架,但在某些地理区域,蓝藻发生和蓝藻毒素污染的程度没有得到充分报道,也没有得到很好的了解。这些地区包括热带西非和中非的大部分地区,该地区由超过25个国家组成,占地1200万公里,总人口为5亿人。迄今为止,针对该地区蓝藻毒素发生情况的研究很少,而专门针对饮用水中蓝藻毒素污染的报道则极为稀少。在这项研究中,我们报告了位于西非加纳的饮用水水库和邻近处理厂的蓝藻和微囊藻毒素(MC)污染的季节性数据。2005年1月至6月期间,监测了向加纳主要大都市地区提供饮用水的四个处理厂的MCs浓度:为库马西大都市地区提供饮用水的Barekese和Owabi处理厂,以及为阿克拉-特马大都市地区提供饮用水的Kpong和Weija处理厂。高效液相色谱分析表明,65%的原水样品中含有细胞内MCs(最大检测浓度为8.73µg L -1),而33%的样品中检测到溶解毒素。在整个监测期间,采用常规水处理方法(明矾絮凝、沉淀、快速砂滤和氯化)可显著降低蓝藻细胞计数和MC浓度,最终处理水中的MC浓度从未超过1 μ g L -1(世卫组织饮用水中MCs的指导限值)。然而,在最终处理的水中经常发现蓝藻细胞(93-3,055细胞mL -1),在17%的样品中检测到细胞内MCs(最大浓度0.61µg L -1),而在14%的最终处理水样中存在溶解MCs(最大浓度0.81µg L -1)。这表明水处理的效率处于边缘,因此如果处理效率受到损害,饮用水中的MC浓度可能超过世卫组织指导限值。此外,在原水摄入中发现的MC浓度可能对生活在只有有限途径获得处理过的饮用水或地下饮用水的地区的人们构成重大的人体健康风险。
{"title":"Cyanobacteria and microcystin contamination in untreated and treated drinking water in Ghana","authors":"G. Addico, J. Hardege, J. Kohoutek, K. deGraft-Johnson, P. Babica","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6323","url":null,"abstract":"Although cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins represent a worldwide-occurring phenomenon, there are large differences among different countries in cyanotoxin-related human health risk assessment, management practices and policies. While national standards, guideline values and detailed regulatory frameworks for effective management of cyanotoxin risks have been implemented in many industrialized countries, the extent of cyanobacteria occurrence and cyanotoxin contamination in certain geographical regions is under-reported and not very well understood. Such regions include major parts of tropical West and Central Africa, a region constisting of more than 25 countries occupying an area of 12 million km 2 , with a total population of 500 milion people. Only few studies focusing on cyanotoxin occurrence in this region have been published so far, and reports dealing specifically with cyanotoxin contamination in drinking water are extremely scarce. In this study, we report seasonal data on cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) contamination in drinking water reservoirs and adjacent treatment plants located in Ghana, West Africa. During January-June 2005, concentrations of MCs were monitored in four treatment plants supplying drinking water to major metropolitan areas in Ghana: the treatment plants Barekese and Owabi, which serve Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and the plants Kpong and Weija, providing water for Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area. HPLC analyses showed that 65% samples of raw water at the intake of the treatment plants contained intracellular MCs (maximal detected concentration was 8.73 µg L -1 ), whereas dissolved toxins were detected in 33% of the samples. Significant reduction of cyanobacterial cell counts and MC concentrations was achieved during the entire monitoring period by the applied conventional water treatment methods (alum flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination), and MC concentration in the final treated water never exceeded 1 µg L -1 (WHO guideline limit for MCs in drinking water). However, cyanobacterial cells (93-3,055 cell mL -1 ) were frequently found in the final treated water and intracellular MCs were detected in 17% of the samples (maximal concentration 0.61 µg L -1 ), while dissolved MCs were present in 14% of the final treated water samples (maximal concentration 0.81 µg L -1 ). It indicates a borderline efficiency of the water treatment, thus MC concentrations in drinking water might exceed the WHO guideline limit if the treatment efficiency gets compromised. In addition, MC concentrations found in the raw water intake might represent significant human health risks for people living in areas with only a limited access to the treated or underground drinking water.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42779221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work allowed the comparison of the metabolic profiles of the most important cyanobacteria species in southern perialpine lakes, namely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Dolichospermum lemmermannii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix rubescens , and Tychonema bourrellyi. Monospecific cultures were obtained from samples of 3 different natural lakes (Garda, Idro, and Caldonazzo). LC-MS/MS analyses were conducted on strains. A first set of experiments was aimed at assessing the presence of the best known toxins (microcystins, nodularins, (homo)anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, paralytic shellfish poisons) in the cultures. Results of this screening study revealed that M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens produced toxic peptides (microcystins), T. bourrellyi produced toxic alkaloids (anatoxin-a and possibly some paralytic shellfish toxins), Aph. flos-aquae and D. lemmermannii did not produce any of the analyzed toxins. M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens showed typical microcystin production with LR form dominant in the former, and RRdm form dominant in the latter. A second set of experiments was aimed at comparing the capability of the 5 cyanobacterial species to produce peptidic secondary metabolites. For this purpose, an untargeted peptidomic analysis was conducted on the strains. The analysis allowed revealing globally 328 metabolites, spanning in a mass range between 400 and 2000 Da. The majority of compounds with masses in the 500-1200 Da range (corresponding to the majority of peptidic secondary metabolites) resulted to be produced by M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains, thus indicating a higher ability of these species to produce non-ribosomal peptides compared to the others. 27 metabolites out of 328 could be putatively assigned to specific classes of compounds: microcystins, aeruginosins and anabaenopeptins were the most represented classes of compounds, and were mostly found in M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains.
{"title":"A comparative study of the metabolic profiles of common nuisance cyanobacteria in southern perialpine lakes","authors":"L. Cerasino, C. Capelli, N. Salmaso","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6381","url":null,"abstract":"This work allowed the comparison of the metabolic profiles of the most important cyanobacteria species in southern perialpine lakes, namely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Dolichospermum lemmermannii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix rubescens , and Tychonema bourrellyi. Monospecific cultures were obtained from samples of 3 different natural lakes (Garda, Idro, and Caldonazzo). LC-MS/MS analyses were conducted on strains. A first set of experiments was aimed at assessing the presence of the best known toxins (microcystins, nodularins, (homo)anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, paralytic shellfish poisons) in the cultures. Results of this screening study revealed that M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens produced toxic peptides (microcystins), T. bourrellyi produced toxic alkaloids (anatoxin-a and possibly some paralytic shellfish toxins), Aph. flos-aquae and D. lemmermannii did not produce any of the analyzed toxins. M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens showed typical microcystin production with LR form dominant in the former, and RRdm form dominant in the latter. A second set of experiments was aimed at comparing the capability of the 5 cyanobacterial species to produce peptidic secondary metabolites. For this purpose, an untargeted peptidomic analysis was conducted on the strains. The analysis allowed revealing globally 328 metabolites, spanning in a mass range between 400 and 2000 Da. The majority of compounds with masses in the 500-1200 Da range (corresponding to the majority of peptidic secondary metabolites) resulted to be produced by M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains, thus indicating a higher ability of these species to produce non-ribosomal peptides compared to the others. 27 metabolites out of 328 could be putatively assigned to specific classes of compounds: microcystins, aeruginosins and anabaenopeptins were the most represented classes of compounds, and were mostly found in M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41777819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blooms of cyanobacteria are an increasingly frequent phenomenon in freshwater ecosystems worldwide as a result of eutrophication. Many species can produce hepatotoxins that cause severe health hazards to humans. The aim of this study was to identify the bloom forming cyanobacteria species by molecular methods and to amplify genes responsible for hepatotoxin biosynthesis from the environmental samples and isolated strains of cyanobacteria from Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Sapanca, Iznik, Manyas and Taskisi Lakes. A total of 10 bloom samples and 11 isolated strains were examined and Microcystis spp., Planktothrix spp., Nodularia spumigena , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides , Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii were identified. Hepatotoxin genes were detected in 60% of the bloom samples and 45% of the strains. Two Microcystis strains were obtained from Kucukcekmece Lagoon. While the strain assigned to Microcystis flosaquae was non-toxic, Microcystis aeruginosa strain produced microcystin. According to PCR results, the M. aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii bloom samples of Kucukcekmece Lagoon contained the microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) indicative of microcystin production, however, no microcystin was detected by HPLC. The mcyE gene was also found in Microcystis wesenbergii isolated from Taskisi Lake, and in all Planktothrix rubescens bloom samples from Sapanca Lake. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study for identifiying different toxic cyanobacteria species and their hepatotoxin production from several waterbodies in Turkey using molecular methods.
{"title":"Molecular detection of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria in inland water bodies of the Marmara Region, Turkey","authors":"Latife Köker, R. Akçaalan, Meriç Albay, B. Neilan","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6394","url":null,"abstract":"Blooms of cyanobacteria are an increasingly frequent phenomenon in freshwater ecosystems worldwide as a result of eutrophication. Many species can produce hepatotoxins that cause severe health hazards to humans. The aim of this study was to identify the bloom forming cyanobacteria species by molecular methods and to amplify genes responsible for hepatotoxin biosynthesis from the environmental samples and isolated strains of cyanobacteria from Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Sapanca, Iznik, Manyas and Taskisi Lakes. A total of 10 bloom samples and 11 isolated strains were examined and Microcystis spp., Planktothrix spp., Nodularia spumigena , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides , Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii were identified. Hepatotoxin genes were detected in 60% of the bloom samples and 45% of the strains. Two Microcystis strains were obtained from Kucukcekmece Lagoon. While the strain assigned to Microcystis flosaquae was non-toxic, Microcystis aeruginosa strain produced microcystin. According to PCR results, the M. aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii bloom samples of Kucukcekmece Lagoon contained the microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) indicative of microcystin production, however, no microcystin was detected by HPLC. The mcyE gene was also found in Microcystis wesenbergii isolated from Taskisi Lake, and in all Planktothrix rubescens bloom samples from Sapanca Lake. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study for identifiying different toxic cyanobacteria species and their hepatotoxin production from several waterbodies in Turkey using molecular methods.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigations carried out on Lake Dojran, fYR Macedonia, during the spring-autumn seasons in 2015 have been focused on detecting the degree of eutrophication in the lake, successive algal flora changes in the plankton communities and eventual presence of cyanotoxins (free microcystins) in the water. The obtained results revealed a co-existence of nine Microcystis species in the lake ( M. aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. protocystis, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii ), with domination of the pan and neo-tropical species M. protocystis , again confirmed in a European lake. Results also corroborate the necessity to change the accepted morphospecies concept into separation of Microcystis taxa as distinct species which are clearly delimited according to their constant morphological features. Toxicity analyses demand for a specific and targeted investigation, since the toxin production and presence depends on many factors, and the toxin dynamics including the highest peaks may be easily overlooked if other issues are in the focus of the performed monitoring. Detected values for free microcystins in the water reached 2.84 µg L -1 microcystin-LR equivalents.
2015年春秋季节对马其顿前南斯拉夫的多季兰湖进行了调查,重点是检测湖泊富营养化程度、浮游生物群落中藻类群落的连续变化以及水中最终存在的蓝藻毒素(游离微囊藻毒素)。结果表明,该湖泊中存在9种微囊藻(M. aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. protocystis, M. smithii, M. viridis和M. wesenbergii)共存,并以pan和新热带物种M. protocystis为主,再次在欧洲湖泊中得到证实。结果也证实了将微囊藻分类群划分为根据其恒定的形态特征明确划分的独立种的必要性。毒性分析需要进行具体和有针对性的调查,因为毒素的产生和存在取决于许多因素,如果监测的重点是其他问题,包括最高峰值在内的毒素动态可能很容易被忽视。水中游离微囊藻毒素的检测值达到2.84µg L -1微囊藻毒素- lr当量。
{"title":"Rare occurrence of nine Microcystis species (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) in a single lake (Lake Dojran, fYR Macedonia)","authors":"S. Krstic, Boris Alesovski, J. Komárek","doi":"10.4081/aiol.2017.6236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2017.6236","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations carried out on Lake Dojran, fYR Macedonia, during the spring-autumn seasons in 2015 have been focused on detecting the degree of eutrophication in the lake, successive algal flora changes in the plankton communities and eventual presence of cyanotoxins (free microcystins) in the water. The obtained results revealed a co-existence of nine Microcystis species in the lake ( M. aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. protocystis, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii ), with domination of the pan and neo-tropical species M. protocystis , again confirmed in a European lake. Results also corroborate the necessity to change the accepted morphospecies concept into separation of Microcystis taxa as distinct species which are clearly delimited according to their constant morphological features. Toxicity analyses demand for a specific and targeted investigation, since the toxin production and presence depends on many factors, and the toxin dynamics including the highest peaks may be easily overlooked if other issues are in the focus of the performed monitoring. Detected values for free microcystins in the water reached 2.84 µg L -1 microcystin-LR equivalents.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/aiol.2017.6236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44319144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Stefanelli, Simona Scardala, P. Cabras, A. Orrù, S. Vichi, E. Testai, E. Funari, M. Manganelli
Seasonal blooms of cyanobacteria (CB) are a typical feature of Lake Alto Flumendosa (Sardinia, Italy). The waters of this lake are used for drinking water supply, for agricultural and industrial uses, and fish farming activities. Since cyanotoxins are not monitored in edible organisms, diet could be a relevant route of human exposure. CB also represent a threat for the health of wild and domestic animals that use lake water for beverage. Therefore, to characterize the CB community and assess the risk for human and animal population, CB dynamic, mcy B + fraction, and microcystins (MCs) concentration have been followed monthly for 18 months, in three stations. Results confirmed the presence of several toxigenic species. Planktothrix rubescens dominated between August 2011 and April 2012 (3.5×10 6 cells L -1 ), alternating with Woronichinia naegeliana (8×10 6 cells L -1 ) and Microcystis botrys (9×10 5 cells L -1 ). Dolichospermum planctonicum was always present at low densities (10 4 cells L -1 ). MCs were detected, at values well below the 1 µg L -1 threshold of WHO for drinking water. The molecular analysis of mcy B gene for P. rubescens indicated the presence of a persistent toxic population (average 0.45 mcy B/16S rDNA). Highly significant linear regressions were found between P. rubescens and the sum of the demethylated MC variants, and between M. botrys and the sum of MC-LR and MC-LA, also when co-occurring, suggesting that these two species were responsible for different MC patterns production. The regression lines indicated a quite stable MC cell quota. However, in some spotted samples very different values were obtained for both MC concentrations and cell quota (from 10-fold lower to 30-40-fold higher than the ‘average’) showing an unexpected significant variability in the rate of toxin production. The relatively low cell densities during the monitoring period is consistent with the low-to absent MC contamination level found in trout muscle; however, the analytical method was affected by low recovery, probably due to MC-protein binding. Our results show that, during the study period, no risk of exposure for the human and animal population occurred. However, the persistence of a complex CB community characterised by a significant toxic fraction suggests the need for periodic monitoring activity. Particularly, the hidden deep summer P. rubescens blooms, located where water is taken for drinking water supply, and M. botrys , able to produce the most toxic MC variants with high cell quota, should be kept under control. The documentation and interpretation of sudden changes in toxins concentrations deserve special attention. This is particularly relevant in proximity of fish farming plants and water catchment sites.
{"title":"Cyanobacterial dynamics and toxins concentrations in Lake Alto Flumendosa, Sardinia, Italy","authors":"M. Stefanelli, Simona Scardala, P. Cabras, A. Orrù, S. Vichi, E. Testai, E. Funari, M. Manganelli","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6352","url":null,"abstract":"Seasonal blooms of cyanobacteria (CB) are a typical feature of Lake Alto Flumendosa (Sardinia, Italy). The waters of this lake are used for drinking water supply, for agricultural and industrial uses, and fish farming activities. Since cyanotoxins are not monitored in edible organisms, diet could be a relevant route of human exposure. CB also represent a threat for the health of wild and domestic animals that use lake water for beverage. Therefore, to characterize the CB community and assess the risk for human and animal population, CB dynamic, mcy B + fraction, and microcystins (MCs) concentration have been followed monthly for 18 months, in three stations. Results confirmed the presence of several toxigenic species. Planktothrix rubescens dominated between August 2011 and April 2012 (3.5×10 6 cells L -1 ), alternating with Woronichinia naegeliana (8×10 6 cells L -1 ) and Microcystis botrys (9×10 5 cells L -1 ). Dolichospermum planctonicum was always present at low densities (10 4 cells L -1 ). MCs were detected, at values well below the 1 µg L -1 threshold of WHO for drinking water. The molecular analysis of mcy B gene for P. rubescens indicated the presence of a persistent toxic population (average 0.45 mcy B/16S rDNA). Highly significant linear regressions were found between P. rubescens and the sum of the demethylated MC variants, and between M. botrys and the sum of MC-LR and MC-LA, also when co-occurring, suggesting that these two species were responsible for different MC patterns production. The regression lines indicated a quite stable MC cell quota. However, in some spotted samples very different values were obtained for both MC concentrations and cell quota (from 10-fold lower to 30-40-fold higher than the ‘average’) showing an unexpected significant variability in the rate of toxin production. The relatively low cell densities during the monitoring period is consistent with the low-to absent MC contamination level found in trout muscle; however, the analytical method was affected by low recovery, probably due to MC-protein binding. Our results show that, during the study period, no risk of exposure for the human and animal population occurred. However, the persistence of a complex CB community characterised by a significant toxic fraction suggests the need for periodic monitoring activity. Particularly, the hidden deep summer P. rubescens blooms, located where water is taken for drinking water supply, and M. botrys , able to produce the most toxic MC variants with high cell quota, should be kept under control. The documentation and interpretation of sudden changes in toxins concentrations deserve special attention. This is particularly relevant in proximity of fish farming plants and water catchment sites.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42912076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gkelis, M. Panou, I. Chronis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, C. Christophoridis, Korina Manolidi, Chrysoula Ntislidou, T. Triantis, T. Kaloudis, A. Hiskia, I. Kagalou, M. Lazaridou
Lake Karla (Central Greece) is a unique example - at European scale - of a shallow lake ecosystem that was dried in the 1960s and in 2009 started to be restored. The lake is listed in the network of the Greek protected areas as it is considered a vital aquatic ecosystem, in terms of biodiversity. It has, however, already been adversely affected by both agricultural and industrial land uses in the surrounding area, leading to eutrophication and shifting algal community towards bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterial species. After repeated heavy-blooms, cyanotoxin occurrence and mass fish kills, the local ecosystem management authority has implemented a water quality monitoring program (July 2013 - July 2015) to assess environmental pressures and the response of aquatic biota in the lake. Microscopic, immunological, and molecular techniques combined with physico-chemical parameters, complemented by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were used to monitor cyanobacteria blooms and the associated cyanotoxin production from three different sites in Lake Karla and from the adjacent Kalamaki Reservoir. Water quality was also assessed by the structure of benthic invertebrate community on the sediment. Cyanobacteria were the main phytoplankton component, representing more than 70% of the total phytoplankton abundance; dominant taxa belonged to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , Limnothrix redekei , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , and Microcystis spp. Euglenophytes ( Euglena ), diatoms ( Nitzschia ), and chlorophytes ( Scenedesmus ) were also important phytoplankton constituents. LC-MS/MS confirmed the co-occurrence of microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, neo-saxitoxin and anatoxin-a. The occurrence of cyanotoxins in relation to the persistent and dominant cyanobacteria and the impact of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms on the newly constructed lake along with the land uses and the emergent mitigation measures are discussed.
{"title":"Monitoring a newly re-born patient: water quality and cyanotoxin occurrence in a reconstructed shallow Mediterranean lake","authors":"S. Gkelis, M. Panou, I. Chronis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, C. Christophoridis, Korina Manolidi, Chrysoula Ntislidou, T. Triantis, T. Kaloudis, A. Hiskia, I. Kagalou, M. Lazaridou","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6350","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Karla (Central Greece) is a unique example - at European scale - of a shallow lake ecosystem that was dried in the 1960s and in 2009 started to be restored. The lake is listed in the network of the Greek protected areas as it is considered a vital aquatic ecosystem, in terms of biodiversity. It has, however, already been adversely affected by both agricultural and industrial land uses in the surrounding area, leading to eutrophication and shifting algal community towards bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterial species. After repeated heavy-blooms, cyanotoxin occurrence and mass fish kills, the local ecosystem management authority has implemented a water quality monitoring program (July 2013 - July 2015) to assess environmental pressures and the response of aquatic biota in the lake. Microscopic, immunological, and molecular techniques combined with physico-chemical parameters, complemented by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were used to monitor cyanobacteria blooms and the associated cyanotoxin production from three different sites in Lake Karla and from the adjacent Kalamaki Reservoir. Water quality was also assessed by the structure of benthic invertebrate community on the sediment. Cyanobacteria were the main phytoplankton component, representing more than 70% of the total phytoplankton abundance; dominant taxa belonged to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , Limnothrix redekei , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , and Microcystis spp. Euglenophytes ( Euglena ), diatoms ( Nitzschia ), and chlorophytes ( Scenedesmus ) were also important phytoplankton constituents. LC-MS/MS confirmed the co-occurrence of microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, neo-saxitoxin and anatoxin-a. The occurrence of cyanotoxins in relation to the persistent and dominant cyanobacteria and the impact of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms on the newly constructed lake along with the land uses and the emergent mitigation measures are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43803046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Savela, L. Spoof, Niina Höysniemi, M. Vehniäinen, J. Mankiewicz-Boczek, T. Jurczak, M. Kokociński, J. Meriluoto
In central and southern Europe, Aphanizomenon spp., A. gracile Lemmermann in particular, have been associated with paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production. In western Poland, A. gracile is very common, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, another potentially PST-producing species, is often found as well. To date it is, however, unknown if the cyanobacterial populations in this area harbour the genetic capability to produce PSTs, and to what extent toxin biosynthesis occurs. The objective of this study was to survey the prevalence of potentially PST-producing cyanobacteria by measuring paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene sxtB copy numbers, sxtA , sxtG and sxtS gene presence, and PST concentrations in Polish freshwater lakes. In total, 34 lakes in western Poland were sampled twice during summer 2010. The presence of PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS was determined using conventional qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure sxtB copy numbers, and the samples were analysed for PSTs using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Cyanobacteria carrying the sxtB gene were present in 23.5% of all samples (n=16) and in 14 lakes of the studied 34. Gene copy numbers ranged from 8.2×10 4 to 5.1×10 7 sxtB copies L -1 (mean 3.8×10 6 ). The median was 4.5×10 5 sxtB gene copies L -1 and the majority of results clustered at the lower end of the sxtB qPCR linear range. In 12 out of the 16 samples positive for sxtB the gene co-occurred with the other three targeted PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS . However, five additional samples lacked one or two of the targeted four genes. Thirteen samples contained PSTs, of which 12 samples at levels <0.072 µg L -1 , i.e. , close to or below the quantitative detection limit of the HPLC-FLD method (0.01 µg L -1 ). One sample contained 0.57 µg L -1 saxitoxin, co-occurring with all four sxt genes studied. No correlation between PST and sxt gene occurrence or copy numbers was observed. A. gracile and C. raciborskii occurred in 92% and 50% of samples, respectively, containing PSTs, sxt genes or both. In conclusion, the results confirm that potential PST producers constitute an established subpopulation of cyanobacteria in Polish freshwater lakes. However, none of the sxt genes targeted in this study could serve as a reliable marker for active PST biosynthesis.
在中欧和南欧,aphanizomensp .,特别是A. gracile Lemmermann与麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)的生产有关。在波兰西部,A. gracile是非常常见的,而圆筒spermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju,另一个可能产生pst的物种,也经常被发现。然而,迄今为止,尚不清楚该地区的蓝藻种群是否具有产生pst的遗传能力,以及毒素生物合成发生的程度。本研究的目的是通过测量波兰淡水湖泊中麻痹性贝类毒素生物合成基因sxtB拷贝数、sxtA、sxtG和sxtS基因的存在以及PST浓度,调查潜在产生PST的蓝藻的流行情况。2010年夏季,波兰西部34个湖泊总共进行了两次采样。采用常规定性PCR检测PST生物合成基因sxtA、sxtG和sxtS的存在。采用定量PCR (qPCR)检测sxtB拷贝数,采用离子对高效液相色谱柱后氧化和荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析样品中的PSTs。携带sxtB基因的蓝藻存在于23.5%的样本中(n=16),在研究的34个湖泊中的14个湖泊中。基因拷贝数为8.2×10 4 ~ 5.1×10 7 sxtB拷贝L -1(平均3.8×10 6)。中位数为4.5×10 5个sxtB基因拷贝L -1,大多数结果聚集在sxtB qPCR线性范围的低端。在16个sxtB阳性样本中的12个样本中,该基因与其他三个靶向PST生物合成基因sxtA、sxtG和sxtS共存。然而,另外五个样本缺少四种目标基因中的一种或两种。13份样品中含有PSTs,其中12份样品的PSTs含量<0.072µg L -1,即接近或低于HPLC-FLD方法的定量检出限(0.01µg L -1)。其中一个样本含有0.57 μ g L -1蛤蚌毒素,与研究的所有四个sst基因共同出现。PST与sst基因的发生或拷贝数没有相关性。含有PSTs、sst基因或两者兼有的样本,分别占92%和50%。总之,结果证实,潜在的PST生产者构成了波兰淡水湖蓝藻的一个既定亚群。然而,本研究中所针对的sst基因都不能作为PST活性生物合成的可靠标记。
{"title":"First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes","authors":"H. Savela, L. Spoof, Niina Höysniemi, M. Vehniäinen, J. Mankiewicz-Boczek, T. Jurczak, M. Kokociński, J. Meriluoto","doi":"10.4081/AIOL.2017.6319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6319","url":null,"abstract":"In central and southern Europe, Aphanizomenon spp., A. gracile Lemmermann in particular, have been associated with paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production. In western Poland, A. gracile is very common, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, another potentially PST-producing species, is often found as well. To date it is, however, unknown if the cyanobacterial populations in this area harbour the genetic capability to produce PSTs, and to what extent toxin biosynthesis occurs. The objective of this study was to survey the prevalence of potentially PST-producing cyanobacteria by measuring paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene sxtB copy numbers, sxtA , sxtG and sxtS gene presence, and PST concentrations in Polish freshwater lakes. In total, 34 lakes in western Poland were sampled twice during summer 2010. The presence of PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS was determined using conventional qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure sxtB copy numbers, and the samples were analysed for PSTs using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Cyanobacteria carrying the sxtB gene were present in 23.5% of all samples (n=16) and in 14 lakes of the studied 34. Gene copy numbers ranged from 8.2×10 4 to 5.1×10 7 sxtB copies L -1 (mean 3.8×10 6 ). The median was 4.5×10 5 sxtB gene copies L -1 and the majority of results clustered at the lower end of the sxtB qPCR linear range. In 12 out of the 16 samples positive for sxtB the gene co-occurred with the other three targeted PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS . However, five additional samples lacked one or two of the targeted four genes. Thirteen samples contained PSTs, of which 12 samples at levels <0.072 µg L -1 , i.e. , close to or below the quantitative detection limit of the HPLC-FLD method (0.01 µg L -1 ). One sample contained 0.57 µg L -1 saxitoxin, co-occurring with all four sxt genes studied. No correlation between PST and sxt gene occurrence or copy numbers was observed. A. gracile and C. raciborskii occurred in 92% and 50% of samples, respectively, containing PSTs, sxt genes or both. In conclusion, the results confirm that potential PST producers constitute an established subpopulation of cyanobacteria in Polish freshwater lakes. However, none of the sxt genes targeted in this study could serve as a reliable marker for active PST biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":37306,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Oceanography and Limnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4081/AIOL.2017.6319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43437612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}