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Impact of obesity on allergic respiratory diseases and on mental and cognitive performance 肥胖对过敏性呼吸道疾病以及智力和认知能力的影响
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00308-6
Nora Geissler, Erika Garner-Spitzer, Aleksandra Inic-Kanada, Daniela D. Pollak,  Ursula Wiedermann

Obesity and allergies are among the most common diseases of our civilization. Given the simultaneous rise in the prevalence of these diseases in recent years, a potential causal link between the two has been proposed. In particular, obese patients are at an increased risk of developing bronchial asthma, likely due to mechanical restrictions but also to metabolic changes that adversely affect immune function. Neuroscience studies have also shown that obesity can lead to impaired brain function and mental health. In the following review, we will take a closer look at our studies that focus on the influence of obesity on allergic diseases and cognitive performance.

Both human studies and animal models (mice) have shown that obesity leads to increased allergic responses in the airways. Our studies in a mouse model of obesity confirm that an obese phenotype is associated with increased allergic sensitization and manifestation. These changes are associated with significant shifts in the composition of the gut microbial flora. The microbiome changes are further associated with allergic airway inflammation and an increased incidence of T helper 1 (Th1) type pulmonary macrophages. Interestingly, despite the changes in the microbiome, it is possible to effectively prevent allergy development by inducing oral tolerance. Furthermore, it was observed that obese mice show increased signs of anxiety and depression, as well as reduced cognitive performance.

Obesity is a complex metabolic disease that significantly impacts our body’s gut microbiome and immune system, resulting in an increased incidence of allergic asthma and neurological/psychological changes. Attention should be given to both the prophylactic and therapeutic measures to mitigate the impact of obesity, including oral tolerance for managing existing allergic diseases.

肥胖症和过敏症是人类文明中最常见的疾病之一。鉴于近年来这两种疾病的发病率同时上升,有人提出这两者之间可能存在因果关系。特别是,肥胖患者患支气管哮喘的风险增加,这可能是由于机械性限制,也可能是由于新陈代谢的变化对免疫功能产生了不利影响。神经科学研究也表明,肥胖会导致大脑功能和心理健康受损。在下面的综述中,我们将仔细研究肥胖对过敏性疾病和认知能力的影响。人类研究和动物模型(小鼠)都表明,肥胖会导致气道过敏反应增加。我们在肥胖小鼠模型中的研究证实,肥胖表型与过敏敏感性和过敏表现的增加有关。这些变化与肠道微生物菌群组成的显著变化有关。微生物群的变化还与过敏性气道炎症和 T 辅助细胞 1(Th1)型肺巨噬细胞发病率增加有关。有趣的是,尽管微生物群发生了变化,但通过诱导口服耐受性仍可有效预防过敏的发生。此外,研究还发现,肥胖小鼠的焦虑和抑郁症状增加,认知能力下降。肥胖是一种复杂的代谢性疾病,会严重影响人体的肠道微生物组和免疫系统,导致过敏性哮喘发病率增加和神经/心理变化。应关注减轻肥胖影响的预防和治疗措施,包括管理现有过敏性疾病的口服耐受性。
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引用次数: 0
One health: the impact of environment, detergents and hygiene on barrier, microbiome and allergy 同一健康:环境、清洁剂和卫生对屏障、微生物群和过敏的影响
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00307-7
Hanna Mayerhofer,  Isabella Pali-Schöll PhD

A variety of body surfaces, such as skin and mucosal membranes—from the nasopharyngeal area to the lungs, uterus, vaginal area, and digestive tract—contain complex microbial ecosystems that are tailored to the specifics of the respective niche [1].

The so-called dysbiosis—a disadvantageous change in the composition of the microbiome—is associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases [2]. Gastrointestinal as well as cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, psychological, oncological, and also allergic diseases have been linked to microbial dysbiosis. Susceptibility to allergies can be due to genetic predisposition; in addition, extrinsic factors from today’s lifestyle increasingly contribute to microbiome changes, but also to the disruption of the skin and mucosal barrier and thus to the development of allergies [3].

Gisela, a fictional farmer, guides us through this review. She is representative of adults and children of all genders in industrialized countries. During her daily routine, the skin and mucosal microbiome is influenced by a variety of exogenous factors. These include everyday personal hygiene products, detergents for laundry and dishes, food, medication, animal contact, and exposure to various outdoor environments. Gisela’s daily routine will illustrate how the human microbiome and the skin barrier are modified in positive or negative ways, and how this could influence the development of allergies. Furthermore, potential measures for the prevention and management of dysbiosis will be discussed in terms of examples of alternative products and behaviors.

从鼻咽部到肺部、子宫、阴道和消化道等各种体表,如皮肤和粘膜,都包含着复杂的微生物生态系统,这些生态系统是根据各自生态位的具体情况量身定制的[1]。所谓的菌群失调--微生物组成的不利变化--与多种疾病的发病机制有关[2]。胃肠道疾病、心血管疾病、新陈代谢疾病、神经退行性疾病、心理疾病、肿瘤疾病以及过敏性疾病都与微生物菌群失调有关。过敏症的易感性可能是遗传所致;此外,当今生活方式中的外在因素也越来越多地导致微生物群发生变化,同时也破坏了皮肤和粘膜屏障,从而导致过敏症的发生[3]。她是工业化国家所有性别的成人和儿童的代表。在她的日常生活中,皮肤和粘膜微生物群受到各种外源因素的影响。这些因素包括日常个人卫生用品、洗衣和洗碗用的洗涤剂、食物、药物、动物接触以及暴露于各种户外环境。吉塞拉的日常生活将说明人体微生物群和皮肤屏障是如何以积极或消极的方式发生改变的,以及这可能如何影响过敏症的发生。此外,还将通过替代产品和行为举例,讨论预防和管理菌群失调的潜在措施。
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引用次数: 0
Abstracts of the 19th German Allergy Congress, Dresden, September 26–28, 2024 第 19 届德国过敏大会摘要,德累斯顿,2024 年 9 月 26-28 日
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00305-9
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引用次数: 0
The maternal microbiome in normal pregnancy and at delivery by cesarean section and the early developmental phase of the neonatal microbiome—presentation of a longitudinal pilot study 正常妊娠和剖宫产时的母体微生物群与新生儿微生物群的早期发育阶段--一项纵向试点研究的结果
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00303-x
Sonja Granser,  Philipp Foessleitner BSc

Aim

In this study by Foessleitner et al., both the maternal microbiome in the third trimester of pregnancy and the factors that influence the development of the child’s microbiome after cesarean delivery were investigated.

Methods

Maternal vaginal and rectal swabs were collected at inclusion in the last trimester of pregnancy and on the day of the cesarean section. In addition, placental and intrauterine swabs as well as infant dermal, buccal, and meconium swabs were taken during the cesarean section immediately after birth and subsequently on the second/third day of life. All samples were analyzed for microbial composition using 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing.

Results

A total of 30 mothers and their newborns were included in the study, with microbiome samples available for all maternal, intrauterine cavity, and placenta samples, as well as for 18 out of the 30 newborns. The vaginal and rectal microbiome was stable over the course of the third trimester and showed no significant changes (permutational multivariate analysis of variance [PERMANOVA]; p > 0.05). Both the intraoperative samples (placental, intrauterine) and the neonatal swabs at the time of birth were consistently sterile. However, rapid infant microbial colonization subsequently occurred, with neonatal buccal mucosa and stool samples showing significantly different microbial colonization from their mothers as early as the second/third day of life (PERMANOVA; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The conclusion of the presented study was therefore that the vaginal and rectal microbiome of healthy pregnant women does not change in the last trimester, the infant and the placenta are not microbially colonized at the time of birth, and the development of the newborn’s microbiome after birth appears to be influenced mainly by environmental exposure.

目的 在 Foessleitner 等人的这项研究中,对妊娠三个月的母体微生物组和影响剖宫产后婴儿微生物组发育的因素进行了调查。方法 在妊娠最后三个月和剖宫产当天采集母体阴道拭子和直肠拭子。此外,还在婴儿出生后立即进行剖宫产时以及出生后第二/第三天采集了胎盘拭子、宫内拭子以及婴儿皮肤拭子、口腔拭子和蜕膜拭子。所有样本均采用 16s rRNA 扩增子测序法分析微生物组成。结果 共有 30 位母亲及其新生儿参与了这项研究,所有母体、宫腔内和胎盘样本以及 30 位新生儿中的 18 位都获得了微生物组样本。阴道和直肠微生物组在妊娠三个月期间保持稳定,没有发生显著变化(包络多变量方差分析 [PERMANOVA];p >;0.05)。术中样本(胎盘、宫内)和新生儿出生时的拭子均始终无菌。然而,婴儿的微生物定植随后迅速发生,新生儿口腔粘膜和粪便样本显示,早在出生后的第二/第三天,其微生物定植就与母亲有显著差异(PERMANOVA;p <;0.01)。结论因此,本研究的结论是:健康孕妇的阴道和直肠微生物群在最后三个月不会发生变化,婴儿和胎盘在出生时没有微生物定植,新生儿出生后微生物群的发展似乎主要受环境暴露的影响。
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引用次数: 0
An update on the clinical implications of the microbiome in the development of allergy diseases 微生物组对过敏性疾病发生的临床影响的最新进展
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00300-0
Larissa Koidl,  Eva Untersmayr

This mini-review is an update on a previous review published in 2021 and aims to summarize recent findings on the influence of the microbiome on allergic diseases. We cover the topics of food allergy, airway allergies, and skin allergies with a particular focus on clinical implications. Articles published between January 2021 and March 2024 were screened to be included in this publication.

这篇微型综述是对 2021 年发表的上一篇综述的更新,旨在总结微生物组对过敏性疾病影响的最新发现。我们涵盖了食物过敏、气道过敏和皮肤过敏等主题,并特别关注其临床意义。本刊物筛选了 2021 年 1 月至 2024 年 3 月间发表的文章。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of fungal sensitization and its association with clinical parameters of asthma—A longitudinal study in a tertiary care center in Tamil Nadu 泰米尔纳德邦一家三级医疗中心的真菌过敏流行率及其与哮喘临床参数的关系--纵向研究
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00302-y
Zubair Khan, Jebin S Roger, P. Patil, Devasahayam J Christopher
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引用次数: 0
Physician’s perspectives on skin prick testing and allergy diagnostics in Germany 德国医生对皮肤点刺试验和过敏诊断的看法
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00297-6
Ludger Klimek, Wolfgang Wehrmann, Randolf Brehler, Sven Becker, Mandy Cuevas, Moritz Gröger, Jan Hagemann, Ingrid Casper, Mathias Sulk, Senne Gorris, Sven F. Seys

Novel technologies standardising the testing process of immediate hypersensitivities have been developed and validated in recent years. Meanwhile, challenges with regard to availability of testing agents and shortage of trained personnel have increased. Novel technologies could fight these challenges, but their distribution is at present not known. The current survey, conducted by the German Society for Allergology (AeDA), aimed to assess current practices of allergy diagnostics in Germany.

Members of AeDA were invited to complete an online questionnaire to obtain information on their perspectives on allergy testing and diagnostics.

A total of 150 allergologists from different disciplines treating patients with allergy completed the questionnaire. This survey revealed that twice as many skin prick tests (SPT; 21.2 tests/week) compared to serum specific immunoglobulin E tests (IgE; 10.4 tests/week) are being performed. Nasal allergen provocation tests are being performed in 56.0% of hospitals and physicians’ offices. An individual standard allergen panel for SPT is applied in 78.0% of testing cases. Methods used to perform a read out of SPT are variable with measurement of the longest wheal diameter being used most frequently (68.0%), followed by a qualitative evaluation (46.6%) or the longest wheal diameter including pseudopods (34.4%). In all, 66% of allergologists indicated that a device that automating the SPT process would be valuable for clinical practice.

Skin prick tests and serum IgE tests are still the cornerstones in the diagnostic work-up of immediate-type allergies. Variability in the execution of skin prick tests exists between different hospitals and physicians’ offices in Germany. Inconsistent availability of testing reagents was considered most problematic for maintaining allergy diagnostics in Germany. A majority of allergologists are open to evaluating tools that may contribute to standardize skin prick tests.

近年来,对即时过敏性测试过程进行标准化的新技术已得到开发和验证。与此同时,检测剂的供应和训练有素人员的短缺等挑战也在增加。新技术可以应对这些挑战,但其分布情况目前尚不清楚。本次调查由德国过敏学会(AeDA)进行,旨在评估德国目前的过敏诊断实践。AeDA 的会员受邀填写了一份在线问卷,以了解他们对过敏检测和诊断的看法。共有 150 名来自不同学科、治疗过敏患者的过敏学家填写了问卷。调查显示,与血清特异性免疫球蛋白E检测(IgE;10.4次/周)相比,皮肤点刺试验(SPT;21.2次/周)的次数是后者的两倍。56.0%的医院和医生办公室正在进行鼻过敏原激发试验。78.0%的检测病例采用了 SPT 的单个标准过敏原面板。SPT 的读出方法不尽相同,最常用的是测量最长的乳突直径(68.0%),其次是定性评估(46.6%)或包括假足在内的最长乳突直径(34.4%)。皮肤点刺试验和血清 IgE 试验仍然是诊断直接型过敏的基石。皮肤点刺试验和血清 IgE 试验仍然是诊断即刻型过敏症的基石。检测试剂供应不稳定被认为是德国过敏诊断工作面临的最大问题。大多数过敏学家对评估有助于规范皮肤点刺试验的工具持开放态度。
{"title":"Physician’s perspectives on skin prick testing and allergy diagnostics in Germany","authors":"Ludger Klimek,&nbsp;Wolfgang Wehrmann,&nbsp;Randolf Brehler,&nbsp;Sven Becker,&nbsp;Mandy Cuevas,&nbsp;Moritz Gröger,&nbsp;Jan Hagemann,&nbsp;Ingrid Casper,&nbsp;Mathias Sulk,&nbsp;Senne Gorris,&nbsp;Sven F. Seys","doi":"10.1007/s40629-024-00297-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-024-00297-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Novel technologies standardising the testing process of immediate hypersensitivities have been developed and validated in recent years. Meanwhile, challenges with regard to availability of testing agents and shortage of trained personnel have increased. Novel technologies could fight these challenges, but their distribution is at present not known. The current survey, conducted by the German Society for Allergology (AeDA), aimed to assess current practices of allergy diagnostics in Germany.</p><p>Members of AeDA were invited to complete an online questionnaire to obtain information on their perspectives on allergy testing and diagnostics.</p><p>A total of 150 allergologists from different disciplines treating patients with allergy completed the questionnaire. This survey revealed that twice as many skin prick tests (SPT; 21.2 tests/week) compared to serum specific immunoglobulin E tests (IgE; 10.4 tests/week) are being performed. Nasal allergen provocation tests are being performed in 56.0% of hospitals and physicians’ offices. An individual standard allergen panel for SPT is applied in 78.0% of testing cases. Methods used to perform a read out of SPT are variable with measurement of the longest wheal diameter being used most frequently (68.0%), followed by a qualitative evaluation (46.6%) or the longest wheal diameter including pseudopods (34.4%). In all, 66% of allergologists indicated that a device that automating the SPT process would be valuable for clinical practice.</p><p>Skin prick tests and serum IgE tests are still the cornerstones in the diagnostic work-up of immediate-type allergies. Variability in the execution of skin prick tests exists between different hospitals and physicians’ offices in Germany. Inconsistent availability of testing reagents was considered most problematic for maintaining allergy diagnostics in Germany. A majority of allergologists are open to evaluating tools that may contribute to standardize skin prick tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-024-00297-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Allergy skin prick tests with COVID-19 vaccines and their contribution to improve vaccination readiness and reduce anxiety COVID-19 疫苗的过敏皮肤点刺试验及其对改善疫苗接种准备和减少焦虑的贡献
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00296-7
Tobias Pindel, Susanne Brandstetter, Wolfgang Sieber,  Michael Kabesch M.D.

Background

When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were introduced, they were suspected of triggering severe allergic reactions disproportionately often. This contributed to the fear of vaccination, particularly among allergy patients.

Methods

In an allergy center in eastern Bavaria, we used a skin prick test to investigate how often sensitization to COVID-19 vaccines can be detected and whether appropriate testing could significantly reduce the fear of vaccination.

Results

Comirnaty® (n= 245 tested/6.93% clearly positive reaction; Biontec/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York City, NY, USA), Spikevax® (56/14.28%; Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA), Vaxzevria® (208/4.32%; Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, England) and Jcovden® (48/4.16%; Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) were tested by skin prick test. Most participants tested were female (83.6%) and had a history of allergies (94.8%). Depending on the result of the skin prick test, the test subjects were advised on vaccination. In a questionnaire survey approximately 1 year after testing, 75.7% of the N = 70 respondents stated that their fear of vaccination had been greatly or very greatly reduced as a result of the testing and counseling. In the follow-up survey, 88.5% of all respondents had been vaccinated at least once. No notable allergic problems occurred during the COVID-19 vaccination in study participants.

Conclusion

The study shows that simple skin prick testing could reduce fears and concerns about allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and thus significantly increase the willingness to vaccinate in the population, especially among allergy patients.

背景当冠状病毒病 2019(COVID-19)疫苗问世时,人们怀疑它们经常引发严重的过敏反应。方法在巴伐利亚州东部的一家过敏中心,我们使用皮肤点刺试验来研究 COVID-19 疫苗致敏的检测频率,以及适当的检测是否能显著降低对疫苗接种的恐惧。结果通过皮肤点刺试验检测了Comirnaty®(n = 245 次检测/6.93%呈明显阳性反应;Biontec/辉瑞,德国美因茨/美国纽约州纽约市)、Spikevax®(56/14.28%;Moderna,美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市)、Vaxzevria®(208/4.32%;阿斯利康,英国剑桥市)和Jcovden®(48/4.16%;强生,美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克市)。大多数受试者为女性(83.6%),有过敏史(94.8%)。根据皮肤点刺试验的结果,受试者被建议接种疫苗。在测试约一年后进行的问卷调查中,在 70 名受访者中,75.7% 的受访者表示,通过测试和咨询,他们对接种疫苗的恐惧感大大降低或非常低。在后续调查中,88.5% 的受访者至少接种过一次疫苗。结论该研究表明,简单的皮肤点刺测试可以减少人们对 COVID-19 疫苗过敏反应的恐惧和担忧,从而显著提高人群接种疫苗的意愿,尤其是过敏症患者。
{"title":"Allergy skin prick tests with COVID-19 vaccines and their contribution to improve vaccination readiness and reduce anxiety","authors":"Tobias Pindel,&nbsp;Susanne Brandstetter,&nbsp;Wolfgang Sieber,&nbsp; Michael Kabesch M.D.","doi":"10.1007/s40629-024-00296-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40629-024-00296-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were introduced, they were suspected of triggering severe allergic reactions disproportionately often. This contributed to the fear of vaccination, particularly among allergy patients.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In an allergy center in eastern Bavaria, we used a skin prick test to investigate how often sensitization to COVID-19 vaccines can be detected and whether appropriate testing could significantly reduce the fear of vaccination.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Comirnaty® (<i>n</i> <i>=</i> 245 tested/6.93% <i>clearly positive </i>reaction; Biontec/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York City, NY, USA), Spikevax® (56/14.28%; Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA), Vaxzevria® (208/4.32%; Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, England) and Jcovden® (48/4.16%; Johnson &amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) were tested by skin prick test. Most participants tested were female (83.6%) and had a history of allergies (94.8%). Depending on the result of the skin prick test, the test subjects were advised on vaccination. In a questionnaire survey approximately 1 year after testing, 75.7% of the <i>N</i> = 70 respondents stated that their fear of vaccination had been greatly or very greatly reduced as a result of the testing and counseling. In the follow-up survey, 88.5% of all respondents had been vaccinated at least once. No notable allergic problems occurred during the COVID-19 vaccination in study participants.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study shows that simple skin prick testing could reduce fears and concerns about allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and thus significantly increase the willingness to vaccinate in the population, especially among allergy patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37457,"journal":{"name":"Allergo Journal International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40629-024-00296-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142413498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Course of growth and nutritional status in Swiss children with food allergies 瑞士食物过敏儿童的生长过程和营养状况
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00289-6
Rebekka Gerber, Andre Meichtry, Klazine van der Horst, Alice Koehli, Caroline Roduit, Felicitas Bellutti Enders, Isabel Skypala, Mary Hickson, Julia Eisenblaetter

Studies suggest that children with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergies (FA) are at risk of impaired growth, especially those with cow’s milk or multiple FA. However, there is limited long-term data available on this topic. This analysis presents the growth of Swiss children for the first year after FA diagnosis.

This is a secondary analysis of data from a multicentered study following food allergic children (0–10 years) over 1 year post diagnosis, comparing those who received dietary counselling with those who did not. Growth z‑scores were calculated based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, using data reported by caregivers. To analyze data, linear mixed models with between-subject factors related to dietary counselling, number of FA, and cow’s milk allergy were fitted to the data.

In the 48 children (median age 16 months) studied, we observed an increasing prevalence of wasting (weight-for-length/height z‑score < 2; 2–10%) and a lower prevalence of stunting (length/height-for-age < 2; 0–2%) over the 1‑year period. Twelve months after diagnosis, all median z‑scores showed an increase. Linear mixed model analysis did not find any significant within-subject and between-subject effects on growth.

Children with IgE-mediated FA can have normal growth if children with cow’s milk allergy or multiple food allergies receive dietary counselling. Routine length/height and weight measurements should be taken to identify individual malnutrition and to initiate tailored nutritional interventions. Larger studies with longer duration are needed to assess further growth development in children with IgE-mediated food allergies.

研究表明,免疫球蛋白 E(IgE)介导的食物过敏(FA)患儿有发育障碍的风险,尤其是牛奶过敏或多种食物过敏患儿。然而,有关这一问题的长期数据却很有限。这是一项多中心研究对食物过敏儿童(0-10 岁)确诊后一年内的生长数据进行的二次分析,比较了接受饮食辅导和未接受饮食辅导的儿童。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准,利用护理人员报告的数据计算出生长z分数。在所研究的 48 名儿童(中位年龄为 16 个月)中,我们观察到在 1 年的时间里,消瘦(身长/身高 z 评分 < 2;2-10%)的发生率越来越高,而发育迟缓(身长/身高-年龄 < 2;0-2%)的发生率则越来越低。确诊 12 个月后,所有 z 值的中位数均有所上升。线性混合模型分析没有发现任何明显的主体内和主体间对生长的影响。如果对牛奶过敏或多种食物过敏的儿童接受饮食辅导,IgE介导的FA患儿可以正常生长。应定期测量身长/身高和体重,以发现个别营养不良儿童,并启动有针对性的营养干预措施。需要进行更大规模、持续时间更长的研究,以评估 IgE 介导的食物过敏儿童的进一步生长发育情况。
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引用次数: 0
Classification of molds and definition of mold contamination 霉菌的分类和霉菌污染的定义
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-024-00292-x
Thomas Gabrio, Guido Fischer

The term “molds” is defined and relevant sources of molds are given. The conditions and growth of mold fungi are explained. The determination of mould spores and colony-forming units (CFU) in the air is briefly explained and it is made clear that the total spore count is relevant for assessing the sensitizing and allergenic effect of moulds. Outdoor air-associated moulds such as Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium chrysogenum (mx1 mould mixture) are of particular importance due to their high degree of sensitization. Their concentration in the air is determined by the vegetation and is therefore dependent on the season. In people who were tested for mx1, sensitization to Alternaria alternata (m6) was predominantly observed for the individual allergens. For many indoor-associated moulds, no (valid) commercially available test extracts for the detection of sensitization, so-called allergy tests, are available. Allergy test results of mold mixtures, such as mx1, cannot be used to determine an indoor mold allergy, nor can the results of mold measurements in the rooms used by the respective persons be used for a risk assessment in the event of an existing mold infestation in the interior. The classification of mold fungi is explained.

定义了 "霉菌 "一词,并给出了霉菌的相关来源。解释了霉菌的生长条件。简要说明了空气中霉菌孢子和菌落形成单位(CFU)的测定方法,并明确指出总孢子数与评估霉菌的致敏和致敏效应有关。与室外空气相关的霉菌,如交替交替孢霉、烟曲霉、草荚蓯和菊青霉(mx1 霉菌混合物),由于其高度致敏性而尤为重要。它们在空气中的浓度由植被决定,因此取决于季节。在接受 mx1 检测的人群中,主要观察到的是单个过敏原对交替孢霉(m6)的过敏反应。对于许多与室内有关的霉菌,目前还没有(有效的)用于检测致敏性的商业测试提取物,即所谓的过敏测试。霉菌混合物(如 mx1)的过敏测试结果不能用于确定室内霉菌过敏,在室内已有霉菌侵扰的情况下,对相关人员使用的房间进行霉菌测量的结果也不能用于风险评估。霉菌的分类说明。
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引用次数: 0
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Allergo Journal International
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