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Biodiversity ecosystem functioning research in freshwater phytoplankton: A comprehensive review of trait-based studies 淡水浮游植物生物多样性生态系统功能研究——基于特征的研究综述
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-12-14 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.7207
P. Venail
In an effort to reach a clearer mechanistic understanding of the influence of biological diversity on ecosystem functioning, research in the field is increasingly applying a trait-based approach. In this comprehensive review, I searched for and analyzed studies that focused on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) using a trait-based approach in freshwater phytoplankton from lentic systems (lakes, ponds, reservoirs). I found that this type of studies is very rare and included a plethora of traits, diversity metrics, statistical analyses and study locations that contributed to the high variability in the results they obtained. Overall, trait-based diversity is not a very good predictor of ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic ecosystems. Null relationships between trait-based diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater lentic systems were the more frequent outcome. When significant, the amount of variation in ecosystem functioning explained by trait-based diversity was small. Still, trait-based research remains a promising approach to increase the mechanistic understanding of BEF relationships. For this purpose, studies directly testing the underlying mechanistic rationale, exploring diversity effects on the temporal stability of ecosystem functions, including multiple functions at a time, focusing more in cell size and shape and confirming the relative importance of individual trait variation for ecosystem functioning are needed.
为了更清楚地理解生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响,该领域的研究越来越多地应用基于特征的方法。在这篇综合综述中,我使用基于特征的方法,在慢系统(湖泊、池塘、水库)的淡水浮游植物中搜索并分析了关注生物多样性与生态系统功能(BEF)之间关系的研究。我发现这类研究非常罕见,包括过多的特征、多样性指标、统计分析和研究地点,这些都导致了他们获得的结果的高度可变性。总的来说,基于特征的多样性并不是淡水慢生态系统生态系统功能的很好预测指标。基于性状的多样性和淡水慢系统生态系统功能之间的零关系是更常见的结果。当显著时,以性状为基础的多样性解释的生态系统功能变化量很小。尽管如此,基于特征的研究仍然是一种很有前途的方法,可以提高对BEF关系的机械理解。为此,需要进行研究,直接测试潜在的机制原理,探索多样性对生态系统功能(包括一次多个功能)时间稳定性的影响,更多地关注细胞大小和形状,并确认个体特征变异对生态系统功能的相对重要性。
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引用次数: 5
In memoriam of Peppe Morabito 纪念佩佩·莫拉比托
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-12-14 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.7209
M. Manca
“Lightly we passed on Earth” is the title of a novel by Sergio Atzeni, published in 1996, one year after his untimely death by drowning in the Tyrrhenian sea. The author is referring to the levity of water. «Lightly we passed on Earth”…. “like the water that flows, jumps from the hollow spring, winds between mosses and ferns up to the roots of almond and cork trees or rolls over the stones from mountains and hills toward the plain, from stream to river, slowing down on the way to the swamps and the sea, transmuted by the sun in steam, in clouds moved by the wind, and in blissful rain…”
塞尔吉奥·阿特泽尼(Sergio Atzeni)于1996年出版了一本小说,书名为《我们在地球上轻轻走过》,一年前,他在第勒尼安海溺水身亡。作者指的是水的悬浮。«我们在地球上轻轻走过”…。“就像水从中空的泉水中流动,在苔藓和蕨类植物之间蜿蜒,直到杏仁树和软木树的根部,或者在石头上从山和山上滚向平原,从溪流到河流,在通往沼泽和大海的路上减速,在蒸汽中被太阳转化,在风吹动的云层中转化,在幸福的雨水中转化…”
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引用次数: 0
Foreword to the Themed Issue “Cyanobacteria” 主题议题“蓝藻”前言
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6674
T. Kaloudis, J. Meriluoto, L. Bláha
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research-intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International Not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu
欧洲科学技术合作是一个泛欧政府间框架。它的使命是使突破性的科学和技术发展导致新的概念和产品,从而有助于加强欧洲的研究和创新能力。它允许研究人员、工程师和学者共同发展他们自己的想法,并在所有科学和技术领域采取新的举措,同时促进多学科和跨学科的方法。成本计划旨在促进研究密集度较低的国家更好地融入欧洲研究区的知识中心。成本协会是比利时法律规定的一个国际非营利性协会,它整合了该框架运作所需的所有管理、管理和行政职能。成本协会目前有36个成员国。www.cost.eu
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引用次数: 0
Cyanobacteria and microcystin contamination in untreated and treated drinking water in Ghana 加纳未经处理和处理的饮用水中的蓝藻菌和微囊藻毒素污染
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6323
G. Addico, J. Hardege, J. Kohoutek, K. deGraft-Johnson, P. Babica
Although cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins represent a worldwide-occurring phenomenon, there are large differences among different countries in cyanotoxin-related human health risk assessment, management practices and policies. While national standards, guideline values and detailed regulatory frameworks for effective management of cyanotoxin risks have been implemented in many industrialized countries, the extent of cyanobacteria occurrence and cyanotoxin contamination in certain geographical regions is under-reported and not very well understood. Such regions include major parts of tropical West and Central Africa, a region constisting of more than 25 countries occupying an area of 12 million km 2 , with a total population of 500 milion people. Only few studies focusing on cyanotoxin occurrence in this region have been published so far, and reports dealing specifically with cyanotoxin contamination in drinking water are extremely scarce. In this study, we report seasonal data on cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) contamination in drinking water reservoirs and adjacent treatment plants located in Ghana, West Africa. During January-June 2005, concentrations of MCs were monitored in four treatment plants supplying drinking water to major metropolitan areas in Ghana: the treatment plants Barekese and Owabi, which serve Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and the plants Kpong and Weija, providing water for Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area. HPLC analyses showed that 65% samples of raw water at the intake of the treatment plants contained intracellular MCs (maximal detected concentration was 8.73 µg L -1 ), whereas dissolved toxins were detected in 33% of the samples. Significant reduction of cyanobacterial cell counts and MC concentrations was achieved during the entire monitoring period by the applied conventional water treatment methods (alum flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination), and MC concentration in the final treated water never exceeded 1 µg L -1 (WHO guideline limit for MCs in drinking water). However, cyanobacterial cells (93-3,055 cell mL -1 ) were frequently found in the final treated water and intracellular MCs were detected in 17% of the samples (maximal concentration 0.61 µg L -1 ), while dissolved MCs were present in 14% of the final treated water samples (maximal concentration 0.81 µg L -1 ). It indicates a borderline efficiency of the water treatment, thus MC concentrations in drinking water might exceed the WHO guideline limit if the treatment efficiency gets compromised. In addition, MC concentrations found in the raw water intake might represent significant human health risks for people living in areas with only a limited access to the treated or underground drinking water.
虽然蓝藻繁殖和蓝藻毒素是一种世界范围内普遍存在的现象,但不同国家在与蓝藻毒素有关的人类健康风险评估、管理做法和政策方面存在很大差异。虽然许多工业化国家已经实施了有效管理蓝藻毒素风险的国家标准、指导值和详细的监管框架,但在某些地理区域,蓝藻发生和蓝藻毒素污染的程度没有得到充分报道,也没有得到很好的了解。这些地区包括热带西非和中非的大部分地区,该地区由超过25个国家组成,占地1200万公里,总人口为5亿人。迄今为止,针对该地区蓝藻毒素发生情况的研究很少,而专门针对饮用水中蓝藻毒素污染的报道则极为稀少。在这项研究中,我们报告了位于西非加纳的饮用水水库和邻近处理厂的蓝藻和微囊藻毒素(MC)污染的季节性数据。2005年1月至6月期间,监测了向加纳主要大都市地区提供饮用水的四个处理厂的MCs浓度:为库马西大都市地区提供饮用水的Barekese和Owabi处理厂,以及为阿克拉-特马大都市地区提供饮用水的Kpong和Weija处理厂。高效液相色谱分析表明,65%的原水样品中含有细胞内MCs(最大检测浓度为8.73µg L -1),而33%的样品中检测到溶解毒素。在整个监测期间,采用常规水处理方法(明矾絮凝、沉淀、快速砂滤和氯化)可显著降低蓝藻细胞计数和MC浓度,最终处理水中的MC浓度从未超过1 μ g L -1(世卫组织饮用水中MCs的指导限值)。然而,在最终处理的水中经常发现蓝藻细胞(93-3,055细胞mL -1),在17%的样品中检测到细胞内MCs(最大浓度0.61µg L -1),而在14%的最终处理水样中存在溶解MCs(最大浓度0.81µg L -1)。这表明水处理的效率处于边缘,因此如果处理效率受到损害,饮用水中的MC浓度可能超过世卫组织指导限值。此外,在原水摄入中发现的MC浓度可能对生活在只有有限途径获得处理过的饮用水或地下饮用水的地区的人们构成重大的人体健康风险。
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引用次数: 7
A comparative study of the metabolic profiles of common nuisance cyanobacteria in southern perialpine lakes 南部高山湖泊常见有害蓝藻代谢谱的比较研究
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-31 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6381
L. Cerasino, C. Capelli, N. Salmaso
This work allowed the comparison of the metabolic profiles of the most important cyanobacteria species in southern perialpine lakes, namely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Dolichospermum lemmermannii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix rubescens , and Tychonema bourrellyi. Monospecific cultures were obtained from samples of 3 different natural lakes (Garda, Idro, and Caldonazzo). LC-MS/MS analyses were conducted on strains. A first set of experiments was aimed at assessing the presence of the best known toxins (microcystins, nodularins, (homo)anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, paralytic shellfish poisons) in the cultures. Results of this screening study revealed that M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens produced toxic peptides (microcystins), T. bourrellyi produced toxic alkaloids (anatoxin-a and possibly some paralytic shellfish toxins), Aph. flos-aquae and D. lemmermannii did not produce any of the analyzed toxins. M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens showed typical microcystin production with LR form dominant in the former, and RRdm form dominant in the latter. A second set of experiments was aimed at comparing the capability of the 5 cyanobacterial species to produce peptidic secondary metabolites. For this purpose, an untargeted peptidomic analysis was conducted on the strains. The analysis allowed revealing globally 328 metabolites, spanning in a mass range between 400 and 2000 Da. The majority of compounds with masses in the 500-1200 Da range (corresponding to the majority of peptidic secondary metabolites) resulted to be produced by M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains, thus indicating a higher ability of these species to produce non-ribosomal peptides compared to the others. 27 metabolites out of 328 could be putatively assigned to specific classes of compounds: microcystins, aeruginosins and anabaenopeptins were the most represented classes of compounds, and were mostly found in M. aeruginosa and P. rubescens strains.
这项工作使我们能够比较南部阿尔卑斯山周围湖泊中最重要的蓝藻物种的代谢谱,即Aphanizemnon flos aquae、Dolichspermum lemmermanii、铜绿微囊藻、Planktothrix rubscens和Tyconema bourrellii。从3个不同的天然湖泊(Garda、Idro和Caldonazzo)的样品中获得了单特异性培养物。对菌株进行LC-MS/MS分析。第一组实验旨在评估培养物中最知名的毒素(微囊藻毒素、结节藻毒素、(同源)类毒素-A、柱状菌素、麻痹性贝类毒素)的存在。这项筛选研究的结果表明,铜绿假单胞菌和冬凌草产生有毒肽(微囊藻毒素),T.bourrellii产生有毒生物碱(类毒素-a,可能还有一些麻痹性贝类毒素),Aph。浮萍和莱默曼尼D.lemmermanni没有产生任何分析的毒素。铜绿假单胞菌和冬凌草表现出典型的微囊藻毒素产生,前者以LR形式为主,后者以RRdm形式为主。第二组实验旨在比较5种蓝藻产生肽次级代谢产物的能力。为此,对菌株进行了非靶向肽组学分析。该分析揭示了全球328种代谢产物,其质量范围在400至2000Da之间。质量在500-1200Da范围内的大多数化合物(对应于大多数肽次级代谢产物)由铜绿假单胞菌和冬凌草菌株产生,从而表明与其他物种相比,这些物种产生非核糖体肽的能力更高。328种代谢产物中有27种可被推定为特定类别的化合物:微囊藻毒素、Aerouginosins和anabaenoptins是最具代表性的化合物类别,主要存在于铜绿假单胞菌和冬凌草菌株中。
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引用次数: 16
Molecular detection of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria in inland water bodies of the Marmara Region, Turkey 土耳其马尔马拉地区内陆水体中肝毒性蓝藻的分子检测
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-18 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6394
Latife Köker, R. Akçaalan, Meriç Albay, B. Neilan
Blooms of cyanobacteria are an increasingly frequent phenomenon in freshwater ecosystems worldwide as a result of eutrophication. Many species can produce hepatotoxins that cause severe health hazards to humans. The aim of this study was to identify the bloom forming cyanobacteria species by molecular methods and to amplify genes responsible for hepatotoxin biosynthesis from the environmental samples and isolated strains of cyanobacteria from Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Sapanca, Iznik, Manyas and Taskisi Lakes. A total of 10 bloom samples and 11 isolated strains were examined and Microcystis spp., Planktothrix spp., Nodularia spumigena , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides , Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii were identified. Hepatotoxin genes were detected in 60% of the bloom samples and 45% of the strains. Two Microcystis strains were obtained from Kucukcekmece Lagoon. While the strain assigned to Microcystis flosaquae was non-toxic, Microcystis aeruginosa strain produced microcystin. According to PCR results, the M. aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii bloom samples of Kucukcekmece Lagoon contained the microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) indicative of microcystin production, however, no microcystin was detected by HPLC. The mcyE gene was also found in Microcystis wesenbergii isolated from Taskisi Lake, and in all Planktothrix rubescens bloom samples from Sapanca Lake. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study for identifiying different toxic cyanobacteria species and their hepatotoxin production from several waterbodies in Turkey using molecular methods.
由于富营养化,蓝藻在世界各地的淡水生态系统中越来越频繁。许多物种会产生肝毒素,对人类健康造成严重危害。本研究的目的是通过分子方法鉴定形成水华的蓝藻物种,并从Kucukcekmese泻湖、Sapanca、Iznik、Manyas和Taskisi湖的环境样品和分离菌株中扩增负责肝毒素生物合成的基因。共检测了10个水华样品和11个分离菌株,并鉴定了微囊藻属、Planktothrix属、Spuraria spumigena、Anabaenopsis elenkii、Sphyrospermopsis aphanizomeoides、Cylindrospermpsis raciborskii。在60%的布鲁姆样品和45%的菌株中检测到肝毒素基因。从Kucukcekmeece泻湖获得两株微囊藻。虽然归属于浮沙微囊藻的菌株是无毒的,但铜绿微囊藻菌株产生微囊藻毒素。根据PCR结果,Kucuccekmese泻湖的铜绿假单胞菌和无尾浮游杆菌水华样品中含有指示微囊藻毒素产生的微囊藻毒素合成酶基因E(mcyE),但HPLC未检测到微囊藻毒素。mcyE基因也在塔斯基西湖分离的微孢子虫和萨潘卡湖的所有冬凌Planktothrix bloom样本中发现。据我们所知,这是首次使用分子方法从土耳其的几个水体中鉴定不同有毒蓝藻及其肝毒素产生的详细研究。
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引用次数: 10
Rare occurrence of nine Microcystis species (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) in a single lake (Lake Dojran, fYR Macedonia) 马其顿多季兰湖9种微囊藻(藻球菌属,蓝藻属)的罕见分布
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-03 DOI: 10.4081/aiol.2017.6236
S. Krstic, Boris Alesovski, J. Komárek
Investigations carried out on Lake Dojran, fYR Macedonia, during the spring-autumn seasons in 2015 have been focused on detecting the degree of eutrophication in the lake, successive algal flora changes in the plankton communities and eventual presence of cyanotoxins (free microcystins) in the water. The obtained results revealed a co-existence of nine Microcystis species in the lake ( M. aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. protocystis, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii ), with domination of the pan and neo-tropical species M. protocystis , again confirmed in a European lake. Results also corroborate the necessity to change the accepted morphospecies concept into separation of Microcystis taxa as distinct species which are clearly delimited according to their constant morphological features. Toxicity analyses demand for a specific and targeted investigation, since the toxin production and presence depends on many factors, and the toxin dynamics including the highest peaks may be easily overlooked if other issues are in the focus of the performed monitoring. Detected values for free microcystins in the water reached 2.84 µg L -1 microcystin-LR equivalents.
2015年春秋季节对马其顿前南斯拉夫的多季兰湖进行了调查,重点是检测湖泊富营养化程度、浮游生物群落中藻类群落的连续变化以及水中最终存在的蓝藻毒素(游离微囊藻毒素)。结果表明,该湖泊中存在9种微囊藻(M. aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. protocystis, M. smithii, M. viridis和M. wesenbergii)共存,并以pan和新热带物种M. protocystis为主,再次在欧洲湖泊中得到证实。结果也证实了将微囊藻分类群划分为根据其恒定的形态特征明确划分的独立种的必要性。毒性分析需要进行具体和有针对性的调查,因为毒素的产生和存在取决于许多因素,如果监测的重点是其他问题,包括最高峰值在内的毒素动态可能很容易被忽视。水中游离微囊藻毒素的检测值达到2.84µg L -1微囊藻毒素- lr当量。
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引用次数: 1
Cyanobacterial dynamics and toxins concentrations in Lake Alto Flumendosa, Sardinia, Italy 蓝藻动力学和毒素浓度在湖阿尔托弗卢门多萨,撒丁岛,意大利
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-03 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6352
M. Stefanelli, Simona Scardala, P. Cabras, A. Orrù, S. Vichi, E. Testai, E. Funari, M. Manganelli
Seasonal blooms of cyanobacteria (CB) are a typical feature of Lake Alto Flumendosa (Sardinia, Italy). The waters of this lake are used for drinking water supply, for agricultural and industrial uses, and fish farming activities. Since cyanotoxins are not monitored in edible organisms, diet could be a relevant route of human exposure. CB also represent a threat for the health of wild and domestic animals that use lake water for beverage. Therefore, to characterize the CB community and assess the risk for human and animal population, CB dynamic, mcy B + fraction, and microcystins (MCs) concentration have been followed monthly for 18 months, in three stations. Results confirmed the presence of several toxigenic species. Planktothrix rubescens dominated between August 2011 and April 2012 (3.5×10 6 cells L -1 ), alternating with Woronichinia naegeliana (8×10 6 cells L -1 ) and Microcystis botrys (9×10 5 cells L -1 ). Dolichospermum planctonicum was always present at low densities (10 4 cells L -1 ). MCs were detected, at values well below the 1 µg L -1 threshold of WHO for drinking water. The molecular analysis of mcy B gene for P. rubescens indicated the presence of a persistent toxic population (average 0.45 mcy B/16S rDNA). Highly significant linear regressions were found between P. rubescens and the sum of the demethylated MC variants, and between M. botrys and the sum of MC-LR and MC-LA, also when co-occurring, suggesting that these two species were responsible for different MC patterns production. The regression lines indicated a quite stable MC cell quota. However, in some spotted samples very different values were obtained for both MC concentrations and cell quota (from 10-fold lower to 30-40-fold higher than the ‘average’) showing an unexpected significant variability in the rate of toxin production. The relatively low cell densities during the monitoring period is consistent with the low-to absent MC contamination level found in trout muscle; however, the analytical method was affected by low recovery, probably due to MC-protein binding. Our results show that, during the study period, no risk of exposure for the human and animal population occurred. However, the persistence of a complex CB community characterised by a significant toxic fraction suggests the need for periodic monitoring activity. Particularly, the hidden deep summer P. rubescens blooms, located where water is taken for drinking water supply, and M. botrys , able to produce the most toxic MC variants with high cell quota, should be kept under control. The documentation and interpretation of sudden changes in toxins concentrations deserve special attention. This is particularly relevant in proximity of fish farming plants and water catchment sites.
季节性蓝藻水华是上弗卢门多萨湖(意大利撒丁岛)的典型特征。该湖的水域用于饮用水供应、农业和工业用途以及鱼类养殖活动。由于食用生物体中的蓝藻毒素没有受到监测,饮食可能是人类接触的相关途径。CB也对使用湖水作为饮料的野生动物和家畜的健康构成威胁。因此,为了表征CB群落并评估人类和动物种群的风险,在三个监测站每月对CB动态、MCyB+分数和微囊藻毒素(MC)浓度进行18个月的跟踪。结果证实存在几种产毒物种。2011年8月至2012年4月,冬凌Planktothrix rubscens占主导地位(3.5×106个细胞L-1),与奈氏虫Woronichinia naegeliana(8×106个单元L-1)和微囊藻(9×105个单元L-1)交替出现。扁核多子植物的密度一直较低(10-4细胞L-1)。检测到MC,其值远低于世界卫生组织饮用水的1微克L-1阈值。冬凌草mcy B基因的分子分析表明,冬凌草存在一个持久毒性种群(平均0.45mcy B/16S rDNA)。在冬凌草和去甲基MC变体的总和之间,以及在M.botrys和MC-LR和MC-LA的总和之间发现了高度显著的线性回归,当同时发生时,这表明这两个物种负责不同的MC模式的产生。回归线表明MC细胞配额相当稳定。然而,在一些斑点样品中,MC浓度和细胞配额都获得了非常不同的值(从比“平均值”低10倍到高30-40倍),这表明毒素产生率出现了意想不到的显著变化。监测期间相对较低的细胞密度与鳟鱼肌肉中发现的低至不存在MC污染水平一致;然而,分析方法受到低回收率的影响,可能是由于MC蛋白结合。我们的研究结果表明,在研究期间,没有发生人类和动物群体暴露的风险。然而,以大量有毒成分为特征的复杂CB群落的持续存在表明需要定期监测活动。特别是,应该控制隐藏在深夏的冬凌草花(位于饮用水供应的地方)和能够产生具有高细胞配额的毒性最强的MC变体的M.botrys。对毒素浓度突然变化的记录和解释值得特别注意。这在养鱼厂和集水区附近尤其重要。
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引用次数: 5
Monitoring a newly re-born patient: water quality and cyanotoxin occurrence in a reconstructed shallow Mediterranean lake 监测新生病人:重建的地中海浅湖水质和蓝藻毒素的发生
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-03 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6350
S. Gkelis, M. Panou, I. Chronis, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, C. Christophoridis, Korina Manolidi, Chrysoula Ntislidou, T. Triantis, T. Kaloudis, A. Hiskia, I. Kagalou, M. Lazaridou
Lake Karla (Central Greece) is a unique example - at European scale - of a shallow lake ecosystem that was dried in the 1960s and in 2009 started to be restored. The lake is listed in the network of the Greek protected areas as it is considered a vital aquatic ecosystem, in terms of biodiversity. It has, however, already been adversely affected by both agricultural and industrial land uses in the surrounding area, leading to eutrophication and shifting algal community towards bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterial species. After repeated heavy-blooms, cyanotoxin occurrence and mass fish kills, the local ecosystem management authority has implemented a water quality monitoring program (July 2013 - July 2015) to assess environmental pressures and the response of aquatic biota in the lake. Microscopic, immunological, and molecular techniques combined with physico-chemical parameters, complemented by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), were used to monitor cyanobacteria blooms and the associated cyanotoxin production from three different sites in Lake Karla and from the adjacent Kalamaki Reservoir. Water quality was also assessed by the structure of benthic invertebrate community on the sediment. Cyanobacteria were the main phytoplankton component, representing more than 70% of the total phytoplankton abundance; dominant taxa belonged to Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , Limnothrix redekei , Anabaenopsis elenkinii , and Microcystis spp. Euglenophytes ( Euglena ), diatoms ( Nitzschia ), and chlorophytes ( Scenedesmus ) were also important phytoplankton constituents. LC-MS/MS confirmed the co-occurrence of microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin, neo-saxitoxin and anatoxin-a. The occurrence of cyanotoxins in relation to the persistent and dominant cyanobacteria and the impact of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms on the newly constructed lake along with the land uses and the emergent mitigation measures are discussed.
卡拉湖(希腊中部)是欧洲范围内浅水湖生态系统的一个独特例子,该生态系统在20世纪60年代干涸,2009年开始恢复。该湖被列入希腊保护区网络,因为就生物多样性而言,它被认为是一个重要的水生生态系统。然而,它已经受到周围地区农业和工业用地的不利影响,导致富营养化,并使藻类群落转向形成水华的有毒蓝藻。在反复出现大量水华、蓝藻毒素发生和大量鱼类死亡后,当地生态系统管理当局实施了水质监测计划(2013年7月至2015年7月),以评估湖泊中的环境压力和水生生物群的反应。显微镜、免疫学和分子技术结合物理化学参数,辅以液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),用于监测卡拉湖三个不同地点和邻近卡拉马基水库的蓝藻水华和相关的蓝藻毒素产生。水质还通过沉积物上底栖无脊椎动物群落的结构进行了评估。蓝藻是浮游植物的主要组成部分,占浮游植物总丰度的70%以上;优势类群属于Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii、Limnothrix redekei、Anabaenopsis elenkii和微囊藻。眼藻(Euglena)、硅藻(Nitzschia)和叶绿素(Scenedesmus)也是重要的浮游植物成分。LC-MS/MS证实微囊藻毒素、柱状藻毒素、沙氏毒素、新沙氏毒素和锐钛矿毒素共存在。讨论了蓝藻毒素的发生与持久性和优势性蓝藻的关系,以及蓝藻有害藻华对新建湖泊的影响、土地利用和应急缓解措施。
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引用次数: 23
First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes 波兰淡水湖泊中蓝藻麻痹性贝类毒素生物合成基因和麻痹性贝类毒素生产的首次报道
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2017-05-03 DOI: 10.4081/AIOL.2017.6319
H. Savela, L. Spoof, Niina Höysniemi, M. Vehniäinen, J. Mankiewicz-Boczek, T. Jurczak, M. Kokociński, J. Meriluoto
In central and southern Europe, Aphanizomenon spp., A. gracile Lemmermann in particular, have been associated with paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production. In western Poland, A. gracile is very common, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, another potentially PST-producing species, is often found as well. To date it is, however, unknown if the cyanobacterial populations in this area harbour the genetic capability to produce PSTs, and to what extent toxin biosynthesis occurs. The objective of this study was to survey the prevalence of potentially PST-producing cyanobacteria by measuring paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene sxtB copy numbers, sxtA , sxtG and sxtS gene presence, and PST concentrations in Polish freshwater lakes. In total, 34 lakes in western Poland were sampled twice during summer 2010. The presence of PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS was determined using conventional qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure sxtB copy numbers, and the samples were analysed for PSTs using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Cyanobacteria carrying the sxtB gene were present in 23.5% of all samples (n=16) and in 14 lakes of the studied 34. Gene copy numbers ranged from 8.2×10 4 to 5.1×10 7 sxtB copies L -1 (mean 3.8×10 6 ). The median was 4.5×10 5 sxtB gene copies L -1 and the majority of results clustered at the lower end of the sxtB qPCR linear range. In 12 out of the 16 samples positive for sxtB the gene co-occurred with the other three targeted PST biosynthesis genes sxtA , sxtG and sxtS . However, five additional samples lacked one or two of the targeted four genes. Thirteen samples contained PSTs, of which 12 samples at levels <0.072 µg L -1 , i.e. , close to or below the quantitative detection limit of the HPLC-FLD method (0.01 µg L -1 ). One sample contained 0.57 µg L -1 saxitoxin, co-occurring with all four sxt genes studied. No correlation between PST and sxt gene occurrence or copy numbers was observed. A. gracile and C. raciborskii occurred in 92% and 50% of samples, respectively, containing PSTs, sxt genes or both. In conclusion, the results confirm that potential PST producers constitute an established subpopulation of cyanobacteria in Polish freshwater lakes. However, none of the sxt genes targeted in this study could serve as a reliable marker for active PST biosynthesis.
在中欧和南欧,aphanizomensp .,特别是A. gracile Lemmermann与麻痹性贝类毒素(PST)的生产有关。在波兰西部,A. gracile是非常常见的,而圆筒spermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya & Subba Raju,另一个可能产生pst的物种,也经常被发现。然而,迄今为止,尚不清楚该地区的蓝藻种群是否具有产生pst的遗传能力,以及毒素生物合成发生的程度。本研究的目的是通过测量波兰淡水湖泊中麻痹性贝类毒素生物合成基因sxtB拷贝数、sxtA、sxtG和sxtS基因的存在以及PST浓度,调查潜在产生PST的蓝藻的流行情况。2010年夏季,波兰西部34个湖泊总共进行了两次采样。采用常规定性PCR检测PST生物合成基因sxtA、sxtG和sxtS的存在。采用定量PCR (qPCR)检测sxtB拷贝数,采用离子对高效液相色谱柱后氧化和荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析样品中的PSTs。携带sxtB基因的蓝藻存在于23.5%的样本中(n=16),在研究的34个湖泊中的14个湖泊中。基因拷贝数为8.2×10 4 ~ 5.1×10 7 sxtB拷贝L -1(平均3.8×10 6)。中位数为4.5×10 5个sxtB基因拷贝L -1,大多数结果聚集在sxtB qPCR线性范围的低端。在16个sxtB阳性样本中的12个样本中,该基因与其他三个靶向PST生物合成基因sxtA、sxtG和sxtS共存。然而,另外五个样本缺少四种目标基因中的一种或两种。13份样品中含有PSTs,其中12份样品的PSTs含量<0.072µg L -1,即接近或低于HPLC-FLD方法的定量检出限(0.01µg L -1)。其中一个样本含有0.57 μ g L -1蛤蚌毒素,与研究的所有四个sst基因共同出现。PST与sst基因的发生或拷贝数没有相关性。含有PSTs、sst基因或两者兼有的样本,分别占92%和50%。总之,结果证实,潜在的PST生产者构成了波兰淡水湖蓝藻的一个既定亚群。然而,本研究中所针对的sst基因都不能作为PST活性生物合成的可靠标记。
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引用次数: 12
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Advances in Oceanography and Limnology
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