Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2020.36.06
Andrei Filip
The goal of this article is to serve as a general presentation or introduction into the history of portable firearms and their evolution over the ages. While we are mostly referring to firearms in general, we do have a small emphasis on the ones that were used for hunting wild game. We start by showcasing the first types of handheld firearm mechanisms such as hand-cannons, culverines and we move towards the end of the 14th century and into the 15th to showcase the rise of the matchlocks and the first wheellocks muskets. Appearing during an age when technological advances were rife, these two particular firearms were the forefathers of the rifle as we know it today. While clumsy to operate they still provided an advantage for the user, being during warfare or hunting for that mat‑ ter. Some examples of such firearms still exist in various museum and private collection around the world. Next we move towards the invention of the flintlock, a firearm that set the standard for about two hundred years. Invented during the 17th century this weapon slowly became the norm of every army, but also every hunter in Europe (given he could afford to own one). Another great innovation for portable firearms was the mechanism that allowed the loading of the powder and eventually of the full metal jacket rounds through the breech of the firearm. This particular kind of mechanism is still in use today on the majority of the hunting rifles. While the progress of portable firearms was at times slow, it was nonetheless steadily advancing alongside the progress regarding ballistics. All of these innovations regarding portable firearms also changed the way men have been hunting for the last few centuries.
{"title":"Aspecte generale privind evoluția armelor de foc portative în spațiul european","authors":"Andrei Filip","doi":"10.47802/amet.2020.36.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.36.06","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is to serve as a general presentation or introduction into the history of portable firearms and their evolution over the ages. While we are mostly referring to firearms in general, we do have a small emphasis on the ones that were used for hunting wild game. We start by showcasing the first types of handheld firearm mechanisms such as hand-cannons, culverines and we move towards the end of the 14th century and into the 15th to showcase the rise of the matchlocks and the first wheellocks muskets. Appearing during an age when technological advances were rife, these two particular firearms were the forefathers of the rifle as we know it today. While clumsy to operate they still provided an advantage for the user, being during warfare or hunting for that mat‑ ter. Some examples of such firearms still exist in various museum and private collection around the world. Next we move towards the invention of the flintlock, a firearm that set the standard for about two hundred years. Invented during the 17th century this weapon slowly became the norm of every army, but also every hunter in Europe (given he could afford to own one). Another great innovation for portable firearms was the mechanism that allowed the loading of the powder and eventually of the full metal jacket rounds through the breech of the firearm. This particular kind of mechanism is still in use today on the majority of the hunting rifles. While the progress of portable firearms was at times slow, it was nonetheless steadily advancing alongside the progress regarding ballistics. All of these innovations regarding portable firearms also changed the way men have been hunting for the last few centuries.","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127621110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2020.36.04
Augustin Mocanu
The Romanian folk lyric gives the interested reader a complex, interesting and all‑encompassing image of the issue of love, which, through richness, variety and artistic sophistication, fully confirms the native endowment of the anonymous creators and reveals the virtues, delicacy and soulful beauty specific to the Romanian peasant. In the present study, the author limits himself to the presentation of the specific faces of the pair of lovers, two partners of dreams, joy, happiness and often sufferings caused by love. The reference quotes come only from collections originating from Sălaj county and Codrului County, a territory that is currently divided between Maramureş, Satu Mare and Sălaj counties. Like the biblical bride and groom in the famous Song of Songs, our lovers mutually discover their beautiful and pleasant faces, which are attracted by uncontrollable mysterious forces. The situation of falling in love appears in images that reproduce particularly strong organic states, sometimes even the sensation of illness and the fear of death are present. He, mândrul, badea, drăguçul feels that love burns him and can bring him death. She, drăguça, mândra, nana, lelea îndrăgostită suffers from love’s disease as well. With all the waves of suffering, love brings young lovers beautiful moments of love. She gives birth to the song: Don’t be surprised that I cry, / Because I’m young and I love. / Bade, if you didn’t love me, / I would never cry. Cunning, hypocrisy and other human flaws are categorically rejected and the two can no longer meet. Only mutual physical attraction can be the foundation of a valid erotic relationship. The beloved, the proud, is metaphorically identified with a flower on earth and with the moon in the sky, and badea, the proud, seen as a beautiful fir tree and bright like the sun. Instead of conclusions, as is always the case, the author comments on the lyrical text Aşé‑i prúda sometimes, a comment that he reproduces in full and proposes to the reader to comment on a lyrical poem dedicated to the proud, Că, miucăță, faço lui, a text that is reproduced in entirety.
罗马尼亚民间抒情诗给感兴趣的读者提供了一个复杂、有趣、包罗万象的爱情问题形象，它通过丰富、多样和艺术的精致，充分肯定了匿名创作者的天赋，揭示了罗马尼亚农民特有的美德、细腻和深情之美。在目前的研究中，作者将自己局限于呈现一对恋人的具体面孔，两个伴侣的梦想，快乐，幸福以及经常由爱情引起的痛苦。引用的参考文献仅来自于来自sunilaj县和Codrului县的收藏，该地区目前分为maramureei, Satu Mare和sunilaj县。就像著名的《雅歌》中圣经中的新娘和新郎一样，我们的恋人在无法控制的神秘力量的吸引下，彼此发现了自己美丽而愉快的面孔。坠入爱河的情景出现在再现特别强烈的有机状态的图像中，有时甚至会出现生病的感觉和对死亡的恐惧。他，mr . ndrul, badea, drul，觉得爱情燃烧着他，可以给他带来死亡。她，drdrgua, m ndra, nana, lelea ndrgostidi也患有爱情病。伴随着苦难的波涛，爱情给年轻的恋人带来了美好的爱情时刻。她创作了这首歌:别惊讶我哭了，/因为我年轻，我爱。/亲爱的，如果你不爱我，/我永远不会哭。狡猾，虚伪和其他人类的缺点被断然拒绝，两者再也不能满足。只有身体上的相互吸引才能成为有效性爱关系的基础。被爱的人，骄傲的人，被比喻为地上的一朵花，天上的月亮，而骄傲的人，被视为一棵美丽的冷杉树，像太阳一样明亮。像往常一样，作者不作结论，有时对抒情诗 - i prúda作评论，他全文转载了这一评论，并建议读者评论一首献给骄傲的抒情诗，cei, miucăță， fao lui，全文转载了这首诗。
{"title":"Lirica populară de dragoste din aria Sălaj Codru","authors":"Augustin Mocanu","doi":"10.47802/amet.2020.36.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.36.04","url":null,"abstract":"The Romanian folk lyric gives the interested reader a complex, interesting and all‑encompassing image of the issue of love, which, through richness, variety and artistic sophistication, fully confirms the native endowment of the anonymous creators and reveals the virtues, delicacy and soulful beauty specific to the Romanian peasant. In the present study, the author limits himself to the presentation of the specific faces of the pair of lovers, two partners of dreams, joy, happiness and often sufferings caused by love. The reference quotes come only from collections originating from Sălaj county and Codrului County, a territory that is currently divided between Maramureş, Satu Mare and Sălaj counties. Like the biblical bride and groom in the famous Song of Songs, our lovers mutually discover their beautiful and pleasant faces, which are attracted by uncontrollable mysterious forces. The situation of falling in love appears in images that reproduce particularly strong organic states, sometimes even the sensation of illness and the fear of death are present. He, mândrul, badea, drăguçul feels that love burns him and can bring him death. She, drăguça, mândra, nana, lelea îndrăgostită suffers from love’s disease as well. With all the waves of suffering, love brings young lovers beautiful moments of love. She gives birth to the song: Don’t be surprised that I cry, / Because I’m young and I love. / Bade, if you didn’t love me, / I would never cry. Cunning, hypocrisy and other human flaws are categorically rejected and the two can no longer meet. Only mutual physical attraction can be the foundation of a valid erotic relationship. The beloved, the proud, is metaphorically identified with a flower on earth and with the moon in the sky, and badea, the proud, seen as a beautiful fir tree and bright like the sun. Instead of conclusions, as is always the case, the author comments on the lyrical text Aşé‑i prúda sometimes, a comment that he reproduces in full and proposes to the reader to comment on a lyrical poem dedicated to the proud, Că, miucăță, faço lui, a text that is reproduced in entirety.","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129386398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.06
S. Suciu
While the royal houses and the aristocracy of Italy, Low Countries, France and Spain had already an history in collecting pieces of art, Great Britain adopted this “fashion” only under Charles the 1st reign, in 17th century. Charles the 1st understood that his painted portraits, sculpted busts and a royal collection of art could bring a higher value to his royal status and this practice was representing the power, the authority and the virtues of a king. He was a prodigious collector and made numerous acquisitions of paintings and statues. He collected the artworks of more than 1750 artists; that formed the basis of Royal Collection, the greatest private collection nowadays. The reign of Charles the 1st was highly significant for the appearance of “Court Painters”, who also had the quality of diplomats at various European courts. Peter Paul Rubens and Antoon Van Dyck have been highly appreciated at the court of Charles the 1st. In his artworks Van Dyck captured the “flamboyant” spirit of the time; he gave brilliance to his characters and transformed significantly the image of the King, providing him a special refinement, as it can be seen in the portraits he painted to Charles the 1st. The next century was marked by painters such as William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Hogarth was considered „the most famous painter in London”, and he brought his important contribution to the establishment of a copyright law. His printed graphic series and satirical paintings have been inspired from the social and political reality of his time. Aristocracy’s and bourgeoisie’s emancipation in the 18th century led to the flourishing of the portraiture. Reynolds and Gainsborough were the most desired painters when it came about making portraits and their fame transcended their time. Keywords: collection, Great Britain, Royal Painter, portrait, art power
{"title":"Afacerea artei. Piața de artă în Marea Britanie în secolele XVII -XVIII","authors":"S. Suciu","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.06","url":null,"abstract":"While the royal houses and the aristocracy of Italy, Low Countries, France and Spain had already an history in collecting pieces of art, Great Britain adopted this “fashion” only under Charles the 1st reign, in 17th century. Charles the 1st understood that his painted portraits, sculpted busts and a royal collection of art could bring a higher value to his royal status and this practice was representing the power, the authority and the virtues of a king. He was a prodigious collector and made numerous acquisitions of paintings and statues. He collected the artworks of more than 1750 artists; that formed the basis of Royal Collection, the greatest private collection nowadays. The reign of Charles the 1st was highly significant for the appearance of “Court Painters”, who also had the quality of diplomats at various European courts. Peter Paul Rubens and Antoon Van Dyck have been highly appreciated at the court of Charles the 1st. In his artworks Van Dyck captured the “flamboyant” spirit of the time; he gave brilliance to his characters and transformed significantly the image of the King, providing him a special refinement, as it can be seen in the portraits he painted to Charles the 1st. The next century was marked by painters such as William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Hogarth was considered „the most famous painter in London”, and he brought his important contribution to the establishment of a copyright law. His printed graphic series and satirical paintings have been inspired from the social and political reality of his time. Aristocracy’s and bourgeoisie’s emancipation in the 18th century led to the flourishing of the portraiture. Reynolds and Gainsborough were the most desired painters when it came about making portraits and their fame transcended their time. Keywords: collection, Great Britain, Royal Painter, portrait, art power","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123347340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.05
Daniel Cornel Barna
The Vienna Diktat caused important territorial changes, affecting the two Romanian Churches, namely the Greek Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Taking into account both political changes and the new borders, both the Greek-Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla and the Orthodox Diocese of Cluj were on the territory of Hungary, and this new situation determined a stronger solidarity between the two Romanian bishops of Cluj. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present the way in which the relationship between the two bishops was illustrated in the newspaper Tribuna Ardealului. First of all, the interaction between the two bishops will be highlighted, for example the official events in which they both participated, and also their collaboration regarding the help of the Romanian cultural activity in the chronological interval considered within this research. Secondly, the relationship between the communities of believers of the two Romanian denominations will be captured, with special emphasis on rural communities. Therefore, in addition to reconstructing the historical events considered, the research will also follow the critical analysis of newspaper articles reporting these events, to see what aspects were emphasized, and what message was intended to be transmitted. Keywords: Greek-Catholic Church, bishop, newspaper, solidarity
{"title":"Relația dintre Episcopia Greco –Catolică de Cluj -Gherla și Episcopia Ortodoxă de Cluj ilustrată în „Tribuna Ardealului” (septembrie 1940 – ianuarie 1945)","authors":"Daniel Cornel Barna","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.05","url":null,"abstract":"The Vienna Diktat caused important territorial changes, affecting the two Romanian Churches, namely the Greek Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Taking into account both political changes and the new borders, both the Greek-Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla and the Orthodox Diocese of Cluj were on the territory of Hungary, and this new situation determined a stronger solidarity between the two Romanian bishops of Cluj. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present the way in which the relationship between the two bishops was illustrated in the newspaper Tribuna Ardealului. First of all, the interaction between the two bishops will be highlighted, for example the official events in which they both participated, and also their collaboration regarding the help of the Romanian cultural activity in the chronological interval considered within this research. Secondly, the relationship between the communities of believers of the two Romanian denominations will be captured, with special emphasis on rural communities. Therefore, in addition to reconstructing the historical events considered, the research will also follow the critical analysis of newspaper articles reporting these events, to see what aspects were emphasized, and what message was intended to be transmitted. Keywords: Greek-Catholic Church, bishop, newspaper, solidarity","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124141466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.01
Pamfil Bilțiu
Our paper, based largely on our field research, presents a monographic approach of a habit of great complexity that is spinning gathering. From the beginning, we set out to expand the investigation space in order to see the differences from one place to another. In the first part we treated the perception that people have about this habit in the investigated area, the days when it is practiced, the types of spinning gatherings, the criteria that must be met for organizing it. We then reproduced information about the criteria for selecting the hosts, about the age required for taking part in the habit, and the practical activities performed by the participants. We reserved the investigative part of our research for the habit sequences. We paid due attention to the repertoire of ceremonial songs, as they are pieces of great beauty and artistic value. In this part of the investigation we talked about magic and we treated in detail the spells used by the girls to bring the boys to the gathering, as well as the magical practices of finding the predestined husband. Treating the magic of this habit, we noticed the use of instruments in performing the spells and we reproduced the oral formulas that accompany the spells. An extensive chapter of our study is reserved for the collection of social games that we classified into thematic categories. Our research concludes with the analysis of spinning gathering functions, as they emphasize the complexity and importance of habit. In our research we tried to show the age and the syncretic character of this habit. Keywords: spinning gathering, magic, young girl, young man, game, spinning
{"title":"Șezatoarea în Maramureș","authors":"Pamfil Bilțiu","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.01","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper, based largely on our field research, presents a monographic approach of a habit of great complexity that is spinning gathering. From the beginning, we set out to expand the investigation space in order to see the differences from one place to another. In the first part we treated the perception that people have about this habit in the investigated area, the days when it is practiced, the types of spinning gatherings, the criteria that must be met for organizing it. We then reproduced information about the criteria for selecting the hosts, about the age required for taking part in the habit, and the practical activities performed by the participants. We reserved the investigative part of our research for the habit sequences. We paid due attention to the repertoire of ceremonial songs, as they are pieces of great beauty and artistic value. In this part of the investigation we talked about magic and we treated in detail the spells used by the girls to bring the boys to the gathering, as well as the magical practices of finding the predestined husband. Treating the magic of this habit, we noticed the use of instruments in performing the spells and we reproduced the oral formulas that accompany the spells. An extensive chapter of our study is reserved for the collection of social games that we classified into thematic categories. Our research concludes with the analysis of spinning gathering functions, as they emphasize the complexity and importance of habit. In our research we tried to show the age and the syncretic character of this habit. Keywords: spinning gathering, magic, young girl, young man, game, spinning","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133064431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.04
Sebastian Paic
Lăpuș ethnographic region is still a place where reach and fascinating traditional heritage is organically preserved. Aside throat singing, brotherhood rituals, archaic old ways. The motifs are part of a larger set of traditional decorative spectra and costumes and other ethnographical facts, Easter egg painting is conducted under also the technique and the chromatic choice are very old. Nevertheless, the most surprising aspect regarding egg painting in Lăpuș area is the way the performers understand to compose the decoration, suggesting an archaic artistic expression related to a traditional view of the world and art creation mechanisms. This paper aims to fill a lesser known chapter of Romanian folk art, the style and motifs of Easter egg from Țara Lăpușului, Transylvania. Keywords: painted eggs, Tara Lăpușului, decoration of the eggs with wax, decorative motifs, stylistics
{"title":"Contribuție la studiul oualor împistrite în Țara Lăpușului","authors":"Sebastian Paic","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.04","url":null,"abstract":"Lăpuș ethnographic region is still a place where reach and fascinating traditional heritage is organically preserved. Aside throat singing, brotherhood rituals, archaic old ways. The motifs are part of a larger set of traditional decorative spectra and costumes and other ethnographical facts, Easter egg painting is conducted under also the technique and the chromatic choice are very old. Nevertheless, the most surprising aspect regarding egg painting in Lăpuș area is the way the performers understand to compose the decoration, suggesting an archaic artistic expression related to a traditional view of the world and art creation mechanisms. This paper aims to fill a lesser known chapter of Romanian folk art, the style and motifs of Easter egg from Țara Lăpușului, Transylvania. Keywords: painted eggs, Tara Lăpușului, decoration of the eggs with wax, decorative motifs, stylistics","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130172053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.09
I. Szücs-Csillik, Zoia Maxim
Supravegherea și urmărirea trecerii timpului a fost esențială pentru primii agricultori care au trăit aproape de natură și ciclurile pământului precum ale anotimpurilor. Strămoșii noștri au constatat că apariția ciclică a unor grupări de stele coincide cu trecerea de la un anotimp la alta. Aceste constatări au fost confirmate după observații sistematice ale cerului dealungul timpului. Mișcarea grupărilor de stele strălucitoare nu este fixă în timp, ci este cauzat de precesia echinocțiilor, adică a deplasării retrograde ale echinocțiilor (primăvara și toamna) datorat mișcării de precesie a axei de rotație a Pământului. În Neoliticul târziu (circa 4500 BC) a avut loc un fenomen ciudat, și anume la echinocțiul de primăvară și de toamnă Soarele se afla la intersecția a trei planuri cerești: ecliptica, ecuatorul ceresc și planul galactic. În jurul punctelor echinocțiale se aflau grupările de stele din constelațiile Gemeni, Taur, Auriga, Orion și Săgetător, Scorpia, Șarpele, Omul cu șarpele. Acest fenomen foarte rar a marcat concepția și viziunea strămoșilor. În acest articol am descris aceste constelațiile din punct de vedere astronomic, și etnografic, după mitologia română și universală, precum și după credințele populare și unele simboluri. Keywords: Arheoastronomie, simboluri, constelații, cultul Soarelui / Archaeoastronomy, symbols, constellations, Sun-cult
{"title":"Some pivotal constellations in the Neolithic Era","authors":"I. Szücs-Csillik, Zoia Maxim","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.09","url":null,"abstract":"Supravegherea și urmărirea trecerii timpului a fost esențială pentru primii agricultori care au trăit aproape de natură și ciclurile pământului precum ale anotimpurilor. Strămoșii noștri au constatat că apariția ciclică a unor grupări de stele coincide cu trecerea de la un anotimp la alta. Aceste constatări au fost confirmate după observații sistematice ale cerului dealungul timpului. Mișcarea grupărilor de stele strălucitoare nu este fixă în timp, ci este cauzat de precesia echinocțiilor, adică a deplasării retrograde ale echinocțiilor (primăvara și toamna) datorat mișcării de precesie a axei de rotație a Pământului. În Neoliticul târziu (circa 4500 BC) a avut loc un fenomen ciudat, și anume la echinocțiul de primăvară și de toamnă Soarele se afla la intersecția a trei planuri cerești: ecliptica, ecuatorul ceresc și planul galactic. În jurul punctelor echinocțiale se aflau grupările de stele din constelațiile Gemeni, Taur, Auriga, Orion și Săgetător, Scorpia, Șarpele, Omul cu șarpele. Acest fenomen foarte rar a marcat concepția și viziunea strămoșilor. În acest articol am descris aceste constelațiile din punct de vedere astronomic, și etnografic, după mitologia română și universală, precum și după credințele populare și unele simboluri. Keywords: Arheoastronomie, simboluri, constelații, cultul Soarelui / Archaeoastronomy, symbols, constellations, Sun-cult","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114923664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.07
G. Lazarovici, C. Lazarovici
The paper analyses a series of special discoveries which show that these items of clothing belong to social and religious elites, or ornaments of some deities. They were used as bracelets and pendants. A more special piece is from Donja Branjevina from the 7th millennium BC, which has been observed to have representations related to the constellations of the sky. Keywords: bracelets, pendants, symbols, constellations, Neolithic
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Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.08
Z. Maxim
Romanian Neolithic interdisciplinary research, cultural anthropology and ethno-archaeological components, supported by new non-destructive scanning technology magnetometers sites, allowed us to issue some working hypotheses and look from a different perspective than the strictly archaeological human community life in the late Neolithic and early Copper Age. This work is an ethno-archaeological incursion into the world of mentalities and psychology of a closed Neolithic community that dominates and exploits a well-defined geographical area. The centre of this „Country” is the fortified settlement from Țaga in Fizeș Valley. Keywords: Cultural anthropology, ethno-archaeology, Neolithic, fortifications, country.
{"title":"„Țara Țagăi” și tribul lacurilor","authors":"Z. Maxim","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.08","url":null,"abstract":"Romanian Neolithic interdisciplinary research, cultural anthropology and ethno-archaeological components, supported by new non-destructive scanning technology magnetometers sites, allowed us to issue some working hypotheses and look from a different perspective than the strictly archaeological human community life in the late Neolithic and early Copper Age. This work is an ethno-archaeological incursion into the world of mentalities and psychology of a closed Neolithic community that dominates and exploits a well-defined geographical area. The centre of this „Country” is the fortified settlement from Țaga in Fizeș Valley. Keywords: Cultural anthropology, ethno-archaeology, Neolithic, fortifications, country.","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132091284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.47802/amet.2021.35.02
Pamfil Bilțiu, Maria Șerba
Our study focuses on an important and interesting aspect of legal ethnology – the habit of the earth, that legal code of great complexity, including unwritten rules, meant to order the social, economic, spiritual, family life, etc., as established and they perpetuated in the archaic area of Cosău Valley from Maramureș County. At the beginning we focused, using the opinions of researchers, on the unwritten ancestral legal code, reflecting how the peasant conceives the idea of concept of justice, how it is resolved according to the rules of this ancestral code, then how its rules materialize in all sectors of village life. We also referred to the durability and resistance of the custom of the land over time, the way in which unwritten laws coexisted in feudal society along with written ones. A developed chapter was reserved for unwritten norms related to the complex of relations between the villagers, in which we emphasized the role played by the implications of the kinship system, then the relations between the villagers and the „village lights”. We have assigned a separate chapter for unwritten agrarian laws, many related to property, to the protection of wealth. We paid attention to the ways of associating the owners in order to be able to break through the work of the agricultural lands, which required a lot of increased labour force. We have assigned another chapter for the unwritten pastoral laws, the sheepfold having a complex status, with numerous rigorously observed norms. We referred to the role of the sheepfold chief in the observance of the unwritten norms from the statute of the sheepfold. Another chapter is about the unwritten norms of the complex of family life, with many normative provisions, some related to the protection of children, others to the complex of marriage, others focused on the relations between children and parents, etc. In our study we also included unwritten normative provisions related to the practice of certain trades or related to the obligations of the community to the calls of the village leadership. In this chapter, we paid attention to the normative provisions related to the transactions between the villagers. A developed chapter of our study is intended to judge the abuses committed by the guilty, due to the violation of the unwritten norms, in which we focused on those invested to apply them: the elderly, the lads’ group or by people with juridical and administrative roles in the rural community. We also did not omit the information related to the categories of punishments: fees. The study concludes with brief references related to the legal customs performed or punishments or the submission to the laughter and mockery of the village, the compensations in kind, etc. in the investigated space: Shouting over the village and „Herdetișurile”. Keywords: Cosau Valley, juridical rules, unwritten norms
{"title":"Contribuții la cercetarea „obiceiului pamântului” pe Valea Cosăului","authors":"Pamfil Bilțiu, Maria Șerba","doi":"10.47802/amet.2021.35.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47802/amet.2021.35.02","url":null,"abstract":"Our study focuses on an important and interesting aspect of legal ethnology – the habit of the earth, that legal code of great complexity, including unwritten rules, meant to order the social, economic, spiritual, family life, etc., as established and they perpetuated in the archaic area of Cosău Valley from Maramureș County. At the beginning we focused, using the opinions of researchers, on the unwritten ancestral legal code, reflecting how the peasant conceives the idea of concept of justice, how it is resolved according to the rules of this ancestral code, then how its rules materialize in all sectors of village life. We also referred to the durability and resistance of the custom of the land over time, the way in which unwritten laws coexisted in feudal society along with written ones. A developed chapter was reserved for unwritten norms related to the complex of relations between the villagers, in which we emphasized the role played by the implications of the kinship system, then the relations between the villagers and the „village lights”. We have assigned a separate chapter for unwritten agrarian laws, many related to property, to the protection of wealth. We paid attention to the ways of associating the owners in order to be able to break through the work of the agricultural lands, which required a lot of increased labour force. We have assigned another chapter for the unwritten pastoral laws, the sheepfold having a complex status, with numerous rigorously observed norms. We referred to the role of the sheepfold chief in the observance of the unwritten norms from the statute of the sheepfold. Another chapter is about the unwritten norms of the complex of family life, with many normative provisions, some related to the protection of children, others to the complex of marriage, others focused on the relations between children and parents, etc. In our study we also included unwritten normative provisions related to the practice of certain trades or related to the obligations of the community to the calls of the village leadership. In this chapter, we paid attention to the normative provisions related to the transactions between the villagers. A developed chapter of our study is intended to judge the abuses committed by the guilty, due to the violation of the unwritten norms, in which we focused on those invested to apply them: the elderly, the lads’ group or by people with juridical and administrative roles in the rural community. We also did not omit the information related to the categories of punishments: fees. The study concludes with brief references related to the legal customs performed or punishments or the submission to the laughter and mockery of the village, the compensations in kind, etc. in the investigated space: Shouting over the village and „Herdetișurile”. Keywords: Cosau Valley, juridical rules, unwritten norms","PeriodicalId":373761,"journal":{"name":"Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei","volume":"38 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115637361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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